双柱定性气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定上海市饮用水中微量碘化物

Objective To modify and optimize gas chromatographic conditions, qualitative and quantitative method on the base of the actual national standard detection method for drinking water on testing iodide with gas chromatography, and detect iodide in drinking water of Shanghai.Methods Iodobutanone derivative was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, then two capillary columns coupled to electron capture detector were made by qualitative and quantitative analysis.Finally, 100 ml water samples were collected respectively from raw water and finished water of three plants in which water sources were Yangtse river, Huangpu river, and inner river respectively and detected by this developed method.Results The results of mass spectrometry showed that iodide would form iodobutanone which could generate 1-iodo-2-butanone and 3-iodo-2-butanone isomers by derivatization.The data of qualitative analysis by two capillary columns revealed that iodobutanone was separated completely and the total time of chromatogram separation was 19.33 min.3-iodo-2-butanone with the high response value was selected to quantitatively analyse.The linear range was 1 - 100 μg/L,and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9997.The limit of detection was 13 ng/L.Recoveries were between 97.68% and 104.37% ,and relative standard deviations were between 2.14% and 4.41%.The results of iodide detected by this method in raw water and finished water in three plants in Shanghai showed that the ranking of iodide's concentration in raw water was Huangpu river (15.14 μg/L) ＞ inner river (6.97 μg/L) ＞ Yangtse river (3.55 μg/L).The level of iodide in finished water of plant 1 (3.55 μg/L and 5.92 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively) and 3 ( 6.97 μg/L and 9.62 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively) increased slightly except for plant 2( 15.14 μg/L and 1.81 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively).The relative standard deviations of all water samples measured in duplicate were less than 9.73%.Conclusion The improved method possesses higher degree of sensitivity and accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis than actual national standard detection method, and it is fit for trace analysis of iodide in water.     

双柱定性气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定上海市饮用水中微量碘化物

Objective To modify and optimize gas chromatographic conditions, qualitative and quantitative method on the base of the actual national standard detection method for drinking water on testing iodide with gas chromatography, and detect iodide in drinking water of Shanghai.Methods Iodobutanone derivative was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, then two capillary columns coupled to electron capture detector were made by qualitative and quantitative analysis.Finally, 100 ml water samples were collected respectively from raw water and finished water of three plants in which water sources were Yangtse river, Huangpu river, and inner river respectively and detected by this developed method.Results The results of mass spectrometry showed that iodide would form iodobutanone which could generate 1-iodo-2-butanone and 3-iodo-2-butanone isomers by derivatization.The data of qualitative analysis by two capillary columns revealed that iodobutanone was separated completely and the total time of chromatogram separation was 19.33 min.3-iodo-2-butanone with the high response value was selected to quantitatively analyse.The linear range was 1 - 100 μg/L,and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9997.The limit of detection was 13 ng/L.Recoveries were between 97.68% and 104.37% ,and relative standard deviations were between 2.14% and 4.41%.The results of iodide detected by this method in raw water and finished water in three plants in Shanghai showed that the ranking of iodide's concentration in raw water was Huangpu river (15.14 μg/L) ＞ inner river (6.97 μg/L) ＞ Yangtse river (3.55 μg/L).The level of iodide in finished water of plant 1 (3.55 μg/L and 5.92 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively) and 3 ( 6.97 μg/L and 9.62 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively) increased slightly except for plant 2( 15.14 μg/L and 1.81 μg/L for raw and finished water respectively).The relative standard deviations of all water samples measured in duplicate were less than 9.73%.Conclusion The improved method possesses higher degree of sensitivity and accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis than actual national standard detection method, and it is fit for trace analysis of iodide in water.     

2008年广西铅锌矿区周边农村环境铅污染现状调查

目的 了解2008年广西铅锌矿区周边农村铅污染现状.方法 于2008年8至12月,采集分布于3条河流流域(涉及6个铅锌锡矿开采、冶炼区)的4县28村的食用农作物(大米101份、稻谷30份、蔬菜等59份)190份、家禽肉及内脏45份、鱼5份、地表水(河水、灌溉水、稻田水)27份、地下水12份、生活饮用水末梢水13份、耕种土壤样品29份检测铅含量,对人群开展膳食铅摄人调查.结果 食用农作物53.68%(102/190)铅含量超标,以大米(47.52%)、叶菜(100%)超标严重;鸡蛋5份、花生2份、鲜玉米13份铅含量未超标;36%(18/50)的禽肉及内脏铅超标,以肝、肠铅含量较高.村民仅通过进食大米、蔬菜其每周铅摄入量已达4.55 mg,超出耐受量0.52倍.结论 本次调查区域的村民主要通过进食受铅污染的大米、蔬菜及家禽等动植物食品摄人铅,必须采取措施,控制当地的铅污染.

