湖北省血吸虫疫区部分农村户厕粪便无害化处理效果调查

目的 了解湖北省部分县市血吸虫疫区农村户厕与粪便无害化处理现况.方法 于2007年9月选择血吸虫疫区的6个行政村(4个改厕村、2个非改厕村),每村随机抽查30座农村户厕,对调查对象的户厕建筑与粪便处理情况进行问卷调查,同时采集粪液样品进行实验室检验.结果 120座卫生户厕中,厕屋内无蛆、蛹、成蝇的有114座(95%),而60座非卫生户厕的厕屋内无蛆、蛹、成蝇的有20座(33.33%);卫生户厕粪液经三格式和沼气式的粪池无害化处理后,三格式第三池和沼气池出料口粪液中的蛔虫卵合格率分别为95.6%和98.6%,粪大肠菌值均合格,活蛔虫卵、血吸虫卵、活血吸虫卵均未检出;卫生户厕农户的血吸虫病患病率(8.45‰)比非卫生户厕农户(15.02‰)低43.7%.结论 血吸虫疫区农村的卫生户厕可比较有效地改善环境卫生,且对粪便无害化处理的效果显著,可降低血吸虫病患病率.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the current sanitary situation of the rural household latrine and the effects of decontamination of the feces in some epidemic areas of schistosome in Hubei province.Methods Six villages (4 villages with the sanitary latrines,2 villages with the non-sanitary latrines)were chosen for the investigation and 30 latrines were selected randomly in each village in September of 2007.The structure of the latrine and the situation of the faceal treatment were investigated by questionnaires.At the same time,the feces samples were collected and detected according to the related sanitary standards.Results The rate of the sanitary latrines witllout maggots.pupas and flies was 95%,while the rate of the non-sanitary latrines with the same situation was 33.33%.After non-hazardous treatment in the three-case-cesspool and the firedamp latrines,the qualified rates of the roundworm eggs were 95.6%and 98.6%respectively;the qualified rates of fecal coliform were both 100%:no schistosome eggs,the alive schistosome eggs and the alive roundworm eggs were detected.The morbidity rate of schistosomiasis of the villages with the sanitary latrines was 43.7%,lovwer than those with the non-sanitary latrines.Condusion The faecal treatment of the rural household latrine in epidemic areas of schistosome can improve the sanitation and kill the pathogens in faeces effectively.and also can decrease the morbidity rate of schistosomiasis obviously.     

INRA82 extender enhances semen quality in ram under cooled and cryopreserved stages

Objective:To investigate the effect of INRA82 extender on ram semen quality preserved in cooled and frozen conditions in comparison with Tris-based extenders and to select the suitable extender for ram semen preservation.Methods:Semen samples were collected and pooled from Awassi rams(n=5)and divided into three aliquots.Each aliquot was diluted with one of the following extenders:(1)Tris-citrate glucose,(2)Triscitrate fructose,and (3)INRA-82.For liquid storage,diluted samples were kept at 5℃ for 72 h.Progressive motility was measured at 0,24,48 and 72 h after cooling.Besides,viability,morphology,membrane,acrosome and DNA integrities were evaluated at 24 h post-cooling.For cryopreservation,diluted samples were cooled,equilibrated,loaded and frozen in liquid nitrogen.Thawed samples were evaluated in the same manner as cooled conditions.Results:Seminal characteristics were improved after cooling and thawing in samples diluted with INRA-82 compared to those diluted with Tris-citrate glucose or Tris-citrate fructose(P<0.05).Conclusions:Dilution of ram semen with INRA-82 improves semen parameters.Hence,INRA-82,as a stimulating diluent,can be successfully used to reserve viability and sustainability of cooled and cryopreserved ram semen.     

