住宅室内空气颗粒物污染状况及其与大气浓度关系的初探

目的了解当前住宅室内空气PM2.5和PM10的污染水平及其与室外大气浓度的关系。方法选择10户市区常住家庭,采用单孔多段冲击式颗粒物采样仪进行室内外空气PM2.5、PM10浓度的同时监测。结果非采暖期室内空气PM2.5和PM10的浓度范围分别为27.0～272.9μgm3和42.9～309.6μgm3;采暖期分别为20.7～251.4μgm3和34.0～283.9μgm3。PM2.5与PM10浓度之间呈良好的直线相关关系。室内外颗粒物浓度的相关关系在非采暖期和采暖期有所不同。结论住宅室内空气颗粒物污染比较严重,今后应进一步研究室内颗粒物的污染规律,探讨颗粒物对人群健康的影响。     

2013年冬春季济南市某办公场所室内空气颗粒物质量浓度分析

目的了解冬春季节室内空气颗粒污染物污染水平。方法于2013年1—5月工作日期间在济南市某办公场所采用LD-5C(B)微电脑激光粉尘仪对室内空气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5进行监测。结果济南市冬春季节室内颗粒物PM2.5、PM10平均质量浓度分别为0.082、0.115 mg/m3;采暖期室内PM2.5、PM10的质量浓度(0.152、、0.191 mg/m3)高于非采暖期(0.050、、0.079 mg/m3),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);采暖期室内PM2.5/PM10为0.807,非采暖期PM2.5/PM10为0.598,差异有统计学意义(Z=4.917,P=0.001);室内外PM2.5相关系数r=0.878,P=0.001;室内外PM10相关系数r=0.701,P=0.001。结论济南市冬春季节室内颗粒物污染较重,室内外颗粒物质量浓度有较好的相关性,采暖对室内细颗粒物浓度影响较大。     

北京市6所星级宾馆室内颗粒物污染状况及影响因素分析

目的了解星级宾馆室内颗粒物污染水平,室内其他污染物及微小气候状况,分析室内颗粒物浓度的影响因素。方法选择星级宾馆6家,春、夏、秋、冬4个季节分别进行1次采样,监测室内污染物浓度(CO、CO2、PM10、PM2.5)、室内微小气候(温度、湿度、风速)及室外污染物浓度(CO、CO2、PM10、PM2.5)。结果室外颗粒物PM10、PM2.5浓度高于室内,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。室内颗粒物PM2.5占PM10的比例高于室外,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。室内PM10与PM2.5之间、室内PM10与室外PM10之间、室内PM2.5与室外PM2.5之间,存在相关性。室内PM10、PM2.5浓度与室内CO浓度存在相关性。室内PM10、PM2.5浓度与室内CO2浓度不存在相关性。室内PM10、PM2.5浓度与室内湿度存在相关性。结论星级宾馆室内颗粒物浓度较低,室内空气质量较好。室内PM10、PM2.5浓度随室内湿度增大而增大。     

我国住宅室内PM2.5来源及浓度的影响因素研究进展

住宅是人们停留时间最长的室内环境之一,室外大气PM2.5主要通过室内暴露来影响人体健康。我国已建立较完善的室外大气PM2.5监测体系,但与居民生活密切相关的住宅室内PM2.5的相关数据相对缺乏。该文综述了我国现有的针对住宅开展的室内PM2.5浓度、来源及其影响因素研究,以阐明住宅室内PM2.5污染现状及相关影响因素,为提出有效防治室内PM2.5的干预措施、未来开展基于大数据的室内PM2.5监测及我国室内空气质量标准的修订提供参考。     

北京市房山地区室内外空气PM_(2.5)污染水平及其相关性

目的调查北京市房山区不同区域、每日不同时段居民室内外PM2.5的污染状况及人员活动对室内空气PM2.5浓度的影响。方法 2014年1月—2015年1月在不同地区的不同场所不同时段进行室内外空气中PM2.5质量浓度现场监测,同时收集人员活动和气象资料。结果交通繁忙区、工业生产区、扬尘作业区、生态洁净区居民家室内日间平均浓度分别为(109.83±107.38)、(101.50±93.90)、(108.23±101.18)和(48.07±44.28)μg/m3,不同区域的差异有统计学意义(Z=3.616、1.974、2.329,P0.05);交通繁忙区、扬尘作业区办公室内日间PM2.5平均浓度分别为(118.26±99.17)和(147.93±128.88)μg/m3,生态洁净区为(55.70±49.40)μg/m3,差异有统计学意义(Z=3.534、3.327,P0.05);居民家室内日间、睡前、凌晨、烹饪时PM2.5平均浓度分别为(91.91±80.59)、(122.46±104.65)、(125.37±112.52)和(171.91±123.02)μg/m3,不同时段的差异有统计学意义(Z=4.888、2.544、2.214,P0.05);吸烟、打扫和无人员活动时室内PM2.5平均浓度分别为(660.95±599.18)、(171.22±138.72)和(70.781±57.37)μg/m3,差异有统计学意义(Z=8.647、4.714,P0.05)。结论室内空气中PM2.5浓度随室外浓度增加而增加;吸烟、烹饪及打扫均会导致室内PM2.5浓度瞬间急剧增大,空气质量严重下降,是室内重要的污染源;室外颗粒物的渗透作用是影响室内环境的主要因素,可通过增强门窗密闭性来提高室内空气质量。     

