淮河安徽段沉积物中重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

目的 了解淮河安徽段沉积物中重金属污染现状,为淮河流域水环境质量的综合评价及污染治理等提供科学依据.方法 于2007年3月,在淮河安徽段上设置6个采样断面(分别是王家坝、田家庵、蚌埠闸、吴家渡、临淮关和小柳巷),在每个采样断面设置3～5个采样点,采集每个断面各采样点表层(0～20 cm)的沉积物样品,测定样品中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Hg元素的质量浓度,并采用单因子指数法、综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法进行评价.结果 沉积物中重金属污染物除Zn、Cu为中等程度污染外,其余均为低程度污染,污染程度顺序为Zn＞Cu＞As＞Cd＞Pb＞Cr＞Hg;重金属的潜在生态风险评价显示,除田家庵断面的Hg和吴家渡断面的Hg、Cd属于中等生态危害程度外,其他各点重金属的潜在生态危害都很轻微,潜在生态危害顺序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn.结论 淮河安徽段沿岸人类的活动尚未对沉积物中重金属构成造成影响,河流沉积物中重金属污染不显著,处于轻微污染水平.     

湘江衡阳段沉积物重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

目的 了解湘江衡阳段沉积物重金属污染特征及其生态风险.方法于2007年调查湘江衡阳段10个断面18个采样点的表层沉积物重金属(Cd、Hg、Pb、AB、Cr、Zn、Cu)污染特征.运用Hanksnson潜在生态危害指数法评价表层沉积物重金属的富集程度和潜在生态风险.结果 该区段河流沉积物重金属Cd潜在生态危害系数(Etr)均值为352.1,为极强生态危害程度;Hg次之,Etr均值为272.1,属于很强生态危害;Pb和As的Etr均值分别为150.1和104.7,为强生态危害程度;Cr、Zn、Cu的Etr均值小于40,为轻度生态危害.多种重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)为913.4.结论 本次调查的湘江衡阳段沉积物存在一定程度的重金属污染,且具有较为明显的复合型污染特点.具有很强的潜在生态危害.     

渤海湾近岸人工鱼礁区表层沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

目的了解渤海湾近岸不同年份构建的人工鱼礁区表层沉积物重金属空间分布特征及其潜在的生态风险。方法分别在2010、2012、2014年构建的人工鱼礁区及附近未投放人工鱼礁的海域(对照区)各设三个站位共采集12个沉积物样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Cr 6种重金属元素的含量,并运用地累积指数(I_(geo))和潜在生态风险指数(RI)对沉积物重金属污染状况和生态风险进行评价。结果沉积物中Cu、As、Pb含量顺位为对照区2014年人工鱼礁区2012年人工鱼礁区2010年人工鱼礁区;Zn,Cr,Cd的含量顺位为对照区2014年人工鱼礁区2010年人工鱼礁区2012年人工鱼礁区。Igeo指数表明Cd达到严重污染程度,Cu,As为轻度偏中度污染,其他重金属无污染。RI指数表明2010年和2012年人工鱼礁区潜在生态风险程度均为中度,2014年人工鱼礁区与对照区均为重度。结论本次调查的人工鱼礁区表层沉积物中Cd的污染应引起关注,投礁年限长的鱼礁区表层沉积物重金属污染较轻。     

三峡库区消落区土壤沉积物中重金属的形态及其环境影响分析

为了解不同的库岸生产活动对土壤重金属形态分布情况的影响,从而为三峡库区消落区的环境规划和保护提供科学依据,于2009年1—3月期间,从小江开县段消落区选取临江、竹溪、镇安、桃花溪、丰乐、开县调节坝6个断面进行土壤沉积物的采集。采用原子吸收光谱法测定土样中的Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn4种重金属的含量。采用Tessier形态分类法分析消落区土壤沉积物中痕量重金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr的存在形态。结果表明,三峡库区消落区土壤沉积物中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量分别为1.02、21.62、126.98、76.23mg/kg,三峡库区消落区6个采样点土壤中重金属主要以残渣晶格结合态为主,但Cd和Cu的金属可交换态构成比较高,很容易进入植物生态系统和水环境威胁库区环境。     

粤北大宝山槽对坑尾矿矿山废水沉积物中重金属形态分布规律研究

目的了解粤北大宝山槽对坑尾矿酸性矿山废水(AMD)中沉积物中部分重金属形态分布规律及其潜在的生态风险。方法于2013年11月15日,利用改进的Tessier分级提取法依次提取沉积物样品中Mn、Ni、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu的化学形态,运用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定不同形态的重金属含量,并采用地累积指数(Igeo)对重金属污染状况和生态风险进行评价。结果各种重金属含量的空间分布表现出下层沉积物中的含量高于上层,其中,Mn和Ni污染程度较轻;Cd和Cu污染达到极强水平;各种重金属主要以残渣态形式赋存。按照重金属形态风险评价准则可知,上层沉积物中Mn的生物有效态含量在40%以上,表现出较强的生物可利用性,环境风险高;上层沉积物中Ni和下层沉积物中Cd环境风险中等。结论槽对坑尾矿区AMD沉积物中Cd和Cu污染值得关注,主要来源可能与尾矿矿渣堆的自然淋滤密切相关。     

