美容式横切口在阑尾切除术中的应用

目的探讨美容式横切口在阑尾切除术中的应用．方法回顺性分析我院186例采用美容式横切口行阑尾切除术患者的临床资料。结果术后除3例切口脂肪液化外．其余183例无任何并发症发生，186例患者均治愈出院。结论美容式横切口阑尾切除术方法简便、切口小、创伤小、恢复快、外形美观，值得临床推广。     

小横切口阑尾切除术与腹腔镜阑尾切除术的对比研究

目的将小横切口阑尾切除术与腹腔镜阑尾切除术之间进行对比研究。方法327例阑尾炎患者中157例行小横切口手术治疗（小横切口组）与170例行腹腔镜手术治疗（腹腔镜组）进行比较研究。结果两组在手术时间、术后并发症发生率、术后住院天数均无统计学意义。腹腔镜组的住院费用明显高于小横切口组，差异有统计学意义。结论小横切口阑尾切除术有其优越性，但要严格选择病例。     

沿皮纹切口及皮下组织牵开术在下腹部手术中的应用经验

目的探讨皮纹横切口及皮下组织拉牵术在腹股沟区手术的临床应用疗效。方法探讨2010年7月~2017年12月期间我院通过皮纹横切口及皮下组织、牵开术来完成下腹部手术,包括腹股沟疝修补术、阑尾切除术以及交通性鞘膜积液、精索静脉曲张的静脉结扎术等下腹部262例。另收集278例同期该类手术采用常规手术切口的患者作为对照,手术后切口愈合情况和不良反应被记录及两组间比较。结果沿皮纹切口患者中,切口感染、创面血肿、局部水肿均少于常规切口组,同时平均拆线时间缩短,瘢痕宽度也减小(所有P小于0.05)。结论皮纹横切口是一种疤痕小且美容的切口;而皮下组织牵开术可以避免血管神经及淋巴管的损伤,故可以减少皮下血肿、切口感染及并发症。     

阑尾切除术采用微小切口的临床研究

目的　减少阑尾切除手术创伤 ,探索采用微小切口的手术方法和技巧。方法　应用腹腔镜辅助微小切口和直视下小横切口两种方法完成阑尾切除术 6 0例 ,用同期传统麦氏切口阑尾切除术 30例作对照。将手术时间、切口长度、下床时间、进食时间、住院时间、镇痛剂使用和切口感染率进行比较。结果　腹腔镜辅助微小切口阑尾切除术 ,除术后未用镇痛剂及切口无感染外 ,在手术时间、切口长度、下床时间、进食时间、住院时间等方面 ,均较其他两种手术明显缩短 ,差异有显著意义 (P<0 .0 1)。直视下小横切口阑尾切除术 ,较传统麦氏切口阑尾切除术的下床活动、进食时间也有提早(P <0 .0 1)。结论　腹腔镜辅助微小切口阑尾切除术 ,发挥了腹腔镜手术与开腹手术的优点 ,方法简便 ,具有微创意义和推广价值。直视下小横切口阑尾切除术 ,在具有一定经验和掌握手术技巧后应用 ,似较麦氏切口手术优越     

���пڸ�Ĥ�ⵥ����������β�г����ٴ�����

目的 评价横切口腹膜外单层缝合法在阑尾切除术中的临床应用效果。方法 2004年8月至2006年12月南方医科大学附属郴州医院和中山大学附属第三医院行724例右下腹切口阑尾切除术，随机采用横切口腹膜外单层缝合或常规麦氏（或横）切口分层缝合方法，对其疗效进行对比分析。结果 采用横切口腹膜外单层缝合法（单层缝合组）行化脓性、坏疽性阑尾切除者，其手术时间、术后住院时间、切口感染率等方面明显低于常规分层缝合法者（分层缝合组）（P〈0.01）；两组术后疼痛程度差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。单纯性阑尾炎切除病人中。横切口腹膜外单层缝合法与常规分层缝合法比较，临床效果无优越性（P〉0.05），疼痛程度明显增加（P〈0．01）。结论 右下腹横切口腹膜外单层缝合法具有操作简单、安全、并发症少的优点，应做为化脓性和坏疽性阑尾炎开腹阑尾切除术的标准方法。右下腹切口的分层缝合法应做为单纯性阑尾炎开腹阑尾切除术的首选方法。     

小切口阑尾切除术156例体会

目的探讨小切口阑尾切除术的可行性。方法回顾性分析我院自2003年4月至2008年4月应用小切口阑尾切除术治疗阑尾炎156例的临床资料。结果本组病例成功实施小切口阑尾切除术,手术平均耗时20 min,切口感染发生率仅为1.9%,无其他并发症发生。平均住院时间为4 d,病人术后疼痛轻、恢复快、切口短小隐蔽。结论小切口阑尾切除术简单可行,并发症少,值得推广。     

小切口阑尾切除术1056例体会

目的探讨小切口阑尾切除术的可行性。方法回顾分析我院1997年6月至2007年6月应用小切口阑尾切除术治疗阑尾炎1056例的；临床资料。结果本组病例均成功施行小切口阑尾切除术，手术平均耗时约14min，切口感染发生率仅为1.5％，无其他并发症发生。平均住院时间为5d，病人术后疼痛轻、恢复快、切口短小隐蔽。结论小切口阑尾切除术简单可行，并发症少，值得推广。     

局麻小横切口倾斜位直视下行阑尾切除术

１９８５～１９９３年间，采用局麻小横切口倾斜位直视下行阑尾切除术２００例，临床效果好，无１例并发症。此法简便易行，术后１～３小时患者可下床活动，优于其他切口。     

腹直肌外缘低位横切口阑尾切除术——附23例报告

<正> 临床上做阑尾切除术常采用麦氏切口及经右腹直肌切口。为探索横切口的临床价值,作者自1998年6月～1999年10月对50例“阑尾炎”病人手术治疗。其中23例采用腹直肌外缘低位横切口(简称“横切口”),效果满意。现报告如下。 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料 本组50例,均为典型临床表现的阑尾炎。随机用麦氏切口27例和横切口23例。做麦氏切口者27例,其中     

阑尾切除术后右侧腹股沟疝的发生

作者回顾性研究1975～1978年经外科治疗的826例腹股沟疝的男性患者,年龄19～79岁,其中43例从前行阑尾切除术,35例发生右侧腹股沟疝,6例发生左侧腹股沟疝和2例为双侧性疝。在35例右侧腹股沟疝患者中,17例从前经 McBurney 切口行阑尾切除术,2例经中线旁切口和16例经下部横切口行阑尾切除术。33例从阑尾切除术到发生右侧腹股沟疝的时间为3～17年(平均14年)。疝的类型:21例为斜疝,9例为直疝,2例为双侧疝。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.