我院人体组织生物样本库的建立和应用

Objective To explore issues of the human tissue biobank, ranging from its establishment, collection and preservation of samples, quality control, management and application. Methods Development of standardized operational procedures, collection of such samples as fresh frozen tissues from the surgery, paraffin-embedded tissues, whole blood, serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid. Specimens were classified and made aliquots according to different requirements, and then stored at room temperature, -80℃ refrigerator or in liquid nitrogen. Microsoft Access database system was used in the management of these specimens. Results From September 2004 to September 2008, a total of 11 872 samples from patients with benign and malignant diseases were collected and preserved. Among them, 4360 tubes of fresh frozen tissue samples from 2500 cases were provided within and beyond the province. These samples were also applied to DNA, RNA, protein extraction and tissue microarray, and immunohistochemistry-related research. Conclusion Human tissue biobank is highly useful in sharing human tissue resources effectively, as it can provide high quality specimens from benign and malignant diseases and normal control. In addition, it plays a very important role in exploring pathogenesis, developing new technologies for early detection of disease and new therapeutic strategies.     

我院人体组织生物样本库的建立和应用

Objective To explore issues of the human tissue biobank, ranging from its establishment, collection and preservation of samples, quality control, management and application. Methods Development of standardized operational procedures, collection of such samples as fresh frozen tissues from the surgery, paraffin-embedded tissues, whole blood, serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid. Specimens were classified and made aliquots according to different requirements, and then stored at room temperature, -80℃ refrigerator or in liquid nitrogen. Microsoft Access database system was used in the management of these specimens. Results From September 2004 to September 2008, a total of 11 872 samples from patients with benign and malignant diseases were collected and preserved. Among them, 4360 tubes of fresh frozen tissue samples from 2500 cases were provided within and beyond the province. These samples were also applied to DNA, RNA, protein extraction and tissue microarray, and immunohistochemistry-related research. Conclusion Human tissue biobank is highly useful in sharing human tissue resources effectively, as it can provide high quality specimens from benign and malignant diseases and normal control. In addition, it plays a very important role in exploring pathogenesis, developing new technologies for early detection of disease and new therapeutic strategies.     

2008年广西铅锌矿区周边农村环境铅污染现状调查

目的 了解2008年广西铅锌矿区周边农村铅污染现状.方法 于2008年8至12月,采集分布于3条河流流域(涉及6个铅锌锡矿开采、冶炼区)的4县28村的食用农作物(大米101份、稻谷30份、蔬菜等59份)190份、家禽肉及内脏45份、鱼5份、地表水(河水、灌溉水、稻田水)27份、地下水12份、生活饮用水末梢水13份、耕种土壤样品29份检测铅含量,对人群开展膳食铅摄人调查.结果 食用农作物53.68%(102/190)铅含量超标,以大米(47.52%)、叶菜(100%)超标严重;鸡蛋5份、花生2份、鲜玉米13份铅含量未超标;36%(18/50)的禽肉及内脏铅超标,以肝、肠铅含量较高.村民仅通过进食大米、蔬菜其每周铅摄入量已达4.55 mg,超出耐受量0.52倍.结论 本次调查区域的村民主要通过进食受铅污染的大米、蔬菜及家禽等动植物食品摄人铅,必须采取措施,控制当地的铅污染.

Abstract：

Objective To know the environmental lead pollution status of rural areas around the mining area in Guangxi,2008.Methods From August to December,2008,the survey was carried out in 28 villages of 4 counties,which were located in basin of three rivers and their tributaries.Six lead-zinc-tin mines were situated in the investigated area.The local samples were collected,including 101 rice samples,30 paddy samples,59 vegetable samples and 45 samples of meat,viscera of poultry,5 fish samples,and 27 surface water samples,12 ground water samples,13 drinking water samples,29 crepland soil samples.The lead content of them were determined.the dietary survey on lead intake was performed among the residents living near the mining area also.Results 53.68%(102,190)of the crop samples revealed higher lead contents,which were over the standard limit,especially for rice(47.52%)and leafy vegetables(100%).The lead contents for five eggs samples,two peanuts samples and thirteen fresh corns were qualified.36%(102/190)of the samples of meat and viscera of poultry revealed higher lead contents,which were over the standard limit.especially for liver and chicken intestine.The lead intake only threugh rice and vegetables reached 4.55 mg in one week.which was over the tolerance dose by 0.52 times.Conclusion The lead intake of the residents living near the lead-zinc mining area are mainly from crop and vegetables and poultry.Environmental lead pollution is serious in the investigated area and must be controlled as possible as early.     