Abstract：

Objective To know the environmental lead pollution status of rural areas around the mining area in Guangxi,2008.Methods From August to December,2008,the survey was carried out in 28 villages of 4 counties,which were located in basin of three rivers and their tributaries.Six lead-zinc-tin mines were situated in the investigated area.The local samples were collected,including 101 rice samples,30 paddy samples,59 vegetable samples and 45 samples of meat,viscera of poultry,5 fish samples,and 27 surface water samples,12 ground water samples,13 drinking water samples,29 crepland soil samples.The lead content of them were determined.the dietary survey on lead intake was performed among the residents living near the mining area also.Results 53.68%(102,190)of the crop samples revealed higher lead contents,which were over the standard limit,especially for rice(47.52%)and leafy vegetables(100%).The lead contents for five eggs samples,two peanuts samples and thirteen fresh corns were qualified.36%(102/190)of the samples of meat and viscera of poultry revealed higher lead contents,which were over the standard limit.especially for liver and chicken intestine.The lead intake only threugh rice and vegetables reached 4.55 mg in one week.which was over the tolerance dose by 0.52 times.Conclusion The lead intake of the residents living near the lead-zinc mining area are mainly from crop and vegetables and poultry.Environmental lead pollution is serious in the investigated area and must be controlled as possible as early.     

饮水砷暴露对儿童视觉简单反应时及联合型瑞文IQ值的影响

目的 探讨饮水砷暴露对儿童视觉简单反应时和联合型瑞文IQ值的影响.方法 于2006年4月选取内蒙古某砷暴露地Ⅸ相邻3个村的9-11岁学龄儿童为调查对象,3个村的饮水砷浓度分别为0.16mg/L(0.16mg/L砷暴露村)、0.09 mg/L(0.09 mg/L砷暴露村)和小于0.05 mg/L(对照村),检测视觉简单反应时和联合型瑞文智力测验IQ值.结果 0.16 mg/L砷暴露村儿童的视觉简单反应时中平均、最慢和最快反应时间与对照村比较均明显延长.其中0.16 mg/L砷暴露村女童的平均、最慢和最快反应时间与对照村比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);0.16 mg/L砷暴露村10岁儿童的平均和最慢反应时间与对照村比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).0.16 mg/L砷暴露村女童的联合型瑞文智力测验IQ值显著低于对照村(P<0.05).结论 0.16mg/L的水砷暴露可对儿童智力发育产生一定影响,女童对砷智力的损伤更为敏感.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the intellectual effects of arsenic in drinking water on children. Methods Intellectual effects were evaluated by computer-based reaction time and Combined Raven' s Test. Children aged 9 to 11 years living in three villages of Inner Mongolia were investigated in April, 2006. The arsenic concentrations in the drinking water of the three villages were 0.16 mg/L, 0.09 mg/L and less than 0.05 mg/L (control group). Results The mean, fastest and slowest visual reaction time of children exposed to the high levels of arsenic through drinking water were longer than those of children in control. The differences of mean, fastest and slowest visual reaction time between girls exposed to 0.16 mg/L arsenic and control were significant; the differences of the mean and slowest visual reaction time between 10-year old children exposed to 0.16 mg/L arsenic and control were significant. IQ of girls exposed to 0.16 mg/L arsenic was significantly lower than that in control. Conclusion Intellectual function of children can be affected by arsenic in drinking water, and the intellectual effects of arsenic on girls are more obvious.     

陕西省饮水型氟中毒防治效果调查

目的 调查陕西省饮水型地方性氟中毒的防治效果.方法 于2008年采用随机整群抽样方法分别抽取中(2.0mg/L＜水氟≤4.0 mg/L)、重(水氟＞4.0 mg/L)病区村39、46个.对饮水氟含量以及儿童氟斑牙病情和尿氟含量进行调查.结果 改水病区饮水氟含量为(1.4±0.8)mg/L,低于未改水病区[(2.6±1.5)mg/L],差异有统计学意义(t=-7.695,P＜0.01).但两病区饮水氟含量仍高于国家标准.改水病区儿童尿氟含量中位数为1.8 mg/L,低于未改水病区(中位数为2.9 mg/L),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).改水病区儿童氟斑牙患病率为43.69%,低于未改水病区(59.92%),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=78.349,P＜0.01).改水病区轻度及其以下的氟斑牙患者占73.58%,高于未改水病区(61.85%),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=21.564,P＜0.01).两病区氟斑牙指数均为中等水平.结论 陕西省改水预防饮水型氟中毒取得了良好效果.

