儿童社区获得性肺炎病例肺炎链球菌分离株的耐药分析

目的 分析昆明地区社区获得性肺炎住院病例中肺炎链球菌感染的耐药状况.方法 对2007年1月至2010年12月间年龄28d～8岁的4 780例诊断为社区获得性肺炎(CAP)住院患儿进行痰培养,采用链球菌细菌鉴定板鉴定,并行药敏试验.结果 从所检测CAP患儿痰液中培养分离出344株肺炎链球菌,它们对青霉素不敏感率为45.6％; 2007年至2008年肺炎链球菌对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为38.5％、38.3％、4.8％、16.0％、16.4％、3.6％; 2009年至2010年SP对上二述药物的耐药率分别为60.9％、68.0％、42.6％、36.7％、32.3％、3.1％;未检出对万古霉素耐药的菌株.青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌(PNSSP)对红霉素、克林霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、氧氟沙星的耐药率均高于青霉素敏感肺炎链球菌(PSSP).结论 CAP患儿住院病例中分离到的肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、氧氟沙星的敏感性极高,对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松的耐药率出现逐年增加的趋势.     

小儿下呼吸道感染者肺炎链球菌耐药情况分析

目的:了解小儿下呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌的耐药性,以指导临床合理用药。方法:对2011年1月~2013年12月间,年龄38天~6岁的下呼吸道感染的1862名住院患儿进行痰培养,采用链球菌细菌鉴定板鉴定,并行药敏试验。结果:经痰培养确诊232例肺炎链球菌感染,检出率为12.72%。分离出的肺炎链球菌对常用抗生素耐药率分别为:青霉素28.9%,阿莫西林31.9%,红霉素89.7%,头孢噻肟35.3%,阿奇霉素90.1%,复方新诺明33.6%,万古霉素0%,克林霉素53.4%,左氧氟沙星6.5%,氯霉素6.9%;青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌(PNSSP)对红霉素,克林霉素,头孢噻肟,头孢曲松,氧氟沙星的耐药率高于青霉素敏感肺炎链球菌(PSSP)。多重耐药率达76.6%,208株耐红霉素肺炎链球菌中,ermB基因介导的占60.6%,由mefE基因介导的占39.4%。结论:下呼吸道感染患儿分离的肺炎链球菌对阿奇霉素,红霉素,克林霉素的耐药率较高,对头孢噻肟,复方新诺明和阿莫西林的耐药率呈逐年递增趋势,临床应依据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

玉溪市2014年至2016年儿童肺炎链球菌感染流行情况及耐药性分析

目的 了解云南省玉溪市2014年至2016年肺炎链球菌 (SPN) 流行及其耐药情况, 为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 采用回顾性分析方法, 收集2014年1月至2016年12月玉溪市儿童医院住院患儿326份SPN菌株, 并进行统计学分析.对3个年度分离情况, 以及不同年龄、不同性别、不同季节的感染情况进行分析, 采用法国梅里埃公司的VITEK2细菌鉴定及药敏系统进行抗菌药物敏感试验, 按CLSI判定标准分析药敏结果.结果 玉溪市儿童SPN感染呈逐年上升趋势, 在分离的326株SPN中以1岁以下婴幼儿为主 (62.3%) , 男孩居多 (63.2%) , 从季节分布看, 冬季 (1012月) 较易感染 (50.9%) .SPN对万古霉素、头孢吡肟、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、利奈唑胺、泰利霉素敏感率均为100%, 对头孢曲松、头孢噻肟的耐药率有所上升, 对青霉素的耐药率有所下降, 对克林霉素、克拉霉素、红霉素、阿齐霉素的耐药率极高.结论 玉溪市儿童SPN感染呈明显上升趋势, 冬季发病率较高, 以1岁以下婴幼儿较易感染并以男孩居多.青霉素、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、及第3、4代头孢菌素可作为治疗SPN感染的首选药物;克林霉素、克拉霉素、红霉素和阿奇霉素不能用于SPN感染治疗;未发现对万古霉素耐药菌株.建议临床参考本地流行病学资料, 依据药敏结果合理用药.     

