北京社区老年男性干部人群代谢综合征的流行病学研究

目的 调查北京部分社区老年男性干部人群代谢综合，征（MS）患病率。方法 于2003年9月和2004年5月在136个驻京部队干休所社区随机抽取1736人进行横断面调查，以中国糖尿病协会的建议为诊断标准，对老年男性干部人群的MS患病率进行了分析。结果 北京部分社区老年男性干部人群的MS患病率为30．7％，肥胖为39．6％、高血压为62．0％、高血糖为56．4％、高甘油三酯血症为37．1％。老年组和高龄老年组MS和高血压的患病率相似，高龄老年组的肥胖和高甘油三酯血症患病率显著低于老年组，而高血糖患病率则明显高于老年组，MS危险率也显著高于老年组。MS、糖代谢异常和高血压随年龄逐步增加，而高甘油三酯血症和肥胖的患病率则逐步下降。结论 北京部分社区老年男性干部人群具有较高的MS患病率，MS和各组分的患病率在不同的年龄段有所不同。进一步的流行病学调查和对人群进行干预的研究十分必要。     

广东省不同个体特征人群血压差别的调查分析

目的 了解广东省不同个体特征人群的血压水平差别及影响血压升高的主要因素。方法 对1991年广东省高血压抽样调查15岁及以上研究对象共42894人的资料进行分析。个体特征包括：年龄、性别、职业、化程度、吸烟、饮酒及体重指数。结果 收缩压和舒张压均随年龄的增长而增长;男性的高血压患病率较女性高;在不同职业人群中经年龄标化后机关工作人员的高血压患病率最高,达12．9％;随着化程度的长高、高血压患病率增加,大学以上化程度高血压患病率达13．1％;吸烟较不吸烟患病率高;饮酒较不饮酒患病率高;体重指数高,高血压患病率明显升高。结论 在广东省不同个体特征人群中年龄、职业、化程度、吸烟、饮酒及体重指数均为升高血压的危险因素提示对这类人群需要减少社会精神压力,吸烟等致高血压危险因素。     

青岛市湛山社区 20～74岁人群代谢综合征的流行病学调查

目的旨在了解青岛市中心社区成人代谢综合征(MS)及其相关疾病的患病情况。方法采用分层随机整群抽样方法，横断面调查青岛市湛山社区20～74岁居民2634人，全部进行75g无水葡萄糖耐量实验(OGTT)，空腹血脂、血尿酸等测定。结果调查对象MS的标化患病率为11．6％，而中心性肥胖、肥胖、糖尿病(DM)、糖调节受损(IGR)、高血压、高甘油三酯(TG)和低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的标化患病率分别为32．1％、11．3％、10．0％、12．0％、28．4％、24．3％和3．9％。随着年龄的增加，MS各年龄组分的患病率逐渐增高，其中45岁以下人群，男性MS患病率显著高于女性，55岁以下男性腹型肥胖、高血压和高TG血症患病率均高于女性，而在55岁以上人群中男女性别之间无显著差异。在20～74岁人群中2／3有不同程度的代谢异常，合并2种或2种以上代谢异常者约1／3，合并3种以上代谢异常者占1／5。结论青岛市中心社区MS的患病率较高，表现为代谢异常者以中老年人群为主。     

郑州市社区老年人群血脂异常分布与慢性肾脏病的相关性

目的 了解郑州市社区老年人群血脂异常分布情况,探讨血脂异常分布与慢性肾脏病(CKD)的关系.方法由2007年“郑州市慢性肾脏病及其危险因素流行病学调查”资料中,抽取完整资料的60岁以上人群列入本次研究,根据相关疾病诊断标准对资料进行分析.结果郑州市社区60岁以上居民血脂异常粗患病率为27.4％,标化患病率为24.2％.女性高于男性(30.2％ vs24.9％,x2=6.012,P=0.014).在血脂异常组分中,高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症、高低密度脂蛋白血症和低高密度脂蛋白血症粗患病率分别为13.3％、12.7％、11.8％和13.2％,标化患病率为10.8％、9.5％、8.7％和10.0％.高胆固醇血症、高低密度脂蛋白血症和低高密度脂蛋白血症人群中eGFR下降患病率均高于正常人群(P＜0.01).结论郑州市60岁以上人群血脂异常与CKD患病率具有一定关系,以高甘油三酯、高低密度脂蛋白血症、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症影响较大.     