Abstract：

Objective To know the effect of on the drinking water type endemic fluorosis control and prevention in Shaannxi province.Methods With random cluster sampling method,39 and 46 villages were respectively selected from the modcrate(water fuoride:2.0-4.0 mg/L)and serious (Water fluoride:＞4.0 mg/L)fluorosis areas in 2008.The fluoride content of the drinking water,the chlidren's dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride were investigated.Results The fluoride in drinking water in the water improved areas was(1.4±0.8)mg/L,which was significantly lower than that in the non-water improved areas(2.6±1.5)mg/L(P＜0.01).But the fluoride content of drinking water in two areas were still higher than the national standards limit.The children's urinary fluoride in the water-improved areas was 1.8 mg/L,which was lower than that in the non-water improved areas(2.9 mg/L)with significant difference(P＜0.01).In the water-improved areas,the dental fluorosis rate was 43.69%,which was significantly lower than that in the non-water improved areas (59.92%)(P＜0.01).In the water-improved areas,the patients with dental fluorosis of slight level accounted for 73.58%,which was significantly higher[P＜0.01 compared with that in the non water-unimproved areas(61.85%)].The dental fluorosis indices in two areas were middle level.Conclusion Water improvement for controlling the drinking water type fluorosis has acquired favorable effect in Shaanxi province.     

镍污染区大气PM2.5对大鼠血清白介素-6和C反应蛋白水平的影响

目的 探讨镍污染区大气PM2.5对大鼠血清白介素-6(IL-6)和C反应蛋向(CRP)水平的影响.方法 于2007年6-7月和12月在镍污染区和对照区进行两次PM2.5采集,对其浓度及其中7种元素含量进行分析.选取42只成年雄性SPF级Wistar大鼠,随机分为生理盐水空白对照组、镍污染区及对照区PM2.5低(1.6mg/kg)、中(8.0mg/kg)和高(40.0mg/kg)剂量组,每组6只,经气管分别一次性滴注PM2.5悬液和生理盐水.染毒24 h后处死大鼠,检测大鼠血清中IL-6、CRP水平.结果 镍污染区和对照区大气PM2.5浓度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),镍污染区和对照区PM2.5中镍平均浓度相差近48.75倍,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).PM2.5染毒后大鼠血清中IL-6含量与染毒剂量呈正相关,镍污染区和对照区各中、高剂量组与空白对照组差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);大鼠血清中CRP含量也均有所升高,镍污染区与对照区之间的差异在高剂量组有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 两监测区大气PM2.5染毒均可造成大鼠急性炎性反应,镍污染区PM2.5染毒后大鼠血清中IL-6与CRP水平均高于对照区,其中镍可能起到了关键性作用.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate and compare the effects of PM2.5 in ambient air samples collected from nickel and nonickel contaminated areas on inflammatory factors in the serum of rats.Methods The air PM2.5 of the nickel-contaminated area and the control area were collected and detected for some major elements.Forty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into10 groups,6 in each.which were respectively instilled with saline,suspended PM2.5 fluid of the nickel-contaminated area and the control area of 3 different doses(1.6,8.0,40.0 mg/kg) through the trachea.The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after being treated with PM2.5.The levels of IL-6.CRP in serum were examined.Results There was no significant difference in the level of PM2.5between the two areas,the concentration of Ni in the nickel-polluted area was 48.75 times as that in the non-polluted area.A good dose-dependent manner was found in the test of IL-6 in nickel-contaminated groups.CRP was found significantly higher in the nickel-contaminated group and the control group than the saline control group(P＜0.05).Among the groups of the nickelcontaminated area and the control area,significant differences were found in high dose groups(P＜0.01).Conclusion PM2.5 can cause obvious inflammation in rats.Maybe for the different concentration of nickel,the significant difference of IL-6 and CRP levels in serum induced by PM2.5 between the nickel-polluted area and the non-polluted area is seen.     

