经右外侧小切口与正中剖胸切口矫治房间隔与室间隔缺损的对比研究

目的 评价经右外侧小切口矫治房间隔与室间隔缺损手术的优点.方法 回顾性分析经右外侧切口48例患者(右外侧切口组)和正中切口 56例患者(正中剖胸切口组)矫治房间隔与室间隔缺损手术的结果 、主要并发症及随访资料,并进行比较.结果 两组患者的体外循环时间、心肌循环阻断时间、术后机械通气时间、术后住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组均无死亡;术后胸液量右外侧切口组为(103.6±58.3)mL,正中剖胸切口组为(153.1±63.5)mL,两组比较差异统计学意义(P<0.05):随访(60.1±16.3)个月,右外侧切口组无并发鸡胸,正中剖胸切口组有1例并发鸡胸.结论 经右外侧小切口矫治房间隔与室间隔缺损安全、有效,与正中剖胸切口手术相比具有创伤小、出血少、瘢痕隐蔽、不破坏胸廓的骨性连续性等优点.     

婴儿心脏畸形矫治手术128例报告

目的：探讨婴儿先天性心脏畸形的手术矫治效果。方法：分析总结我院外科１９９４年６月至１９９５年１０月间连续对１２８例先天性心脏畸形婴儿手术矫治情况。结果：１２８例婴儿，年龄９．１±２．７（２～１２）月；体重７．０±１．６（４～１２）ｋｇ。６６例左向右分流心脏畸形，包括：心室间隔缺损３７例、心室间隔缺损合并动脉导管未闭和（或）心房间隔缺损１５例、心室间隔缺损合并二尖瓣关闭不全５例、动脉导管未闭６例、其他３例，其中合并中重度肺动脉高压４７例。紫绀型右向左分流心脏畸形６２例，包括：法乐四联症４１例、法乐三联症６例、心室间隔缺损合并肺动脉狭窄２例、复杂心脏畸形１３例。１２８例中６例动脉导管未闭在全麻下行闭合术，余１２２例婴儿均在中度或深度低温体外循环下行心内矫治术，手术死亡４例，手术死亡率３．１２％。结论：先天性心脏畸形在婴儿期行矫治手术，可取得良好效果     

右胸外侧小切口小儿先天性心脏畸形矫治术793例体会

目的 :介绍经右胸外侧小切口体外循环下小儿心脏直视手术的经验。　　方法 :经右外侧第 4或第 3肋间入胸 ,体外循环下先天性心脏畸形矫治术 793例。修补房间隔缺损 180例 ,室间隔缺损 45 2例 ,室间隔缺损合并房间隔缺损 32例 ,法乐四联症 95例 ,部分心内膜垫缺损 17例 ,二尖瓣关闭不全 7例及其他畸形 10例 ;合并畸形包括 :动脉导管未闭 ,左上腔静脉 ,肺静脉畸形引流 ,右心室流出道狭窄 ,单冠状动脉畸形等。　　结果 :本组患儿手术死亡 3例 (死亡率 0 .38% ) ,1例因术后低心输出量综合征 ,1例因严重肺部感染 ,1例因气管插管故障导致器官功能衰竭 ;其它患儿术后并发症少。　　结论 :这种切口可安全有效地替代正中剖胸矫治某些小儿常见的心脏畸形 ,它具有损伤小 ,瘢痕隐蔽 ,不破坏胸廓完整性 ,防止术后鸡胸等优点 ,符合微创外科的原则。     

先天性心脏间隔缺损的个体化微创外科治疗策略

目的：心脏间隔缺损手术正逐步从传统正中开胸过渡到微创外科治疗,本文总结我院开展的侧开胸微创治疗策略。 方法：回顾2012年1月-2019年6月在我科行微创心脏间隔缺损修补患者,排除介入及经胸封堵患者,筛选出429例。微创外科方案包括：右侧腋下竖切口组303例,其中176例房间隔缺损、122例室间隔缺损以及5例房室间隔缺损;右胸前外侧切口组121例,其中68例房缺,50例室缺和3例房室间隔缺损;左胸前外侧切口组包括5例肺动脉下型室缺。 结果：所有患者均成功修补,无中转胸骨正中切口。同期手术包括7例右室流出道梗阻解除,8例二尖瓣修复和31例三尖瓣修复。3例患者行二次阻断修复心内残余病变（2例残余缺损,1例二尖瓣返流）。腋下切口组患者年龄及体重均显著低于右胸前外侧切口组和左胸前外侧组。平均体外循环时间67.2±19.3分钟,主动脉阻断时间38.2±14.1分钟,三组之间无显著差异。全组无围术期死亡,围术期并发症包括1例短暂神经系统功能不全,3例膈肌麻痹,13例肺不张。中位ICU停留时间2天,中位术后住院时间6天。出院前心超检查良好,随访中无再手术,无新发明显胸廓畸形及脊柱侧弯。 结论：常见心脏间隔缺损的微创外科治疗安全、有效、美观。腋下切口适合婴幼儿,右胸前外侧切口适用于青少年和成人,而左胸前外侧切口主要应用于肺动脉下室缺。     