大学生公寓内PM2.5暴露水平影响因素分析

探讨室外环境与室内人员活动/行为对大学生公寓内细颗粒物PM2.5污染的影响,为保护大学生身体健康提供科学依据.方法 对北京市大兴区某高校校园9间大学生公寓室内外PM2.5浓度实时连续监测7d,同时对大学生的时间一行为活动模式进行问卷调查.结果 公寓是大学生最主要的室内活动场所,每天在公寓内的时间为13.30h,占55.4%.公寓内PM2.5日均体积质量比范围为39.3 ~ 584.1μg/m3,超标率为66.7%~85.7%;室外PM2.5日均体积质量比范围为76.5~493.2 μg/m3,超标率为100%;室内外日均PM2.5体积质量比I/O比均值为0.84.相关分析结果表明,公寓内PM2.5浓度与室外浓度、室内外温差、室外相对湿度、风速的相关均有统计学意义(r值分别为0.792,-0.535,0.634,-0.547,P值均<0.01).公寓内人员活动/行为影响室内PM2.5浓度和I/O比(P值均<0.05).结论 在室外环境条件和室内人员的综合影响下,大学生公寓内PM2.5污染严重.应采取适当措施降低大学生公寓内PM2.5暴露水平.     

广州市部分居室空气中PM2.5污染特征

目的了解广州市居民室内空气中PM2.5的污染特征并探讨其污染来源.方法于2003年6-7月期间,使用低流量采样器于广州市9个有代表性居民住宅采集室内PM25样品,测定其浓度及有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量.结果室内采样点PM25平均浓度为(47.4±17.7)μg/m3,高于其他国家或地区已有的监测结果.PM25中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为(9.2±1.4)、(3.72±0.48)μg/m3;OC和EC分别占PM25的26.4%±5.6%和9.3%±4.8%.其中,OC主要来源于室内的污染源,而EC则可能与室外污染源的关系更为密切.结论室内污染源(烹饪、吸烟等)、室外污染源(机动车排放)以及房屋条件(通风条件、装修时间)等对室内的PM25浓度水平的影响较大.     

太原市室内外空气中颗粒物污染特征

目的研究太原市室内外空气颗粒物污染特征。方法于2004年4月-2006年10月在太原市21个社区541户家庭采用Aerocet531型粉尘仪-粒子计数器在采暖期和非采暖期测定室内外空气中PM1.0、PM2.5、PM7.0、PM10.0和TSP的浓度。应用Stata 9.0统计软件进行统计学分析。结果太原市空气污染最严重的社区室内、外TSP浓度分别为1 030.70和1 681.46μg/m3,采暖期与非采暖期比较,采暖期颗粒物浓度高于非采暖期;室外颗粒物浓度高于室内。对室内、外TSP贡献最大的是粒径2.5～7.0μm的颗粒物(PM>2.5～7.0),相应的构成比分别为37.58%和34.70%,其中室内污染以PM≤7.0(粒径≤7.0μm的颗粒物)为主,室外污染以PM>2.5(粒径>2.5μm的颗粒物)为主。不同粒径颗粒物相关性分析结果表明,TSP与PM>2.5～7.0相关性最强,相关系数为0.928 0。室内、外采暖期PM>2.5～7.0相关性最强,采暖期相关系数高达0.675 3。结论太原市主要颗粒物污染为PM>2.5～7.0,室外空气颗粒物污染对室内影响较大,采暖期室内、外PM>2.5～7.0高度相关。     

