ACE基因I/D多态性与原发性高血压和高血压性脑出血的关系

目的研究血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因插入/缺失（I/D）多态性的分布及其与原发性高血压（EH）、高血压性脑出血（CH）之间的关系。方法采用常规酚—氯仿抽提法提取外周血基因组DNA,PCR检测ACE基因I/D多态性基因型频率及等位基因频率。结果 EH、CH患者及健康对照者ACE基因DD基因型频率分别为17.95%、17.55%、6.45%;D等位基因的分布频率分别是45.51%、45.18%、33.06%。与健康对照比较,EH和CH患者间ACE基因DD基因型频率和D等位基因频率均显著增高（P〈0.05）,但EH和CH患者间无统计学差异。结论 ACE基因DD基因型和D等位基因可能是EH和CH的遗传易感基因。     

血管紧张素转换酶I/D基因多态性与老年非杓型高血压及左心室肥厚的相关性

目的探讨血管紧张素与转换酶(ACE)I/D基因多态性与老年非杓型高血压及左心室肥厚的相关性。方法选取96例老年高血压患者,根据24 h动态血压监测(ABPM)结果分为杓型和非杓型高血压组;应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法检测ACE I/D基因多态性,并检测生化指标和超声心动图,计算左室质量指数(LVMI),比较两组的基因型及其相应的LVMI的差异。结果 196例高血压患者中非杓型高血压比例为35%,II基因型频率为24%;ID型为35%;DD型为41%;I等位基因频率为41%;D等位基因频率为59%。而杓型高血压患者中II基因型频率为47%;ID型为32%;DD型为21%;I等位基因频率为63%;D等位基因频率为37%。二组ACE基因型频率及ACE等位基因频率有显著差异(P值分别为0.042、0.004)。23种基因型LVMI相比有显著差异(P=0.005)。结论老年非杓型高血压与ACE基因DD型相关;DD基因型的高血压患者易出现左心室肥厚。     

性别因素对原发性高血压候选基因研究的影响作用

目的探讨研究样本中的性别因素对原发性高血压（EH）候选基因研究结果的影响。方法应用聚合酶链反应这一分子生物学研究方法,分析EH组患者及正常血压对照组（两组中男性女性人数相等）人群血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因插入／缺失（I／D）多态性,进而探讨性别比例对该类研究结论的可能影响。结果男性EH组DD基因型频率显著高于男性对照组（x^2=6．98,P=0．004）,D等位基因频率在男性EH组亦较男性对照组显著增高（x^2=6．87,P=0．009）,而ID和II基因型频率在男性EH组和男性对照组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。女性EH组与女性对照组比较,各基因型和等位基因频率分布差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;男性EH组中的DD基因型分布比例与女性EH组中的DD基因型分布比例相比有显著统计学意义（x^2=4．06,P=0．044）。此外,EH组中男性DD型者的收缩压及脉压水平均显著高于ID型和II型者（P均〈0．05）,但舒张压在3种基因型间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。同时,EH组II、ID基因型的男性的收缩压、舒张压、脉压差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。女性患者中,各基因型间收缩压、舒张压及脉压的水平差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论男性中的DD基因型成员与EH（尤其在收缩压、脉压）的关联可能比男性中的II、ID基因型以及所有的女性更为密切。性别可能作为一个混杂因素,对包括ACE基因I／D多态性在内的诸多EH候选基因与EH的相关性研究的结论产生影响。     

ACE基因(I/D)多态性与家族性原发性高血压的关系

目的:探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性与家族性原发性高血压(EH)的关系。方法:采用原位杂交荧光染色脱氧核糖核酸测序法,检测46例有家族史EH患者(有家族史EH组)及64例无家族史的EH患者(无家族史EH组)和43名健康人群(健康对照组)的ACE基因I/D多态性基因型频率及等位基因频率。结果:健康对照组、无家族史EH组及有家族史EH组患者ACE基因DD基因型频率分别是11.6%、32.3%、37.0%;D等位基因的分布频率分别是33.7%、52.3%、57.6%。和健康对照组比,无家族史EH组和有家族史EH组患者ACE基因DD基因型和D等位基因频率均明显升高(P<0.05或<0.01),但无家族史EH组和有家族史EH组患者间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:ACE基因DD基因型和D等位基因可能是原发性高血压患者的遗传易感基因,而无家族史的高血压患者和有家族史的高血压患者两组基因构成比无差别。     