基于CBERS-02B卫星CCD影像的东洞庭湖区洲滩钉螺孳生地探测

目的 利用中巴地球资源卫星02B(CBERS-02B)卫星CCD影像,结合遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)相关技术,快速确定东洞庭湖区洲滩的可能钉螺孳生地.方法 结合湖区洲滩钉螺适宜孳生地的两个典型特征:"冬陆夏水"的季节性淹水和"无草不见螺",利用遥感影像处理技术,分别计算出"冬陆夏水"区域和有植被覆盖区域,再将两区域叠加确定钉螺孳生地.最后与钉螺洲滩资料进行空间叠加对比验证.结果 在东洞庭湖区,以水体差异指数(NDWI)>0.01确定"冬陆夏水"区域,以植被指数(NDVI)>0.36确定有植被覆盖区域,两区域叠加即为可能的钉螺孳生地区域.该区域与钉螺点空问资料的叠加对比验证显示符合率高达93.55%,提示预测结果良好.结论 CBERS-02B卫星影像可以发现钉螺区域的分布特征和变化趋势,钉螺指数法(判别式1和2)适合用于湖沼地区洲滩钉螺孳生地的探测.

Abstract：

Objective To detect the snail habitats from the marshland of Eastern Dongting Lake Area, using the Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology based on the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite-02B (CBERS-02B) CCD images. Methods According to the two typical traits of snail habitats in marshland including "water in summer and land in winter" and "no grass, no snails" , the "water in summer and land in winter" region and the vegetation coverage region were calculated by RS image processing respectively. The two regions mentioned above were then overlapped to confirm the snail habitats through comparing with the data from field survey under spatial overlapping of Arcgis as the last step. Results In Eastern Dongting Lake area, the "water in summer and land in winter" region and vegetation coverage region were predicted based on the formula normalized difference water index (NDWI) >0.01 and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) >0.36, respectively. The snail habitat was determined by theme overlay of the two regions said above.The agreement rate between the prediction and the geospatial data of field survey was 93.55% , which demonstrated the final results were credible and reliable. Conclusion CBERS-02B image could be used to detect the snail habitats and to monitor the changes of them, so as to find out the characteristics of distribution and the trends of diffusion. The snail index (discriminant 1 and 2) seemed to be suitable for the detection of snail habitats in the marshland of Lake area and used for the programs of snail control.     

Sub-acute Toxicity of Carbofuran on Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Freshwater Catfish, Clarias batrachus

The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） activity has been widely used as a biomarker in an animal exposed to the pesticides. However, the interaction of extensively used organocarbamate insecticide, carbofuran, with the nervous system of the aquatic organisms is not properly studied. AChE is a key enzyme which catalyses the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junctions, and thus regulates the neurotransmission system. In the present study, we have evaluated the impact of sub-acute concentrations （0.01 and 0.02 mg/L i.e. 1/20^th and 1/10^th of LC50） of carbofuran on the activity of acetylcholinesterase, from different tissues of Clarias batrachus, a fresh water teleost, after 96 hr and 15 days exposure periods in vivo. The carbofuran significantly reduced the activity of AChE in different tissues of C.batrachus at both concentrations and periods of exposure,. The greater inhibition of AChE activities were recorded in fish tissues at higher carbofuran concentration （0.02 mg/L） after longer （15 days） treatment period. The inhibition of AChE activity in all fish tissues tested was dependent on pesticide concentration and the duration of treatment. AChE from the tissues of C.batrachus was found to be a true cholinesterase as it was completely inhibited by the small concentration （nM） of eserine as tested in vitro. It was found that carbofuran at very low concentration exerted significant inhibitory effect on AChE activity in fish tissues.     