浙江省杭州市西湖区高血压流行现状及危险因素分析

目的 了解浙江省杭州市西湖区居民高血压患病情况及其相关危险因素,为本区高血压病防治干预提供科学依据.方法 通过整群抽样的方式对西湖区8个社区年满35岁以上的居民入户进行问卷调查及相关体格检查,数据用Epidata3.1进行录入,SPSS 13.0进行统计分析.结果 杭州市西湖区人群的高血压患病率为46.5％,男性患病率显著高于女性(51.9％比41.3％;P ＜0.0001).该社区高血压的知晓率为70.2％,控制率为23.8％.随着年龄的增加,男性和女性的患病率均呈增高趋势(P ＜0.0001).与正常体质指数者相比,超重、肥胖患者的高血压患病率显著升高(51.5％和59.0％比36.1％;P ＜0.0001).Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、性别、饮酒、超重/肥胖、糖代谢异常及高甘油三酯是高血压的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 杭州市西湖区居民高血压患病率处于较高水平,人群分布及相关危险因素具有一定的地域特征,高血压的预防控制应结合本地特点进行针对性干预.     

辽宁阜新农村老年人群高血压患病率及危险因素调查

目的了解辽宁省农村地区老年人群高血压的流行病学特征和相关危险因素，为辽宁省农村地区高血压的防治和干预提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样法对辽宁省农村地区7个乡镇年龄≥65岁4541名常住（≥5年）居民进行调查，由培训过的医师进行入户询问调查和相关的体格检查。结果辽宁农村地区老年人群高血压患病率为61．33％，标化患病率为61．18％。男性患病率为59．68％（标化率为59．50％），女性患病率为62、99％（标化率为63、07％），性别间差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。不同乡镇间高血压患病率差异较大，范围为45．15％-70．45％。随着年龄的增高，女性高血压患病率呈明显的增高趋势。高血压病人未知晓率高达68．01％。Logistic逐步回归显示年龄、性别、超重、肥胖、吸烟、家族史、饮食不良等因素是高血压患病的危险因素。结论辽宁省农村老年人高血压患病率高，知晓率低，应采取全面的高血压预防控制措施，提高农村居民对高血压危险因素和相关知识的认识度，以降低高血压的患病率。     

河北省藁城市农村社区居民高血压流行状况调查

目的了解河北省农村社区居民高血压流行现况,为制定科学合理的高血压防治措施提供依据.方法按照统一方法对河北省藁城市梅花镇5 892名25岁以上居民进行了现场询问、血压测量等横断面调查,统计分析了不同年龄、性别等人群血压水平、高血压患病率、患病知晓率、治疗率、控制率、高血压防治知识知晓率等指标.结果被调查居民平均收缩压为(127.8±21.4)mm Hg,男性(130.2±20.7)mm Hg,女性(125.8±21.8)mm Hg,平均舒张压为(81.6±11.4)mm Hg,男性(84.0±11.5)mm Hg,女性(79.7±11.0)mm Hg;高血压粗患病率为39.4%(男性44.0%,女性35.8%),标化率为34.9%(男性38.8%,女性30.7%);人群平均收缩压水平及高血压患病率均随着年龄增加上升,高血压患病率45岁以下人群男性高于女性,45～64岁人群男性与女性持平,65岁以上人群女性高于男性;工人、大专及以上文化程度或经济收入高的人群高血压患病率高于其他人群;居民高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为34.7%、 17.6%和6.1%;高血压防治知识知晓率19.6%.结论河北省藁城市农村居民高血压患病率高,患病知晓率、治疗率、控制率低,高血压防治知识知晓率低,高血压防治水平低,需要加强对人群的健康教育、高血压筛查和高血压病人的随访管理工作.     