女性生殖道无乳链球菌带菌状况及药物敏感性分析

目的：探讨我院妊娠女性生殖道无乳链球菌带菌状况和抗生素耐药性、敏感性情况,以指导临床治疗和预防感染、减少不良妊娠等。方法收集产科180株分离无乳链球菌菌株,分别与头孢曲松、万古霉素、氨苄青霉素、青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星7种常见抗生素进行敏感性测试。结果无乳链球菌对头孢曲松、万古霉素、氨苄青霉素和青霉素的敏感性较高,均为100%,未发现耐药反应和中介反应;对红霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星的耐药性分别为39.44%、35%和20%,敏感性分别为47.22%、60%和72.22%。结论女性生殖道无乳链球菌感染多与女性妊娠期机体抵抗力不足有关,病原菌可经产道侵入子宫和胎盘而引发不良症状;无乳链球菌对头孢曲松、万古霉素、氨苄青霉素和青霉素敏感性较高,对红霉素耐药性强,临床应斟酌给药。     

学龄前儿童肺炎链球菌耐药性及大环内酯类耐药基因分析

目的：了解学龄前儿童肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae,Sp)的耐药性及大环内酯类耐药基因分布。方法：选取60株Sp,采用E-test法检测菌株对青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松的最低抑菌浓度;纸片扩散法检测Sp对红霉素、克林霉素、复方新诺明、四环素、氯霉素、左氧氟沙星、万古霉素、利奈唑胺的药物敏感性;PCR检测大环内酯类耐药基因ermB、mefA和mefE的检出率。患儿按年龄分为0～12个月组、13～36个月组和37～60个月组,比较各组抗菌药物不敏感率和耐药基因检出率。结果：药敏试验结果显示,60株Sp对红霉素、四环素和复方新诺明的耐药率较高,分别为95.00%,93.30%,61.07%;Sp对万古霉素、厄他培南、利耐唑胺和泰利霉素均敏感,敏感率为100.00%。0～12个月组儿童对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、青霉素G、阿莫西林、红霉素、美洛培南不敏感率均高于13～36个月组和37～60个月组,其中3组头孢噻肟、头孢曲松不敏感率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),36～60个月组儿童对复方新诺明、氧氟沙星、四环素不敏感率最高。PCR结果显示,大环内酯类耐...     

241例重庆地区急性呼吸道感染患儿肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的:了解重庆地区儿童急性呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae,SP)的耐药情况。方法:采集重庆医科大学附属儿童医院2014年1~3月、9~11月急性呼吸道感染患儿呼吸道标本(痰、支气管肺泡灌洗液),分离培养,得到SP进行药敏检测。结果:共收集241株SP,红霉素耐药率最高,达97.10%,四环素91.70%、克林霉素89.63%,未检出万古霉素耐药株;利奈唑胺、氯霉素、泰利霉素、左旋氧氟沙星、莫西沙星敏感率较高,达90%以上;青霉素、美洛培南、头孢吡肟的不敏感率分别为47.3%、81.74%、67.22%;主要耐药模式为美洛培南+红霉素+克林霉素+复方新诺明+四环素(21.16%);青霉素敏感菌株和青霉素不敏感菌株相比,红霉素、阿莫西林、头孢吡肟、头孢噻肟、美洛培南、复方新诺明、克林霉素不敏感率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:重庆地区红霉素、四环素、克林霉素耐药率较高,不宜用于儿童SP感染的治疗;青霉素和头孢类抗生素不敏感率较高,应慎重用于经验治疗。临床应根据药敏试验结果合理用药,防止耐药菌株流行播散。     

南京地区儿童肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的 研究我院儿童感染肺炎链球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,以指导临床合理用药. 方法 对2005～2006年临床标本进行分离培养,采用K-B纸片及E-test法对分离株进行药物敏感试验. 结果 分离出肺炎链球菌208株.肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率为58.91%,对头孢唑啉、头孢克洛、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率分别为21.06%,60.71%,94.29%,89.11%;对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢曲松、氯霉素有很好的敏感性. 结论 肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类和克林霉素耐药率较高,儿童上呼吸道感染的肺炎链球菌耐药形势严峻.     