经右外侧小切口矫治室间隔缺损合并复杂畸形技术的应用

目的:分析经右外侧小切口剖胸矫治合并需行心底部操作的室间隔缺损(VSD)手术方法及临床疗效。方法:比较经右外侧小切口剖胸矫治需行心底部复杂操作(干下型VSD或右心室流出道狭窄或主动脉瓣下狭窄)的VSD 84例(A组),和经右外侧小切口剖胸矫治不合并心底部畸形的VSD450例(B组),A组在矫治心内畸形的同时需切开主动脉、肺动脉或者右心室流出道。通过对比体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后机械通气时间、术后引流量、监护室时间以及术后住院时间,观察在心底部进行复杂操作对手术的影响和治疗效果。结果:尽管A组比B组需要更长的体外循环时间[(60.68±16.12)vs.(47.07±16.55)分,P<0.05]和主动脉阻断时间[(37.68±12.84)vs.(25.16±12.60)分,P<0.05],但在术后评价指标,机械通气时间9.18vs.8.51小时、术后引流量(96.98 vs.92.30m L)、监护室停留时间(1.44 vs.1.40)天、术后住院时间[(7.00±1.76)vs.(7.06±2.23)天,P<0.05]。两组均无死亡及严重并发症。A组有3例血痰、肺部感染1例,室上性心动过速1例。B组有9例患儿术后血痰,2例肺部感染,临时起搏器4例。结论:经右外侧小切口剖胸矫治VSD的同时行心底部复杂操作安全可行。     

经右腋下切口纠治法乐四联症及室间隔缺损并右心室流出道狭窄

目的介绍在体外循环下经右腋下切口法乐四联症及室间隔缺损并右心室流出道狭窄纠治术的经验.方法在体外循环下经右腋下切口行法乐四联症及室间隔缺损并右心室流出道狭窄纠治术49例(右腋下切口组).与同期常规正中胸切口行同类手术51例(正中胸切口组)对比.结果右腋下切口组手术顺利,临床效果满意.全部病例无手术死亡.结论右腋下切口可安全有效地替代正中切口行大部分法乐四联症及室间隔缺损并右心室流出道狭窄纠治术.创伤轻、出血少、恢复快、美容效果好.     

体外循环心脏不停跳下二尖瓣成形术(摘要)

１临床资料 自１９９６年１１月至１９９９年５月,我们在体外循环心脏不停跳下为１３例各类二尖瓣关闭不全患者成功实施二尖瓣成形术,获得满意效果。本组１３例,男６例,女７例,年龄４～４９岁。二尖瓣腱索断裂８例,其中前瓣３例,后瓣５例;风湿性心脏病二尖瓣关闭不全２例;心室间隔缺损伴二尖瓣裂１例;终末期扩张型心肌病伴二尖瓣重度关闭不全１例;左心房粘液瘤伴二尖瓣脱垂１例。术中均采用前正中切口,建立体外循环,转流后阻断上、下腔静脉,不阻断主动脉,使心脏呈空搏状态。本组二尖瓣成形均经有心房房间隔切口,二尖瓣前瓣…     

右腋下剖胸小儿心内直视术

目的 :探讨右侧剖胸小切口的手术要点及手术指征。　　方法 :本组 10 2例患者经右腋下小切口剖胸及体外循环下行小儿心内直视术 ,其中房间隔缺损 2 4例 ,室间隔缺损 6 8例 ,法乐四联症 5例 ,室间隔缺损合并房间隔缺损 3例 ,右心室双出口、Ebstein畸形各 1例。合并畸形 :左上腔静脉 4例 ,右心室双腔及动脉导管未闭各 1例。　　结果 :全组患者无死亡。　　结论 :切口的正确选择是术野良好显露的前提 ,主动脉插管是手术成功的关键。该切口适用于大部分常见先天性心脏病的矫治。     

经右腋下微创直切口体外循环下直视心脏手术治疗小儿先天性心脏病

目的总结经右腋下直切口行体外循环直视心脏手术的临床经验,探讨其适应证及技术要点。方法2008年6月至2011年1月我们共完成79例经右腋下直切口的sJ,JL体外循环心脏直视手术,患者年龄6个月至12岁,平均（7．4±3.3）岁,体重6．5-42．0（17．8±8．7）kg。其中房间隔缺损19例,同期行三尖瓣成形5例;室间隔缺损55例,其中合并动脉导管未闭2例;部分房室管畸形5例。所有手术均在全身麻醉、体外循环下进行（房间隔缺损修补在不停跳下进行）。患者取左侧卧位,切口位于右侧第3肋间腋中线与第5肋间腋前线之间,皮肤切VI长度3．5-6．0（4．7±1．3）12111,经第3或第4肋间进胸,切开并悬吊心包,行升主动脉及上、下腔静脉插管建立体外循环,经主动脉根部灌注心脏停搏液,单纯房间隔缺损采用心脏不停跳下手术,经右心房切口修补房、室缺及三尖瓣成形。结果全组手术均顺利完成,无手术死亡;1例因术后心内膜炎致室缺残余漏,再次正中开胸行室缺残余漏修补术。体外循环时间（63．4±18．2）min,主动脉阻断时间（37．6±14-3）min,术后24h胸腔引流40-130（85．3±26．5）ml。68例患者术后未输血。全组无其他严重并发症。结论右腋下小切口直视心脏手术安全、可靠,可减少用血量,术后切口隐蔽美观,患儿及家属满意率高,值得临床椎广。     

右胸切口体外循环心脏跳动下行房,室缺修补术

右胸切口体外循环心脏跳动下行房、室缺修补术临沂市人民医院（２７６００３）张秀辉，瞿晓琨，邢西忠１９９６－１９９７年，我们采用右胸切口，于常温体外循环、心脏跳动下行房间隔及室间隔缺损修补术５６例，取得满意疗效。现报告如下。１临床资料本组男２１例，女３５...     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.