2013年奎屯市慢性非传染性疾病社区诊断分析

目的了解新疆奎屯市社区居民主要慢性病的患病率及其相关危险因素,为确定慢性病干预的重点人群和危险因素,制定综合防制措施、评价慢性病防控效果提供科学依据。方法采用现有资料收集和多阶段整群随机抽样调查的方式收集相关资料并进行统计学分析。结果奎屯市居民高血压患病率23．9％,男女患病率分别为26．8％、21．3％,男女患病率差异有统计学意义（Х^2=272．08,P〈O．05）;奎屯市居民糖尿病患病率5．2％,男性患病率4．8％、女性5．6％,高血脂患病率8.3％,男性患病率9．5％、女性7.3％,男女性别组糖尿病及高血脂患病率差异均无统计学意义（Х^2=0．58,Х^2=2．45,P〉0．05）;社区居民前三位死因顺位依次为心血管疾病、恶性肿瘤、脑血管疾病;相关危险因素流行率依次为饮酒、超重、缺少运动等。结论奎屯市处于慢性病预防控制关键期,通过健康促进、患者管理等手段,树立健康观念,降低慢性病发病、病残和病死率已成为当务之急。     

河北省藁城市农村社区居民高血压流行状况调查

目的　了解河北省农村社区居民高血压流行现况,为制定科学合理的高血压防治措施提供依据。方法 按照统一方法对河北省藁城市梅花镇5 892名25岁以上居民进行了现场询问、血压测量等横断面调查,统计分析了不同年龄、性别等人群血压水平、高血压患病率、患病知晓率、治疗率、控制率、高血压防治知识知晓率等指标。结果 被调查居民平均收缩压为(127.8±21. 4) mmHg,男性(130 .2±20 .7)mm Hg,女性(125.8±21 .8)mm Hg,平均舒张压为(81 6±11.. 4)mm Hg,男性(84 .0±11. 5)mm Hg,女性(79. 7±11 .0)mm Hg;高血压粗患病率为 39. 4%(男性 44 .0%,女性35. 8%),标化率为34. 9%(男性38. 8%,女性30. 7%);人群平均收缩压水平及高血压患病率均随着年龄增加上升,高血压患病率45岁以下人群男性高于女性,45~64 岁人群男性与女性持平,65 岁以上人群女性高于男性;工人、大专及以上文化程度或经济收入高的人群高血压患病率高于其他人群;居民高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为34 .7%、17. 6%和6 .1%;高血压防治知识知晓率 19 .6%。结论 河北省藁城市农村居民高血压患病率高,患病知晓率、治疗率、控制率低,高血压防治知识知晓率低,高血压防治水平低,需要加强对人群的健康教育、高血压筛查和高血压病人的随访管理工作。     

浙江省社区人群高血压患病率、知晓率、服药率和血压控制状况分析

目的　评估浙江省社区人群高血压的患病率、知晓率、服药率以及血压的控制状况。方法　根据《心血管病流行病学方法》手册中的方法在浙江省 11市年龄≥ 15岁的自然人群中进行高血压抽样调查 ,应用标准问卷询问高血压病史以及高血压的治疗情况。结果　浙江省的高血压患病率为 33.4 % ,标化率 18 7% ,较 1991年全国高血压抽样调查时全省高血压患病率 13.11%增长了 15 5 % ;在高血压患者中有 5 6 .6 %的患者知道自己患有高血压 ,4 4 .9%患者正在服药 ,9.3%患者血压得到控制。结论　①本省高血压患病率成倍增加以中青年人群为显著 ;②与高血压患病率较高相比较高血压的知晓率、服药率和控制率偏低 ;③迫切需要进行社区人群高血压的综合干预。     

Role of the placenta in the control of the ante-partum surge of prolactin in the rat