不同剂量国产重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗成年人免疫效果及影响因素研究

Objective To evaluate the immuno-effect and related influencing factors on 10 μg and 20 μg Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell hepatitis B vaccine, using the randomized double-blind controlled trials in adult population. Methods A total of 642 adults aged 18-45 years old, non-vaccinated against hepatitis B, and negative on five blood indicators for hepatitis B, were selected as the study objects from four districts in Beijing. The study objects were randomly divided into two groups, and then accepted 10 tg and 20 μg recombinant CHO hepatitis B vaccination by 0-1-6 month schedule. Influencing factors were investigated by means of questionnaire. Blood samples were collected one month after the third dose of vaccination. Anti-HBs level was detected by Abott chemiluminescence detection method. For the anti-HBs negative person, fluorescent quantitative PCR method was used to find out if the person had been infected with HBV. Logistic regression analysis was used to find out the influencing factors of anti-HBs seroconversion on every studied subject. Results The anti-HBs seroconversion rates on 10 μg and 20 μg dose groups were 88.8%(95%CI: 85.4%-92.2%) and 95.3%(95%CI: 93.0%-97.6%)respectively. Taking the anti-HBs level＜100 mIU/ml as the low/non-response standard, the low response and non-response rates were 34.3% and 17.4% respectively. The geometric mean titers(GMT)of anti-HBs were 173.42 mIU/ml for the 10 μg dose group and 588.51 mIU/ml for the 20 μg dose group. Data from the Multivariate analysis showed that: diabetes, spouses infected with hepatitis B virus and old age were unfavorable factors for anti-HBs Seroconversion. 20 μg dose of the vaccine was conducive to seroconversion.Conclusion 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine seemed better than 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine while many factors need to be taken into account for evaluation on hepatitis B vaccines.     

戊型肝炎病毒IgG抗体诊断试剂盒的研制及初步应用

Objective To establish an EliSA kit for serum anti-hepatitis E virus IgG detection using recombinant antigen expressed in E. Coli. Methods Utilizing the recombinant protein ORF23 of REV expressed in E. Coli as a coating antigen, the ELISA kit for detecting serum anti-HEV IgG was established. The serum samples from 100 HEV patients and 150 negative serum samples were measured, and the detecting results was compared with those of other two HEV kits(the kits from Genelabs company and Wantai Corporation). The specificity, sensitivity and stability of the kit were evaluated. The serum samples from another 500 clinical hepatitis patients were detected to evaluate the clinical application value of this kit. Results Both the specificity and sensitivity of the kit were 100% and the consistency rates to other kits were more than 95%. The kit showed a good stability and could be stable for at least 6 months under 4 ℃. 500 samples were 145 positive in 150 hepatitis E patients, the consistency rates were 96.67% . Conclusions The ELBA kit prepared with HEV recombinant antigen has good specificity and sensitivity for detecting anti-HEV IgG in serum, and may have potential evaluation in clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigation for hepatitis E.     

不同剂量国产重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗成年人免疫效果及影响因素研究

Objective To evaluate the immuno-effect and related influencing factors on 10 μg and 20 μg Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell hepatitis B vaccine, using the randomized double-blind controlled trials in adult population. Methods A total of 642 adults aged 18-45 years old, non-vaccinated against hepatitis B, and negative on five blood indicators for hepatitis B, were selected as the study objects from four districts in Beijing. The study objects were randomly divided into two groups, and then accepted 10 tg and 20 μg recombinant CHO hepatitis B vaccination by 0-1-6 month schedule. Influencing factors were investigated by means of questionnaire. Blood samples were collected one month after the third dose of vaccination. Anti-HBs level was detected by Abott chemiluminescence detection method. For the anti-HBs negative person, fluorescent quantitative PCR method was used to find out if the person had been infected with HBV. Logistic regression analysis was used to find out the influencing factors of anti-HBs seroconversion on every studied subject. Results The anti-HBs seroconversion rates on 10 μg and 20 μg dose groups were 88.8%(95%CI: 85.4%-92.2%) and 95.3%(95%CI: 93.0%-97.6%)respectively. Taking the anti-HBs level＜100 mIU/ml as the low/non-response standard, the low response and non-response rates were 34.3% and 17.4% respectively. The geometric mean titers(GMT)of anti-HBs were 173.42 mIU/ml for the 10 μg dose group and 588.51 mIU/ml for the 20 μg dose group. Data from the Multivariate analysis showed that: diabetes, spouses infected with hepatitis B virus and old age were unfavorable factors for anti-HBs Seroconversion. 20 μg dose of the vaccine was conducive to seroconversion.Conclusion 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine seemed better than 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine while many factors need to be taken into account for evaluation on hepatitis B vaccines.     