积累指数法对公路旁土壤中重金属污染的评价

目的评价公路旁土壤中重金属污染.方法以319国道龙岩市新罗区路段为例,应用积累指数法对公路环境土壤介质中重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn)污染叠加进行评价. 结果研究区土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu元素含量高于福建省土壤背景值,其平均含量分别是福建省土壤背景值的23.6倍、4.6倍、1.7倍和1.5倍.已形成强污染的元素为Cd,中等污染的元素为Pb,轻污染的元素为Cr.土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度Cd＞Pb＞Cr＞Cu＞As＞Zn＞Ni＞Mn＞Fe.结论公路旁土壤中Cd、Pb污染严重,重金属污染物质主要来源于机动车辆燃料和轮胎中所含微量重金属成分.     

三峡库区典型支流沉积物重金属污染特征及评价

目的了解三峡库区典型支流沉积物中重金属含量及形态特征。方法于2016年4月采集澎溪河流域沉积物,测定Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Zn和Ni的总量及各形态组分的含量,并采用地质累积指数进行评价。结果澎溪河流域沉积物中Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Zn和Ni的平均含量分别为77.56、47.85、0.82、56.33、115.98、36.10 mg/kg。地质累积指数分析表明,Cd和Pb为中等污染,Cu和Zn为无污染至中等污染,Cr和Ni为无污染级别;污染程度依次为CdPbCuZnNiCr。形态测试结果表明,Cd,Pb,Cu和Zn非残渣态含量较高,对水环境潜在生态风险较大,而Cr和Ni主要以残渣态为主,形态稳定性最好。结论澎溪河流域沉积物中Cd和Pb含量较高,且形态稳定性较差,具有较高的生态风险。     

西安市周边河流沿岸种植玉米中重金属污染调查

目的了解西安市周边河流沿岸种植玉米中重金属污染的基本状况。方法从西安市境内的灞河、沣河和渭河沿岸采集玉米样品,用电感耦合等离子体质谱(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass ectrometry)测定方法对样品进行检测,采用方差分析对3条河流沿岸玉米中元素含量的差异进行比较。结果西安市境内沣河、灞河和渭河沿岸玉米中Hg、Cr、As和Cd的合格率均为100%,Pb的合格率为87.5%、100%和88.2%;Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Mn、Ni和Se的平均含量为0.003 4、0.243、1.89、11.132、0.055、0.113、3.737、0.230和0.009 1 mg/kg。经方差分析Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Ni和Se元素在不同河流沿岸玉米中含量差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Hg、Cr和Mn含量差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论建议相关部门加强对本地河流沿岸玉米重金属元素Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn和Ni的监测,进一步查找引起其变化异常的原因。提高农业富硒肥料的使用,并尽快建立相应完整的粮食重金属元素评价标准。     

公路交通对土壤重金属污染的研究

目的评价公路交通引起的土壤中重金属污染。方法选择320国道马龙路段进行耕作土采样,用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法分析土壤中重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Ni含量,采用清洁对照区土壤剖面重金属含量作为参比值,应用地积累指数法对重金属污染叠加进行评价。结果研究区土壤中Cu、CA、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Ni的含量显著高于对照区（P〈0．01）。Cd为中等污染～强污染,Pb为中等污染,Cr和Cu为轻污染～中等污染。污染晕带沿公路延伸方向展开,自公路起向其两侧强度运渐减弱,扩散范围约为150m。土壤对重金属元素的吸收及污染程度;Cd〉Pb〉Cr〉Cu〉As〉Zn〉Ni。结论公路旁土壤重金属污染以Cd、Pb和Cr为主,污染叠加重金属来源主要为机动车燃料、轮胎、机械中所含微量重金属成分。     

贵阳市道路降尘中重金属污染特征及其健康风险评价

目的探讨贵阳市道路降尘中重金属污染水平及健康风险状况。方法采集贵阳市主城区道路32个采样点的降尘样品,测定降尘中4种重金属铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)含量,并采用地质累积指数(Igeo)法、健康风险评价模型和Spearman相关分析,分别对重金属污染程度、人体健康风险及污染来源进行分析。结果降尘中Cu、Pb、Zn和As含量分别为60.37~437.79、35.63~313.52、282.64~841.57、8.70~23.74 mg/kg,其中Cu、Pb和Zn平均含量分别为贵州土壤背景值的7.69、2.85和6.94倍,As未超过背景值。Igeo为CuZnPbAs,其中Cu与Zn分别为2.24和2.17,为中度污染。健康风险评价表明道路降尘中重金属的非致癌风险依次为AsPbCuZn,但风险较小或可忽略。降尘中Cu和Zn含量呈正相关(r=0.582,P0.01)。结论贵阳市道路降尘中的Cu、Zn污染水平较高,其健康风险尚在可接受范围内,但仍需加强监测。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.