农村家庭储水现状与风险因素研究

目的 了解农村家庭储水卫生现状及影响家庭储水水质的风险因素.方法 于2007年采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法抽取东、中、西部8个省的8个县40个乡镇,对农户的家庭储水现状进行现场调查,对存储前、后的水质进行比较分析,并采用Logistic回归对影响家庭储水水质的风险因素进行筛选.结果 有95.05%的农户采用专门的储水器盛装饮用水.储水器材质以搪瓷和塑料的居多,分别占40.53%和34.19%.取水容器材质主要以塑料制品为主,占62.31%.经过储存后饮用水中的菌落总数、总大肠菌群和耐热大肠菌群合格率明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Logistic回归分析显示,储水器周围存在污染源、外部不清洁、储水器破裂泄漏、储水器无盖或盖不严(清洁)、不经常清洗储水器、取水器皿暴露和储水时间过长是造成水中菌落总数超标的主要因素.各地居民均存在有饮用生水的情况,占60.11%,有89.11%的农户对目前的饮用水满意或基本满意.结论 农村家庭储水条件较差,是影响农村饮水安全性的主要风险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To know the present situation of household storage water quality and the influencing factors. Methods A total of 40 villages and towns in the eight counties of eight provinces in the east, middle and west of China were selected for the survey according to multilevel stratification random sampling in 2007. Water quality was tested and compared before and after storage. The logistic regression was used to screen the influencing factors. Results 95.50% of families used specially designed containers to store drinking water. Most households water storage tanks were made of enamelware and plastic,accounted for 40.53% and 34.19% respectively. Most water-fetching utensils were made of plastic, accounted for 62.31% of the total survey. Significant increase of bacteria count, total coliform,thermotolerant coliform was observed compared with the water quality of before storage (P<0.05). The logistic regression showed that the source pollution,uncleanness of the outer parts of containers,fracture or leakage of storage containers,the lidless storage container,the untight/unclean lid,seldom cleaning-up of the storage container, the exposure of fetching water utensils and overtime storage were the main risk factors which resulted in the bacteria count exceeding the standard limits. Most farmers have the habit of drinking raw water,accounted for 60.11%. 89.11% of farmers were very or partially satisfied with the drinking water quality. Conclusion The dinking water quality at household storage level is poor and there are some risk factors influencing storage drinking water quality, safe storage of household drinking water is an important issue in drinking water safety in rural areas in China.     

青春双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳酸杆菌对急性期和恢复期结肠炎小鼠Th1/Th2亚群的影响

Objective To observe and analyze the effect of B. Adolescentis and L. Acidophilus on the proportion of Th cell Th1/Th2 in peripheral blood of UC-mice in acute stage and recovery stage. Method 40 BABL/c mice were induced by 3% DSS water for 7 clays free drinking and then with distilled water for 10 days. They were randomly allocated in 4 groups: NS group, SASP group, BF0624 group and LT0637 group, also the fifth group-10 normal animals. The blood of mice were collected by removing their eyes at day 8 and day 18, and then the mononuclear cells were iso]atecl. The proportion of Th1/Th2 was analyze through flow eytometry,hy labeling the specific antibody ot Th cellular membrane with the CD4 antibody, and the cytoplastie antigen of Thl or Th2 with IIA antibody or IF'N-γ antibody. Result The proportion of Th1/Th2 in normal mouse was 0. 84 -0. 94,and it raised up in DSS-mice at both acute stage and recovery stage. It decreased unequally after 7 or 17 days'B, adoleseentis, L. Acidophilus and SASP treatment, but that of all three groups were lower than NS group (2.21±0. 83). Even the proportion got close to the normal animals after 17 days'L. Acidophilus -treated. Conclusion The proportion of Thl/Th2 increased at the acute stage and recovery stage of DSS-mice. Both B. Adoleseentis and L. Acidophilus had more effective than SASP on decreasing the proportion of Th1/Th2 at two stages,ospecially L. Acidophilus.     

三峡水库蓄水前后长江部分江段水质变化

目的 了解三峡工程135m水位蓄水后长江部分江段水质的变化情况。方法 以长江丰都至巫山段的6个城市的8个水质断面作为监测点,按照水质采样方案设计技术规定(GB12997-1991)进行布点,在平水期和丰水期共采集水样96份,分别按照相应的国家标准方法进行pH、溶解氧、生化需氧量、化学耗氧量、挥发酚、总氰化物、砷、汞、六价铬、石油类、铅、镉、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、总磷、总氮等16项水质指标的检测,将监测结果与往年同期总体水质和背景浓度进行比较。结果 三峡水库135m蓄水前后总体水质仍属Ⅱ、Ⅲ类,无明显变化。影响库区总体水质的主要污染因子是总磷、总氮。结论 三峡水库135m蓄水未对库区长江水质造成显著的负面影响。     