新疆地区汉族血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与冠心病相关性研究

目的 探讨新疆地区汉族人群血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因多态性与冠心病关联性.方法 应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)限制性内切酶方法检测了新疆地区汉族42例冠心病人和82例正常人群ACE基因多态性.结果 汉族正常人群的ACE基因三种基因型频率分别为:DD型19.51%,ID型32.93%,II型47.56%.D和I等位基因频率分别为36.0%和 64.0%;冠心病人的ACE基因三种基因型频率分别为:DD型28.57%,ID型30.95%,II型 40.48%.D和I等位基因频率分别为 44.05%和 55.95%,无显著性差异(χ2=1.996 8,P＞0.05),且男女之间也无显著性差异.结论 ACE基因多态性与新疆地区汉族冠心病关联性不大,但值得关注.     

海南黎族冠心病与血管紧张素转化酶基因多态性的关系

目的:研究海南黎族人群血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)基因多态性与冠心病(CHD)关系.方法:采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术,对海南黎族150例CHD患者(CHD组)和150例正常人(正常对照组)的ACE基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性进行检测,观察DD、DI,II基因型频率及等位基因频率,并对所有普通PCR定为DD型的样本进行插入特异性PCR检测,以减少误分型率.结果:CHD组DD、DI、II基因的频率分别是24.7%、32.7%、42.6%;D及I等位基因频率分别为41.0%、59.6%;正常对照组DD、DI、II基因型频率分别为14.0%、44.0%、42.0%,D及I等位基因频率分别为36.0%、64.0%;2组之间的DD、DI、II基因频率及D、I等位基因频率,均差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:ACE I/D多态性与黎族CHD有显著关联,是海南黎族CHD的主要致病基因.早期应用ACE抑制剂、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂防治,有十分重要意义.     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性对老年充血性心衰患者预后的影响

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)D/I基因多态性对老年充血性心力衰竭患者预后的影响.方法用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)对185例左室收缩功能心衰患者(EF<0.45)进行ACE基因多态性检测,前瞻性随26.43±18.19月,随访终点是死亡,分析ACE D/I基因多态性对心衰预后的影响.结果ACE I/D基因型分布频率纯合子DD基因型34.0%,纯合子II基因型18.4%,杂合子ID基因型47.6%.这三型患者在年龄、性别、种族、病因、血压、心率、NYHA心功能、LVEF和药物治疗方面的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),携带ACE D等位基因患者的生存率比II基因型明显降低(1年生存率II/ID/DD=53/43/34,2年=21/8.2/2.9,P=0.016).结论在老年充血性心力衰竭患者中,ACE基因多态性中DD型及D等位基因与心衰预后密切相关,是其预后预测因素之一.     

ACE基因多态性与甘肃人群不同性别原发性高血压的关系

目的观察甘肃部分地区原发性高血压（EH）不同性别患者中血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）基因的分布频率,分析EH与ACE基因多态性之间的关系。方法选择甘肃地区EH患者318例,为EH组,以健康人233例为对照组,通过提取血清DNA,采用PCR-RFLP技术进行等位基因分型,研究ACE基因I/D（插入/缺失）多态性与不同性别EH之间的关系。结果EH组DD、ID和Ⅱ基因型的频率：男性组分别为21.8%、55.2%、23.0%;女性组分别为15.3%、50.7%、34.0%。对照组DD、ID和Ⅱ基因型的频率：男性组分别为17.9%、61.2%、20.9%;女性组分别为21.2%、58.6%、20.2%。EH组中女性Ⅱ基因型的分布频率明显高于男性（P〈0.05）;ID基因型和DD纯合子在正常对照组及EH组不同性别中均无显著差异。结论ACEI/D（插入/缺失）多态性Ⅱ基因型可能与女性EH相关联。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与心肌梗塞发病相关性研究