北京市某区餐厅室内空气细颗粒物浓度水平现况研究

目的了解餐厅室内空气细颗粒物（PM2.5）的污染现状,揭示各影响因素的作用,为卫生标准及政策法规的制定提供科学依据。方法采用分层抽样方法选择北京市某区42家餐厅,使用AM-510智能防爆粉尘仪进行餐厅室内外细颗粒物浓度的检测,同时记录餐厅内人员数量、吸烟者数量等情况,比较不同类别餐厅、室内外细颗粒物浓度的差异,分析影响因素与室内细颗粒物浓度的关系。结果 42家餐厅室内、外PM2.5平均浓度分别为194μg/m3、76μg/m3,室内比室外高155.26%;有吸烟的餐厅室内PM2.5平均浓度高于室外206μg/m3（228.89%）且差异有统计学意义,无吸烟的餐厅室内与室外水平基本相当;中式正餐厅吸烟比例、PM2.5浓度水平高于中式快餐厅和西式快餐厅且差异有统计学意义,而中式快餐厅和西式快餐厅室内外PM2.5浓度水平相当;大、中、小型餐厅吸烟比例、PM2.5浓度水平差异无统计学意义;餐饮业量化分级管理的A、B、C级餐厅吸烟比例、PM2.5浓度水平差异亦无统计学意义;经Spearman非参数相关分析,室内与室外PM2.5浓度存在正相关且有统计学意义,室内无吸烟的餐厅该相关关系更为紧密,而有吸烟的餐厅室内与室外PM2.5浓度无相关关系,以无吸烟餐厅的PM2.5浓度为应变量（y）,其室外PM2.5浓度为自变量（x）进行一元线性回归分析,回归方程为y（μg/m3）=0.828x＋9.456（R2=0.862,F=100.327,P〈0.001）;餐厅室内PM2.5浓度与吸烟支数密度存在正相关关系（r=0.814,P〈0.001）。结论餐厅内细颗粒物污染严重;吸烟和室外空气PM2.5浓度是影响餐厅室内PM2.5浓度的主要因素。     

星级宾馆室内空气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的污染水平及影响因素

目的了解星级宾馆室内颗粒物污染水平,分析室内颗粒物浓度的影响因素。方法选择北京市西城区四、五星级宾馆共6家,于2014年春、夏、秋、冬季分别进行1次采样,监测室内外空气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度。结果调查的星级宾馆客房室内空气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)平均浓度均低于标准限值。室外大气颗粒物浓度高于室内,PM_(2.5)在PM_(10)中所占比例低于室内,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。不同楼层客房的空气颗粒物浓度差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。不同季节客房的室内PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度不同,秋季污染物浓度较高;开窗后客房室内颗粒物浓度高于开窗前,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论本次调查的宾馆室内颗粒物浓度与楼层无关,秋季污染物浓度高于其他季节。在室内无污染源的情况下,室内颗粒物污染主要来源于室外。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Bacteriology and constitutional health--genomics and proteomics: concepts in medicine and concepts in health insurance in the past and future

Future discussions on health issues on the individual or society level will be fundamentally linked to genetic dispositions. This genetic world will become reality in the same way the world of hygiene and bacteriology has become real for everyone. Approaches of molecular medicine for public health issues have not yet been created so far. The secret dreams of molecular eugenics must be made public and critically discussed. Up to now only a few monogenetically recessive hereditary diseases can be detected by screening. This kind of screening should be carefully considered. However, for the sciences, for medicine and thus for the physicians in practice, for health care sciences as well as for public health care, new tasks will emerge from genetics and molecular medicine. In individual as well as public health these new tasks will at first mainly turn in on the sphere of diagnosis and specific screening as well as health education and consultation. With regard to the considerable social implications the public health care sector should be aware of the coming issues of molecular medicine in time.     

成人社区及医院获得性肺炎病原菌及耐药性差异

 目的 比较非呼吸机相关医院获得性肺炎（NV-HAP）、呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）与社区获得性肺炎（CAP）感染病原菌分布及耐药性。方法 回顾性调查2017年10月-2019年9月某院肺炎患者病历资料,按NV-HAP、VAP、CAP定义将患者分别列为NV-HAP组、VAP组、CAP组。收集三组患者痰、支气管肺泡灌洗液、血标本培养病原菌及药敏试验结果,分析三组患者感染病原菌构成和耐药性差异。结果 共纳入肺炎患者4 391例,NV-HAP组1 080例,VAP组126例,CAP组3 185例,各组分别检出病原菌841、191、1 440株,均以革兰阴性（G^-）菌为主,依次占72.77%、84.82%和61.18%,三组患者检出病原菌分布比较,差异有统计学意义（χ²=64.037,P<0.001）。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和复方磺胺甲口恶唑耐药率,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和亚胺培南耐药率,肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率,三组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素、克林霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率比较,CAP组高于NV-HAP组（P<0.05）。结论 NV-HAP、VAP和CAP在病原菌分布及细菌耐药性方面均存在差异,在制定临床治疗方案时,要区别对待不同感染类型的肺炎。