山东省黄河下游冲积平原地区地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 了解山东省黄河下游冲积平原地区地方性氟中毒流行现状.方法 按照国家<2008年地方病防治项目技术实施方案>要求,选择16个县,每个县选择3个村,测定饮用水含氟量,检查8～12岁儿童氟斑牙和＞16岁人群氟骨症,并抽查尿氟含量.水、尿氟含量测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean's法,氟骨症诊断执行<地方性氟骨症诊断>标准(WS 192-2008).结果 调查26个改水村,其中水氟均值≤1.00mg/L的村19个(73.08%),＞1.00 mg/L的村7个(26.92%);水氟最大值为3.73 mg/L.调查22个未改水村,其中水氟均值≤1.00 mg/L的村5个(22.73%),＞1.00 mg/L的村17个(77.27%);水氟最大值为3.38 mg/L.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总患病率为52.18%(1042/1997),氟斑牙指数为1.17,缺损率为8.01%(160/1997);儿童尿氟均值＞1.40mg/L的人数占65.00%(845/1300),最高值为18.53mg/L;＞16岁人群氟骨症临床和X线检出率分别为4.35%(1121/25 781)和11.36%(5/44).成年人尿氟均值＞1.60mg/L的人数占63.92%(606/948),最高值为21.35 mg/L.结论 山东省黄河下游冲积平原地区地方性氟中毒尚未得到有效控制.     

山东省黄河流域内地方性氟中毒病情调查

目的了解山东省黄河流域内地方性氟中毒病情现状,为制定防制策略提供科学依据。方法采用流行病学调查方法,水、尿氟含量测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,X线摄片检查氟骨症。结果选择3个病区县的27个村进行了流行病学调查。水氟均值〉1.00mg/L的村25个（占92.59%）,最大值为9.67mg/L;8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总患病率为73.75%,氟斑牙指数为1.60;30岁以上成人的氟骨症临床和X线检出率分别为39.66%和29.78%;儿童和成人尿氟均值在1.50mg/L以上的人数分别占89.78%和91.87%,最高值分别为14.60mg/L和17.99mg/L。结论山东省黄河流域内地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到控制,防制形势依然十分严峻,须进一步加大防制力度。     

GC-MS法分析黄河郑州段水中多氯联苯浓度变化规律

目的 利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC - MS）测定黄河郑州段水中多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量,以探讨PCBs含量随季节、水层和断面的变化规律。方法 水样经C18固相萃取膜富集,以乙酸乙酯 - 正己烷洗脱,GC - MS法测定,利用保留时间定性,内标法定量。结果 18种PCBs的检出限在0.12～0.42 ng/L之间,定量限在0.36～1.26 ng/L之间。加标回收率在90%～118%之间,精密度RSD＜7%(n = 7)。黄河水中18种PCBs在枯水期（三月）为0.00～5.2 ng/L,丰水期（十月）的含量为3.50～24.75 ng/L。结论 黄河郑州段水中的PCBs含量随季节和水层以及不同分段有较大差别,丰水期PCBs的含量要比枯水期的PCBs含量高,底层水中的PCBs含量要高于同点位表层水中PCBs的含量,黄河流经郑州时由于河床变宽,水流变缓PCBs的自然沉降使得下游的大部分PCBs含量低于上游PCBs含量。另外在丰水期只有个别PCBs的含量超出国家限定,其他的值均低于国家规定的20 ng/L标准限值。     

鸭绿江中上游水域水质理化特征分析

目的通过对鸭绿江中上游水的监测、分析、统计、评价,研究该水域水质理化特征和季节变化动态。方法按环境保护总局HJ/T 52-1999《水质河流采样技术指导》采集水样,按GB/T 5750-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》进行检测。结果鸭绿江水域基本处于良好状态,pH值在7.0~8.11之间,水质略偏碱性。硝酸盐氮含量差异较大,三道沟含量最高(平均2.10 mg/L),砬子河最低(平均0.28 mg/L)。结论该水属钙型软水,经净化消毒处理后,可以作为人类生活饮用水水源及珍稀水生生物栖息地。     

黄河水水质现状分析及对策

目的:掌握黄河水源宁夏惠农段污染现状和目前自来水水质现状。方法:对惠农地区黄河水和自来水进行采样分析。结果:水质综合合格率达91 . 9%。结论:提高水质综合合格率必须加强水源防护。     

