经单侧额部纵裂入路显微外科切除鞍结节和鞍膈脑膜瘤

目的：探索经单侧额部纵裂入路切除鞍结节和鞍隔脑膜瘤的手术方法和手术效果。方法；11例鞍结节和7例鞍膈脑膜瘤经单侧额部纵裂入路切除；肿瘤大小；最大径小于3cm4例，3－6cm13例,大于6cm1例。结果：肿瘤全切除（Simpson Ⅰ、Ⅱ级切除）16例，近全部切除2例；无手术死亡。术后视力视野改善11例，无变化5例，恶化2例，术后出现不同程度尿崩7例。结论：鞍结节和向前生长的鞍膈脑膜瘤经单侧额部纵裂入路能获得较好暴露和切除，预后良好。     

额颞开颅硬膜外治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤7例临床分析

目的探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗方法，提高手术效果。方法回顾性分析我科2003年1月至2006年6月7例手术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤病例，其中男性2例，女性5例。年龄36～65岁，平均（43．6±2．4）岁。均有不同程度的视力障碍，7例均先行额颞开颅硬膜外视神经减压术治疗。结果按Simpson手术切除的分级标准：Ⅰ～Ⅱ级5例（71．4％），Ⅲ～Ⅳ级2例（28．6％），无1例死亡。本组6例（85．7％）视力或视野有不同程度的恢复，视力无改变者1例（14．3％），无视力恶化者。结论与传统手术入路相比，采用额颞入路硬膜外视神经减压术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤，可以最大限度的保护视神经及周围结构，有助于患者术后视力恢复及提高肿瘤全切除率，改善预后。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的手术策略与术后视力恢复

目的探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤显微外科解剖和肿瘤的生长方式与手术和视力恢复的关系。方法回顾分析1997～2004年间39例鞍结节脑膜瘤的手术,肿瘤大小1.5～6cm,所有患者均有视力障碍,其中26例为非对称。MR增强有助于鞍结节脑膜瘤与鞍上其他肿瘤的鉴别。手术均采用翼点经侧裂入路。结果31例获肿瘤全切除,8例次全切除。术后视力改善42只眼,无变化23只眼,恶化13只眼。死亡2例(分别死于多系统脏器衰竭和下丘脑功能障碍)。结论鞍结节脑膜瘤与正常神经组织之间的蛛网膜屏障,是手术的关键,严格地在其间分离使全切除肿瘤成为可能;辨别并保护蛛网膜屏障中的小血管,则是促进术后视力恢复的要点。     

鞍上脑膜瘤的显微外科手术

报道近6年来应用显微外科技术切除鞍上脑膜瘤38例，肿瘤全切除28例(73.7％)，次全切除6例(15．8％)，大部分切除4例(10．5％)。术后视力改善23例(60．5%)。应用显微外科切除鞍上脑膜瘤可明显改进手术效果，提高肿瘤全切除率．降低手术死亡率。     

鞍膈脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

提出开并探讨鞍膈脑膜瘤的诊断、鉴别诊断及其显微外科手术治疗，方法:8年间经手术厦病理证实的鞍膈脑膜瘤10例，其中男性5例，女性5例，平均年龄43岁。根据肿瘤与鞍膈的关系可分为3型，即鞍上型、鞍内型和鞍内鞍上型。10例均采用Yargil切口行显微外科治疗。结果：10例中8例行肿瘤全切除，2例行肿瘤大部分切除，7侧痊愈，2例好转，仅1例死亡。结论：鞍膈脑膜瘤为发生于鞍膈及其附近的肿瘤，肿瘤可向鞍内或鞍上生长，其临床表现为进行性视力下降、而内分泌功能障碍却很少见，计算机体层摄影(CT)及磁其振成像(MRI)检查见鞍内用鞍上有肿块阴影，易误诊为垂体腺瘤，显微外科治疗有益于肿瘤全切除。     

鞍上脑膜瘤的诊断及手术治疗(附27例报告)

目的　分析鞍上脑膜瘤的诊断及手术治疗。方法　对2 7例鞍上脑膜瘤进行回顾性分析。起源于鞍结节15例、鞍隔7例、前床突3例、蝶骨平台2例,大小2～6cm。结果　所有患者均经显微手术治疗,标准翼点入路16例、扩大翼点入路2例、单侧额下入路5例、双侧额下入路或经眉弓眶上锁孔入路各2例。2 5例获全切除。随访6～5 0个月,平均3 8个月,仅1例复发,次全切除2例。本组无死亡病例。视力好转18例、无变化7例、恶化2例。结论　对于鞍上脑膜瘤,早期诊断及提高显微神经外科手术技巧,避免损伤重要神经、血管的前提下尽量全切除肿瘤,一般均能获满意效果     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的鉴别诊断及显微手术技巧

目的探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤鉴别诊断和显微外科手术技巧。方法回顾分析32例鞍结节脑膜瘤的手术,肿瘤大小2~6 cm,所有患者均有视力障碍,其中25例为非对称。手术均采用翼点经侧裂入路。结果25例获肿瘤全切除,7例次全切除。术后视力改善16例,无变化10例,视力减退6例。CT、MR增强有助于鞍结节脑膜瘤与鞍上其他肿瘤的鉴别。结论诊断和治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤仍较困难,肿瘤与正常神经组织之间的蛛网膜屏障是手术的关键,严格地在其间分离使全切除肿瘤成为可能。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤42例临床分析

目的探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的诊断及治疗.方法对42例鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果肿瘤全切除28例,次全切除9例,部分切除5例,其中颅底重建5例.术后55%病人视力改善,大部分病人恢复正常工作.结论对首发症状为视力视野改变特别是伴持续性头痛者,应行CT或MRI检查,争取早期确诊;肿瘤形状及生长方向是影响肿瘤切除的主要因素,应肿瘤的大小及生长方向确定手术入路;细致的显微手术可以避免损伤鞍区的重要结构,对有颅底骨质破坏者需行颅底重建;应对鞍结节脑膜瘤进行细致分型,从而更有利于手术及估计预后.     

鞍结节脑膜瘤手术疗效分析

目的 探讨显微手术治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤的疗效和预后影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2007年1月鞍结节脑膜瘤手术病例38例.男12例,女26例,年龄24～69岁,平均36.5岁.所有患者术前、术后均行头颅CT和(或)MRI检查.视力、视野障碍为其主要临床表现.经单侧额下入路13例,经翼点入路17例,经额纵裂入路8例.结果 本组手术全切除32例,次全切除6例.视力较术前明显改善30例,无明显变化6例,视力加重2例,围手术期死亡1例.17例患者获得随访3个月-5年,14例生活自理,3例需照顾,其中随访期内复发1例,第1次手术2年后再次手术.结论 根据肿瘤不同生长方式选择恰当的手术入路及手术策略,娴熟的显微外科技术及经验,是提高肿瘤全切除率,减少并发症的关键因素,术后视力恢复程度与手术技术、术前视力受累时间及程度密切相关.     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微外科策略与手术技巧

目的探讨显微外科治疗鞍结节脑膜瘤的策略和手术技巧。方法回顾性分析31例鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床表现、影像学资料和显微外科治疗结果。其中行单侧额下入路5例,翼点入路9例,改良翼点入路11例,双额冠状开颅经纵裂入路6例。结果Simpson Ⅰ级切除4例,Ⅱ级切除23例,Ⅲ级切除4例。术后视力改善24例,无变化4例,视力下降3例。死亡1例。结论根据肿瘤不同的生长形态选择恰当的手术入路和计划,应用显微外科技术操作,能够显著提高肿瘤的全切率和降低并发症。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.