118株肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的：研究肺炎链球菌的耐药性。方法：118株肺炎链球菌为临床送检标本,药敏检测方法采用纸片扩散法（K-B法）。用E-test法检测青霉素对所有菌群的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果：118株肺炎链球菌中16株为青霉素敏感株,中度耐药株34株,耐药株68株;肺炎链球菌对万古霉素全部敏感,未查见不敏感株;对头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、左氧氟沙星和氯霉素的耐药率较低;而对青霉素、红霉素和复方磺胺甲唑则耐药率较高;对青霉素不敏感菌株的耐药性强于青霉素敏感者,尤其是对红霉素、头孢呋辛和头孢曲松。结论：对青霉素不敏感菌株的耐药性强于青霉素敏感者,尤其是对红霉素、头孢呋辛和头孢曲松。     

山东省泰安市2015—2020年肺炎链球菌分离株的耐药性变迁

目的 了解泰安市肺炎链球菌（Streptococcus Pneumonia,SP）分布及耐药性变迁,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供实验室依据。方法 收集山东省泰安市中心医院2015—2020年临床分离的肺炎链球菌资料,使用奥普托欣敏感试验和郑州安图全自动微生物质谱检测系统Autof ms1000进行细菌鉴定。采用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感性试验,其中青霉素、美罗培南、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松和头孢吡肟则采用E-test试验法,应用WHONET 5.6软件对药敏结果进行统计分析。结果 2015—2020年,在各类临床标本中共分离出SP菌株2 095例,各年度分别检出256株、429株、388株、381株、484株和157株。主要标本来源为痰液,其次为血液与脑脊液,分别占88.74%、2.24%和1.00%。以冬季分离菌株最多（占39.24%）;年龄以0~<15岁的儿童为主（占63.10%）。科室以儿内科病房为主（占60.76%）。药敏结果显示,SP对临床常用抗菌药物敏感性较好,未发现对万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药菌株,利福平、头孢吡肟、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、美罗培南、莫西沙星以及青霉素耐药率均低于1%。但对红霉素、克林霉素均处于高耐药水平,各年度耐药率均在96%以上。结论 泰安市肺炎链球菌主要来源于儿内科病房0~<15岁的儿童,以呼吸道标本为主,以冬季检出最多。对常用抗菌药物的敏感情况良好,但红霉素和克林霉素耐药情况严峻。临床医生应根据药敏试验结果选择合理的抗生素。     

苏州地区临床分离儿童肺炎链球菌耐药情况分析

 目的 检测苏州地区2006年临床分离的儿童肺炎链球菌对常用抗生素的耐药情况。方法 从新入院患儿鼻咽部采集标本，经实验室分离，并采用奥普托欣和（或）去氧胆酸钠鉴定为肺炎链球菌后，采用纸片扩散法（Kirby-Bauer法）和E-test法对分离到的89株肺炎链球菌进行抗生素的敏感性试验。结果 89株肺炎链球菌中，青霉素不敏感菌株47株，为52.8%，红霉素、四环素、克林霉素、复方新诺明和氯霉素的耐药率分别为88.8%，78.7%，86.5%，55.1%和10.1%，多重耐药率为89.9%。对万古霉素，氧氟沙星100%敏感。结论 苏州地区儿童肺炎链球菌的耐药情况严峻，本研究结果对肺炎链球菌感染的治疗和抗菌药物的选择具有参考价值。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.