工业性铬污染对湟水水质的影响

目的 分析湟水六价铬(Cr^6 )污染现状及污染源。方法 将湟水源头区的哈勒涧河上游设为对照点,按湟水流向将A泉、湟海渠、哆吧水源地、扎马隆、西钢桥设为调查点,于1996—2003年采集上述地区的水样并对Cr^6 含量进行分析。结果1999—2003年A泉Cr^6 平均含量为45．192mg／L,湟水上游湟海渠、下游扎马隆、西钢桥断面水中Cr^6 含量逐年上升,哈勒涧河上游至2003年为止仍未检出Cr^6 ,2003年哆吧水源地首次检出Cr^6 (0．007mg／L)。结论 A泉附近的青海海北化工厂是湟水上游Cr^6 污染的主要来源。     

黄河三角洲水源性高碘地区分布与居民食用盐现状调查研究

目的查清黄河三角洲的水源性高碘地区分布和居民食用盐现状以制定干预策略。方法采用横断面调查方法,每个被调查县的所有乡镇均按东、西、南、北、中五个不同方位抽取5个村,在每个村采集饮用水样2份进行水碘含量检测,并了解饮水源类型及水井深度。每个村随机采集5个户居民食用盐进行定性检测。结果调查8个县92个乡镇的451个村庄,检测水样800份、食盐800份。水碘含量均值为(110.93±152.26)μgL,中位数为55.83μgL(0.84～997.82μgL);96.5%为平原地区水源。井深平均(70.44±136.19)m,中位数12.0m(2.0～999.0m)。水碘>150μgL的高碘地区,分布于7个县的24个乡镇,受累人口102.39万人,碘盐覆盖率97.2%;其水碘含量为(327.72±192.19)μgL,中位数253.87μgL(150.78～997.82μgL)。浅层井水的高碘含量可能与黄河泛滥把从上游携带来的富碘泥沙的长期沉积有关,而深井水高碘成因除此之外还与三角洲的沉积及海底大陆架千万年来沉积的富碘海洋生物有关。结论黄河三角洲有24个高碘地区,碘盐覆盖率97.2%,既有浅井高碘水又有深井高碘水的独特现象。高碘地区应停止碘盐供应措施,开展健康教育和监测工作。     

黄河兰州段环境激素的污染水平

目的 了解黄河兰州段及其一级支流水体中环境激素的分布,追溯环境激素的来源和污染途径.方法 于2005年3-4月采用固相萃取(SPE)和气相色谱与质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对黄河兰州段及其一级支流不同断面水体中有可能存在的有机类环境激素进行了定性及部分定量分析.采样断面分别为对照断面(A断面)、监测断面(E断面)、水源地断面(B断面)、污染断面(C断面)和自净断面(D断面).结果 共定性检出有机类环境激素10种,即邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、邻苯二甲酸正丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸丁酯、邻苯二甲酸异辛基酯、邻苯二甲酸丁环己酯、苯并噻唑、萘、菲、苯并异噻唑.C断面检出的环境激素浓度最高,菲、DBP、DEHP浓度分别高达0.320、13.89、109.93 μg/L.A断面次之,B断面检出的环境激素浓度与A断面相比有所下降,E断面检出的环境激素与其他断面相比,浓度相对较低,D断面所检出的环境激素与C断面比较,有一定下降,但下降不明显.结论 黄河兰州段环境激素污染物主要是邻苯二甲酸酯类,其次为多环芳烃类、杂环类、苯酚类;环境激素的污染来源主要是大量的工业废水和未经有效处理的生活污水直接排放进入黄河.     

三峡工程二期蓄水过程中生活饮用水水源水质

目的 了解三峡工程二期蓄水过程中长江重庆段水质的变化情况。方法 于2003年三峡工程二期蓄水前(5月31日)、蓄水期(6月8—10日)、蓄水后(6月11-15、20、31日)在重庆7个淹没区县(万州、涪陵、丰都、忠县、云阳、奉节、巫山)的10个在长江干流上取水的区县级水厂取水点按《生活饮用水卫生规范)(2001)采样、监测并进行评价。结果 蓄水前共监测水源水11份,合格8份,合格率为72．73％;不合格3份,不合格项目是总大肠菌群(27．27％);理化指标全部合格。蓄水期监测水源水23份,合格14份,合格率60．87％;不合格9份,不合格的项目为总大肠菌群(39．13％)。蓄水后共监测水样51份,合格9份,合格率为17．65％;不合格42份,不合格项目是总大肠菌群(82．35％)。结论 在三峡工程蓄水过程中,长江重庆段总大肠菌群合格率下降,一般化学指标与毒理学指标在蓄水过程中无异常变化。