戊型肝炎病毒IgG抗体诊断试剂盒的研制及初步应用

Objective To establish an EliSA kit for serum anti-hepatitis E virus IgG detection using recombinant antigen expressed in E. Coli. Methods Utilizing the recombinant protein ORF23 of REV expressed in E. Coli as a coating antigen, the ELISA kit for detecting serum anti-HEV IgG was established. The serum samples from 100 HEV patients and 150 negative serum samples were measured, and the detecting results was compared with those of other two HEV kits(the kits from Genelabs company and Wantai Corporation). The specificity, sensitivity and stability of the kit were evaluated. The serum samples from another 500 clinical hepatitis patients were detected to evaluate the clinical application value of this kit. Results Both the specificity and sensitivity of the kit were 100% and the consistency rates to other kits were more than 95%. The kit showed a good stability and could be stable for at least 6 months under 4 ℃. 500 samples were 145 positive in 150 hepatitis E patients, the consistency rates were 96.67% . Conclusions The ELBA kit prepared with HEV recombinant antigen has good specificity and sensitivity for detecting anti-HEV IgG in serum, and may have potential evaluation in clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigation for hepatitis E.     

浙江省2008-2009年三起诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发的病原分子特征分析

Objective To study the molecular characteristic of norovirus in 3 outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Zhejiang province. Methods During January 2008 and December 2009, fecal specimens of patients were collected from 3 outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis. Noroviruses were detected by Real-time RT-PCR. Part of the positive samples were randomly selected and detected by RT-PCR. PCR products were sequenced. Sequence analysis was undertaken based on partial sequence of RNA dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp)and capsid protein gene. Some positive samples were amplified by 3' RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA 3' ends), 3200 bp in length. The exact whole ORF2, ORF3 and 3' untranslation regions(UTR)gene of norovims were identified. Results There were in total 3 outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis caused by norovirus being reported. A total of 62 stools were obtained from cases with acute gastroentefitis. Noroviruses were detected in 41 cases including 27 strains of genogroup Ⅰ norovirus and 9 strains of genogroup Ⅱ norovirus, 5 strains of genogroup Ⅰ + Ⅱ norovirus. Four genotypes including G Ⅰ .8, G Ⅱ .b, G Ⅰ .2/0 Ⅰ .6 recombination together with co-infection of G Ⅰ .8 and G Ⅱ .b were detected. Conclusion Norovirus was confirmed as the major cause of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in Zhejiang province and multiple genotype of norovirus were identified from the outbreaks. It was the first time to have found a recombinant of G Ⅰ .6 capsid and G Ⅰ .2 polymerase norovims as well as the co-infection of G Ⅰ .8 and G Ⅱ .b norovirus in the same sample.     

广东省农村无害化卫生厕所效果评价

目的调查2011年广东省无害化卫生厕所建造和使用情况,评价其对粪便处理的卫生效果,为指导广东省农村改厕工作提供科学依据。方法按分层整群抽样的方法,在全省随机抽取3个县,每个县随机调查3个改厕村和3个未改厕村,每村随机抽取30户,现场勘察三格式化粪池考察其建造是否符合要求。随机采集45座无害化卫生厕所和非卫生厕所粪液样品,实验室检测粪大肠菌群（FC）、寄生虫卵、化学需氧量（CODcr）、氨氮（NH3-N）、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮等指标。计算进、出口FC的平均合格率,寄生虫卵检出率、CODcr、NH3-N、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮平均去除率。结果在调查指标中,改厕户的合格率明显高于未改厕户。135份粪液样品中,卫生厕所进、出口及非卫生厕所FC平均合格率分别为93．33％、100％和86．67％,寄生虫卵检出率分别为55．56％、4．44％和51．11％,出口CODcr、NH3-N、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮平均去除率分别为58．02％、42．93％、34．08％和85．00％。结论2011年广东省无害化卫生厕所的无害化处理效果明显,其对粪便中Fc和寄生虫卵有很好的杀灭作用,但对CODcr、NH3-N、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除效果不够理想,需做进一步处理。     