A nocturnal surge of prolactin secretion occurs in the dark period preceding parturition in the rat. The aim of this study was to examine the role of the placenta in the control of this prolactin surge. Plasma prolactin and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in serial blood samples collected after surgical removal of conceptuses during late pregnancy, and after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of placental lactogen (PL) before the prolactin surge. In intact control animals, prolactin secretion remained low until a nocturnal surge of secretion occurred in the dark period preceding parturition, peaking at 269 +/- 51 (S.E.M.) micrograms/l at 03.00 h on day 21. Progesterone levels fell from greater than 200 nmol/l on day 19 to less than 40 nmol/l by 12.00 h on day 20 of pregnancy. PL levels during late pregnancy were modified by partial or complete removal of conceptuses at 10.00 h on day 19 of pregnancy. Removal of all but one or two conceptuses did not change the normal pattern of prolactin or progesterone secretion. Removal of all conceptuses, however, induced a large nocturnal surge of prolactin secretion, peaking at 211.7 +/- 78 micrograms/l at 03.00 h on day 20, 24 h earlier than the surge in intact animals. Progesterone levels after removal of all conceptuses fell to less than 40 nmol/l by 23.00 h on day 19, approximately 12 h before the decline in intact animals. Maintenance of increased progesterone levels after conceptus removal using silicone tubing implants significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced the peak of the premature prolactin surge to 79.7 +/- 18 micrograms/l at 05.00 h on day 20.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

On the Role of the Septal Area in the Development of Doca-Salt Hypertension in the Rat

The extensive destruction of forebrain noradrenergic nerve terminals by the intraventricular injection of 250 μg of 6-hydroxy-dopamine prevents the subsequent development of DOCA-salt experimental hypertension in rats while the lesser destruction of noradrenergic nerve terminals produced by 90 μg of 6-hydroxydopa does not. The greatest difference in brain part noradrenaline levels between these two neurotoxins was in the septal area where noradrenaline was less than 15% of controls after 6-hydroxydopamine but was the same as controls after 6-hydroxydopa. The non-specific destruction of the lateral septal area by radiofrequency lesions prevented the subsequent development of DOCA-salt hypertension. The relatively selective destruction of catecholamine nerve terminals in the lateral septal area by the injection of 1 μg 6-hydroxydopamine in 1 μl vehicle also prevented the development of DOCA-salt hypertension. These data suggest that the lateral septal area may be the location of the forebrain catecholaminergic neural activity that is necessary for the development of DOCA-salt experimental hypertension in rats.     

Oxprenolol in the treatment of hypertension in the elderly

Controversy continues to surround the value of drug treatment of hypertension in the elderly. Epidemiologic evidence implicates hypertension as a major risk factor in the precocious development of stroke and coronary heart disease in the elderly subject as clearly as it is implicated in the younger person. The hemodynamic and neuroendocrine profiles of the older patient with essential hypertension are similar to those of younger patients in the stable phase of the disease. However, the arterial ravages induced by many years of sustained hypertension render the circulation of the elderly subject more sensitive to pharmacologic intervention. The benefit-risk ratio of most antihypertensive drugs appears to be inversely related to age. Diuretics reduce the blood pressure at rest but have no influence on the increases in systolic pressure during normal activity; in addition, they carry potentially serious metabolic hazards in the elderly hypertensive patient. Centrally acting drugs likewise lower the blood pressure at rest without influencing the high systolic pressures induced by exercise. They also enhance the tendency to endogenous depression. Adrenergic-neurone blocking drugs and alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists are contraindicated because of the frequency of impaired cardiovascular reflexes in the elderly. The beta-blocking drugs can reduce the risk of coronary and cerebrovascular disease in the older patient with hypertension. They appear to be well tolerated, but because of their impaired metabolic handling in many elderly patients they should probably be used in smaller doses than those prescribed in younger patients. The influence of antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the elderly hypertensive patient is not known.     

Tissue Oxygen Demand in Regulation of the Behavior of the Cells in the Vasculature

The control of arteriolar diameters in microvasculature has been in the focus of studies on mechanisms matching oxygen demand and supply at the tissue level. Functionally, important vascular elements include EC, VSMC, and RBC. Integration of these different cell types into functional units aimed at matching tissue oxygen supply with tissue oxygen demand is only achieved when all these cells can respond to the signals of tissue oxygen demand. Many vasoactive agents that serve as signals of tissue oxygen demand have their receptors on all these types of cells (VSMC, EC, and RBC) implying that there can be a coordinated regulation of their behavior by the tissue oxygen demand. Such functions of RBC as oxygen carrying by Hb, rheology, and release of vasoactive agents are considered. Several common extra‐ and intracellular signaling pathways that link tissue oxygen demand with control of VSMC contractility, EC permeability, and RBC functioning are discussed.