对104例正常人和97例心肌梗塞患者用PCR方法检测其ACE基因型及血清ACE水平。ACE基因多态性分为DD、ID、II型。结果表明等位基因频率D=0.56,I=0.44,三种基因型之间血脂、脂蛋白、血糖、胰岛素、BMI等无差异。DD、ID、II型ACE水平分别为38.35±10.24u、30.74±9.6u、29.03±5.26u(P<0.01)。ACE DD型与心肌梗塞相关,D等位基因频率梗塞组高于对照组,OR值为1.55(P=0.003)。在低危人群中DD基因型频率梗塞组高于对照组,DD基因型与梗塞的相关性增高,OR值由1.55增高为1.65、1.69。有冠心病家族史者其DD基因型频率高于无冠心病家族史者,OR为1.87(P=0.02)。因此,ACE I/D基因多态性与血清ACE水平相关,ACE DD是冠心病、心肌梗塞的潜在危险因素,尤其对于低危人群。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因插入/缺失多态性检测方法的研究

目的 采用三条引物法进行力紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因分型检测,并与Rigat法进行比较,以探讨Rigat造成DD型分型的错判率,并用此方法检测了中国汉族人群中ACE基因I／D基因型的分布频率以及插入（I）／缺失（D）多态性与高血压病（EH）间的相关性。方法 EH患（EH组）206例,用上述两种方法进行ACE基因分型;正常血压组（NT组）156例以及核心家系25个共118例,三条引物法进行ACE基因分型。结果 EH组Rigat法得出的DD型比例较三条引物法高。与三条引物法相比较,Rigat法对DD型的错判率为13．04％。用三条引物法进行基因分型的结果如下：（1）在NT组,ACE各基因型的分布频率为Ⅱ型0．51,ID型0．41,DD型0．08。等位基因频率为：I0．71,D0．29。（2）25个EH家系所有成员的基因分型结果,完全符合孟德尔遗传规律。（3）EH与NT两组间基因型和等位基因频率无显性差异。结论 三条引物法1次完成ACE基因分型,有良好的特异性、准确性和重复性。     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism increases the susceptibility to hypertension and additive diseases: A study on North Indian patients

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the key enzyme of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) which maintains the blood pressure homeostasis in our body. The association of the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism with essential hypertension has been demonstrated by many studies. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the association of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene with hypertension and additive diseases in North Indian population. In total, 222 hypertensive and 218 normotensive adults participated in this hospital-based study. Anthropometric measures, lipids profiles, blood glucose, and blood pressure (BP) measures were collected from participants. ACE I/D polymorphism was determined by using insertion-specific amplification. The mean ages of study groups were 50.35 ± 12.40 and 47.32 ± 11.94 for cases and controls, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the frequencies of DD, ID, and II genotypes among the hypertensive and normotensive groups which were found to be 29.7%, 38.7%, and 31.5% vs. 53.7%, 23.4%, and 22.9%, respectively. It has been observed that the ACE ID genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in hypertensive subjects, whereas, the DD genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in control subjects. A strong association was found between cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and ID genotype [p = 0.017, odds ratio (OR) = 3.091, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.224–7.807]. ID [p = 0.002, OR = 2.020, 95% CI = 1.281–3.185] and II [p = 0.032, OR = 1.677, 95% CI = 1.044–2.694] genotypes are more prone to diabetes with hypertension. This finding suggests that ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with hypertension and additive diseases in North Indians.     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与高血压微量蛋白尿的关系

为研究血管紧张素转换酶基因插入/缺失（I/D）多态性与高血压微量蛋白尿的关系。应用聚合酶链反应方法扩增50例正常人，50例高血压伴有微量蛋白尿患者和49例高血压不伴有微量蛋白尿患者的白细胞血管紧张素转换酶基因上287bp片段，根据插入（Ⅰ）或/缺失（D）来判断其多态性，用放射免疫法测定所有对象的尿微量白蛋白。结果发现，微量蛋白尿组与健康对照组相比，其D等位基因及DD基因型显著升高。微量蛋白尿组与单纯高血压组相比，其D等位基因及DD基因型显著程式高。单纯高血压组与健康对照组相比，血管紧张素转换酶基因型和等位基因频率无显著性差异。以上提示，血压紧张素转换酶基因多态性与高血压微量蛋白尿有关联性，DD基因型可能与高血压早期肾脏损害有关。     

I/D gene polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and left ventricular hypertrophy. Response to converting enzyme inhibitors