郑州市农村双瓮漏斗厕所建造与卫生质量调查

目的：了解河南省大面积推广双瓮漏斗厕所的建造、卫生管理质量及存在问题。方法：选择郑州市农村1269户双瓮漏斗厕所，对其建造质量与卫生管理进行调查分析。结果：卫生厕所建筑质量合格率86．9％。卫生管理质量显示：管理好43．4％；管理中33．4％；管理差23．2％。厕所管理辅件：有麻刷椎的占66．5％；有纸篓的占67．3％；有水箱的占39．4％。结论：郑州市农村双瓮漏斗厕所的建造基本上能保证质量。但在卫生管理和维护方面还需改进。     

舟山市多种类型水源水及生活饮用水水质的监测分析

[目的]了解舟山群岛多种类型水源水及生活饮用水水质状况,分析海水淡化饮用水与其他永源混合应用的价值,为确保饮用水安全提供依据.[方法]抽取舟山市疾病预防控制中心实验室2009-2011年受检的水库水270份、河水222份、市政生活饮用水192份;舟山市自来水公司实验室2009-2011年受检的大陆引水36份;嵊泗县疾病预防控制中心实验室2009-2011年受检的海水淡化水128份、2004-2006年受检的海水淡化水与地表水混合水样品299份;对生活饮用水、海水淡化水、海水淡化水与地表水混合水样品的菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、硼、总硬度、氯化物等指标及水库水、河水、大陆引水样品的氨氮、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、溶解氧、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、粪大肠菌群等指标检测结果进行分析判定. [结果]水源水中,水库水总氮合格率为46.7％,其他检测指标合格率均较高;河水主要污染性指标检测结果合格率均较低,总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数均超过国家地表水环境功能分类Ⅲ类水源的限值,氨氮、总氮等个别指标超过Ⅴ类水源的限值标准;大陆引水一期工程水样本氨氮、总氮检测的合格率仅分别为41.7％和8.3％,氨氮、总氮等个别指标超过Ⅴ类水源的限值标准.生活饮用水中,海水淡化水硼合格率仅为21.6％,其他检测指标合格率均较高;市政生活饮用水、海水淡化水与地表水混合水样品检测指标合格率均较高. [结论]舟山群岛饮用水水源水主要污染性指标检测结果合格率均较低,多项指标已超过国家地表水环境功能分类Ⅲ类水源的限值,个别指标超过Ⅴ类水源的限值标准.海水淡化水与大陆引水可混合应用,但其存在一定的潜在风险.     

全国农村厕所及粪便处理背景调查和今后对策研究

本课题是全国爱国卫生运动委员会和卫生部下达的科研任务，由本课题科研协作组统一设计。采用分层整群抽样方法，于１９９３年在全国２９省（区、市）进行了农村厕所及粪便处理背景调查。共调查了４７０个县（市）７８万农户，近３４０万人。结果表明，我国农村有厕率为８５．９％，卫生厕所普及率为７．５％，粪便无害化处理率为１３．５％；调查公共厕所６５１１座，公共厕所卫生合格率为９．６％。本研究是我国首次进行本领域的全国性调查，样本大、代表性强，对我国今后开展农村改厕粪管工作、促进２０００年人人享有卫生保健规划目标的实现，具有重要的现实意义。     