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to assess whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D polymorphism influence the ACE inhibitors effect on the regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. METHODS: Sixty hypertensive subjects never treated by antihypertensive drugs, aged 46 +/- 11 years, were included in the study. Follow-up with ACE inhibitor treatment was 60 +/- 26 months. Genotypes for ACE I/D polymorphism (DD, ID or II) were determined by PCR. The left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was assessed by two-dimensional directed M-mode echocardiography. RESULTS: ACE genotype distribution was in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: 21 patients had the DD genotype, 29 were ID, and 10 were II. At baseline, age, systolic arterial pressure and LVMI didn't differ on the basis of genotype. Body mass index was significantly higher in II than in ID and DD groups. Regression of LVMI with ACE inhibitor treatment was similar in the 3 genotypes (-8.9%, -0.6%, -12.1% in DD, ID and II groups respectively). In addition, decrease of systolic arterial pressure was identical in 3 groups. CONCLUSION: ACE gene I/D polymorphism seems not to influence regression of left ventricular hypertrophy by ACE inhibitors in essential hypertension.     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与非杓型高血压的关系

目的研究血管紧张素转换酶 ( ACE)基因插入 /缺失 ( I/ D)多态性与非杓型高血压 ( EH)的关系。方法　 1应用聚合酶链反应 ( PCR)方法扩增 5 0例正常人、99例高血压患者的 ACE基因上 2 87bp片段 ,根据插入 ( I)或 /缺失( D)来判断其多态性。 2高血压患者行 2 4h动态血压监测 ( ABPM) ,根据 ABPM结果分为杓型 EH组和非杓型 EH组。结果　 1非杓型组与健康对照组相比 ,其 D等位基因及 DD基因型显著升高。 2非杓型组与杓型组相比 ,其 D等位基因及 DD基因型显著升高。3杓型组与健康对照组相比 ,ACE基因型和等位基因频率无显著性差异。结论　ACE基因多态性与非杓型高血压有关联性 ,DD基因型提示可能与高血压昼夜节律改变有关     

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism Is Not Related to Essential Hypertension in a Greek Population

Studies in various ethnic groups have shown contradictory evidence on the association of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism with essential hypertension. In addition, mistyping of the insertion allele in heterozygotes has been reported. We analyzed the ACE genotype of 98 hypertensive and 84 normotensive subjects of Greek origin. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR primers were flanking the polymorphic region in intron 16 of the ACE gene. To avoid mistyping of heterozygotes, samples with the DD genotype were also amplified with primers that detect only the insertion allele. The distribution of the DD, ID, and II ACE genotypes was 30, 45, and 23 in hypertensive patients and 29, 40, and 15 in normotensive subjects, respectively. The estimated frequency of the insertion allele was 0.45 in hypertensive and 0.42 in normotensive subjects. The difference was not statistically significant. The results indicate a lack of association between ACE I/D polymorphism and essential hypertension in this Greek population, suggesting that other genes must contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9:700–702     

冠心病与血管紧张素转换酶和内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因多态性及交互作用的临床研究

目的联合对冠心病患者血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因多态性和内皮型一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）基因G894T多态性进行分析,探讨基因多态性与冠心病的关系和交互作用及遗传学机制在冠心病发病及预后中的临床意义。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR—RFLP）分析技术检测236例冠心病患者及190例正常人ACE和eNOS两种基因多态性。同时测定血脂、血糖、体重指数（BMI）、左室射血分数（LVEF）和血压。结果冠心病组ACE基因DD型频率[36％（86／236）]显著高于对照组[19％（36／190）,P〈0．01],Ⅱ型频率[27％（64／236）]显著低于对照组[49％（93／190）,P〈0．05]。冠心病组DD型甘油三酯（TG）[（2．2±1．7）mmol／L]显著高于Ⅱ型TG[（1．6±0．8）mmol／L和ID型TG[（1．7±0．9）mmol／L,均P〈0．05],DD型高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[HDL—C（1．2±0．4）mmol／L]显著低于Ⅱ型HDL—C[（1．3±0．3）mmol／L,P〈0．05],DD型血糖[（6．2±1．7）mmol／L]和BMI[（25．7±2．8）kg／m^2]显著高于ID型[血糖：（5．6±1．3）mmol／L,BMI：（24．8±3．1）kg／m^2。,P〈0．05],DD型LVEF（56％±14％）显著低于Ⅱ型LVEF（62％±15％）和ID型LVEF（61％±14％）,均P〈0．05。收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、糖尿病组与非糖尿病组、急性冠状动脉综合征组与非急性冠状动脉综合征组、单支病变组与多支病变组在ACE和eNOS基因不同基因型之间差异均无统计学意义。冠心病组eNOS基因GT型频率[28％（67／236）]显著高于对照组[17％（32／190）,P〈0．01],GG型频率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义。TG、HDL—C、血糖、BMI和LVEF在eNOS基因不同基因型之间差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。携带DD型患冠心病的概率是携带Ⅱ型的1．74倍（P〈0．01）,携带GT型患冠心病的概率是携带GG型的1．73倍（P〈0．05）。两种基因对患冠心病的交互作用显示为如同时携带Ⅱ型和GG型,患冠心病的概率是37．9％,而同时携带DD型和GT型患冠心病的概率是77．8％。结论ACE基因多态性和eNOS基因多态性与冠心病及某些危险因素显著相关,同时携带DD型和GT型两种易患基因型时,患冠心病的概率明显增加,具有显著的遗传倾向。     

Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism in Chinese Patients With Hypertension

Reports from different ethnic populations failed to show consistent findings on the association of hypertension with insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene. In this population association study in Chinese, we compared the distribution of the ACE genotypes and allele frequency in 150 healthy controls with normal blood pressure and 148 hypertensive patients categorized by age. Although the frequencies of homozygote deletion (DD) genotype and deletion allele were greater in Chinese with hypertension than in normotensive controls (0.23 vs 0.13 and 0.44 v 0.37, respectively), the differences were not significant by χ² analysis (P = .07 and .09, respectively). Furthermore, we did not find the trend of decreasing number of DD genotype in older hypertensive Chinese patients. The results indicated a much lower prevalence of ACE/DD genotype in Chinese than in Caucasians and a modest association between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and hypertension in Chinese.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and its association with essential hypertension in a Tibetan population.

There is strong evidence to support the idea that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension (EH) and its complications. However, existing data about the association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism with blood pressure is conflicting, mainly due to racial differences and environmental exposure status. We therefore conducted a case control study to observe the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and EH in a Tibetan population who live in relatively isolated areas and are genetically homogeneous. The study was conducted at stable residential communities in the urban district of Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet autonomous region, China, and 106 unrelated EH patients and 135 normotensIve subjects were recruited. PCR, PCR/RFLP and PCR-SSCP were carried out to study the association between RAS genes and EH. Frequencies for the DD, ID and II genotypes were 27, 47 and 29 in hypertensive subjects, and 15, 60 and 48 in normotensive subjects, respectively. Derived allele frequencies for the I and D alleles were 0.51 and 0.49 in hypertensive subjects and 0.64 and 0.36 in normotensive subjects. There were significant differences in genotype distribution and derived allele frequency between these two groups. The genotype and allele frequencies of the ACE gene differed significantly between hypertensive and normotensive females (p>0.05), but there were no differences in males. In females, the DBP and MAP level were significantly higher for the DD than for the ID and II genotype, and SBP was significantly higher for the DD than for the II genotype. But in males, there were no significant differences in blood pressure among ACE genotypes. The results showed a significant association between the D allele of the ACE gene and hypertension in Tibetan women but not in Tibetan men.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and prognosis in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important role in vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension, and ACE gene polymorphism is associated with exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension in Japanese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The present study was designed to investigate if ACE-insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism might be related to the susceptibility, severity, and disease outcome in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). METHODS AND RESULTS: ACE-I/D genotypes were determined in 95 consecutive CTEPH patients (46 underwent surgery, 49 received medical treatment) and 97 controls. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles were not significantly different between patients and controls. Clinical characteristics were compared among ACE genotypes (II, ID, DD). ACE D allele carrier (ID plus DD) was associated with a lower 6-min walk test distance compared with D allele non-carrier (II) (330+/-102 (mean +/- SD) vs 381 +/-85 m, p=0.046). Kaplan-Meier analysis in the medically treated group showed significantly deteriorated survival for D allele carriers compared with D allele non-carriers (p=0.0389). Multivariate analysis revealed that age (p=0.013), pulmonary vascular resistance (p=0.008), and D allele carrier status (p=0.021) were independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSION: ACE D allele carrier is possibly one of the prognostic factors for medically treated CTEPH patients.