实施WES项目对农村环境卫生的影响

目的 了解实施水与环境卫生(WES)项目对农村环境卫生的影响。方法 在实施WES项目的县选择8个改厕村和1个未改厕(对照)村调查户厕内苍蝇密度、蛆密度和臭度,同时按照统一调查表调查农民卫生知识、行为、改厕满意度。结果 改厕户的卫生厕所苍蝇密度、蛆密度和臭度均低于未改厕户的旧式厕所,差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。实施WES项目的村居民卫生知识水平、卫生行为和习惯均优于未开展WES项目的村。改厕户居民对卫生厕所的满意度高达94.8％。结论 实施WES项目提高了农村环境卫生整体水平。     

2007-2008年德州市二次供水水质调查

[目的]了解德州市德城区二次供水的卫生状况。[方法]现场调查二次供水基本卫生状况,同时采集水样进行检测,并对检测结果进行分析。[结果]对65个二次供水单位260份水样检测,合格57份,合格率21．92％。其中,色度、嗅味、肉眼可见物、砷、铁、锰、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、pH值合格率100．00%;菌落总数106份合格,合格率为40．77％;大肠菌群150份合格,合格率为57．69％;浑浊度221份合格,合格率为85．00％;游离余氯57份合格,合格率为21．92％。[结论]二次供水水质合格率较低,要加强预防性卫生监督,做好水质二次消毒工作。     

深圳市售预包装酱腌菜卫生质量调查

目的了解深圳市市售预包装酱腌菜的卫生质量,为制定管理措施提供依据。方法在全市范围内,随机抽取144份样品,按照GB2714—2003酱腌菜卫生标准中规定的检测项目及方法,对14项卫生指标进行检测。结果在144份样品中,有125份合格,合格率为86．81％,主要不合格项目为二氧化硫、防腐剂、铅、镉和大肠菌群。结论深圳市售预包装酱腌菜卫生质量尚可,但应加强对生产企业的监督,防止过量使用防腐剂和漂白剂。     

使用中的家用太阳能热水器储水箱出水水质卫生状况调查

[目的]了解家用太阳能热水器储水水质卫生状况,指导人们正确使用太阳能热水器。[方法]2011年1～10月,在枣庄市城乡抽取458台家用太阳能热水器,采集储水箱出水,按照GB/T 5750-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》检验部分感官指标、毒理学指标、化学指标和细菌学指标,按照该标准进行评价,亚硝酸盐以<0.005mg/L为合格。[结果]检测水样458份,各项指标均合格的243份,合格率为53.06%。检测合格率,正规品牌的为62.65%,非正规品牌的为27.78%(P<0.01);水箱内胆材质为食品级不锈钢、铝合金、其他的分别为70.43%、20.80%、15.63%(P<0.01);使用0～1、2～3、4～5、>5年的分别为44.90%、63.11%、58.16%、41.24%(P<0.01);水温0～30、31～50、51～70、≥71℃的分别为60.76%、44.93%、46.83%、64.35%(P<0.01);1箱水用1～2、3～4、≥5d的分别为67.37%、45.16%、28.57%(P<0.01)。检测指标合格率,臭和味为63.75%,肉眼可见物为69.21%,亚硝酸盐为77.95%,砷为94.32%,铅为92.79%,汞为96.29%,铁为82.75%,锰为88.43%,耗氧量为90.83%,细菌总数为70.74%,大肠菌群为74.89%。[结论]家用太阳能热水器储水器出水的水质合格率较低,不能作为生活饮用水。     

2009年即墨市部分中小学饮用水水质检测分析

[目的]了解即墨市部分中小学生活饮用水卫生状况,为保证全市中小学校学生饮用水安全提供科学的依据。[方法]2009年从即墨市253所中小学中随机抽取71所中小学的饮用水进行了27项指标水质检测和评价。[结果]71份饮用水合格率28．2％。在检测的27项指标中,氰化物、锌、砷、汞、铅、铁、锰、铜、pH、耗氧量、臭和味、浑浊度、硫酸盐、铬（六价）、挥发酚类、阴离子合成洗涤剂均合格。其余均有不合格样品。不合格的水样中,总硬度、细菌总数、硝酸盐氮、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群5项合格率均低于90%。[结论]即墨市中小学校饮用水存在安全隐患;对学生的健康存在一定的危害,有待进一步的改善学生饮用水的环境状况。