伴脑白质疏松的脑梗死患者脑小动脉定量研究

目的研究伴和不伴有脑白质疏松(LA)的高血压脑梗死患者,白质不同外径脑小动脉硬化程度的差异。方法通过病理学观察13例伴LA的高血压脑梗死患者(LA组)和10例不伴LA的高血压脑梗死患者(非LA组)脑小动脉病理变化。两组脑小动脉外径大小按30～100μm及101～300μm进行硬化指数定量分析。结果LA组不同外径脑小动脉硬化指数比较,30～100μm小动脉硬化指数明显高于101～300μm的小动脉(P=0.030)。非LA组不同外径脑小动脉硬化指数差异无统计学意义(P=0.617)。LA组30～100μm和101～300μm小动脉硬化指数分别显著高于非LA组。结论伴LA的高血压脑梗死患者白质脑小动脉硬化程度明显高于不伴LA的高血压脑梗死患者;小动脉外径越小,硬化程度越高。     

脑梗死患者脑内不同节段小动脉硬化程度差异的相关性

目的探讨脑梗死后不同部位及不同外径脑小动脉硬化程度的差异。方法通过回顾性观察38例脑梗死(脑梗死组)及15例对照病例(对照组)脑小动脉的病理变化。两组按小动脉管径大小又分为<50μm、50~100μm及>100μm。采用完全随机分组设计对不同外径小动脉硬化指数进行定量分析。结果脑梗死组外径<50μm的小动脉硬化指数为138.55±76.67,明显高于其他直径(P<0.01),外径>100μm间的小动脉硬化指数为78.07±32.06,与对照组无显著差异(P=0.174,F=38.795)。脑梗死组白质中<50μm的小动脉硬化指数为152.86±87.83,明显高于灰质的127.97±64.76(P<0.05,F=13.457)。结论动脉硬化性脑梗死患者小动脉外径越小,硬化程度较高;白质小动脉更易受累。     

遗传性脑小血管病概述

脑小血管病是指脑小动脉及微动脉病变引起的一类脑血管病。遗传性脑小血管病是指有明确遗传学机制的家族性脑小血管病[1]。随着分子遗传学研究的不断深入,越来越多的脑血管病已经归入遗传性脑小血管病,如伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体隐性遗传性脑动脉病(CARASIL)、伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)、弥漫性躯体性血管角化瘤病(Fabry病)、伴有视网膜病-肾病-卒中的遗传性内皮细胞病(HERNS)等[2]。本文以目前研究较多的CARASIL、CADASIL和     

83例脑动脉节段性缺血的观察

目的　观察脑动脉节段性缺血改变。方法　应用经颅超声彩色多普勒 (TCCDI)对有神经系统症状而 CT正常的 41例门诊患者及 42例 CT证实的脑梗塞患者脑动脉分段测量其内径、血流速度 ,同时观察对照组 46例。结果　有症状组单条单节段改变明显 ,脑梗塞组则以多条动脉多节段改变明显 ,与对照组比较差异显著 (P<0 .0 1 )。结论　 TCCDI在 CT未出现病灶之前即可以早期发现脑动脉的异常变化     

伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病

近年来的研究表明,以家族遗传方式起病,中年发病且逐渐进展的缺血性卒中样病程,弥漫性多发性白质病变,明确的MRI白质异常信号以及病理学明确的小动脉病变是伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(cerebral autosomal dominant arteripathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)的基本特征.分子遗传学研究表明,Notch3基因的多种点突变与cADASIL有关.基因诊断与外周组织活检相结合有可能是CADASIL最有价值的生前诊断手段.从发病机制、临床表现等多个方面研究CADASIL,有助于提高临床诊断率.     

伴皮层下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病家系研究

目的探讨伴皮层下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)的临床特征、病理与基因改变及诊断方法。方法调查先证者及其家族的发病情况及遗传方式,对其临床表现、影像学特征、病理学及分子遗传学等方面进行研究。结果先证者中年起病,临床上主要表现为反复发作的缺血性卒中,波动渐进性记忆、认知功能减退,痴呆。磁共振显示皮层下多发腔隙性或小灶性梗死,脑深部白质广泛稀疏,呈现典型的O’Sullivin征。皮肤血管活检：电镜下见小动脉基底膜增厚,其中存在嗜锇颗粒物质沉积;基因测序显示Notch-3基因第4号外显子突变。全家系5代,已有4代15人呈临床或亚临床发病,符合常染色体显性遗传。结论该家系的临床、影像、病理及分子遗传学特征符合CADASIL诊断标准。该病凭皮肤活检和基因测序而不经脑组织活检,可以在生前确诊。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血时脑微血管及组织中一氧化氮合酶的变化

目的探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血时脑微血管、脑组织中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性变化及其与脑损伤的关系。方法将Wistar雄性大鼠73只随机分为假手术组19只;缺血组54只,据缺血时间1、2、3、4h再分Ⅰ1、Ⅰ2、Ⅰ3、Ⅰ4组。用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型,用放射性同位素法测定脑微血管及脑组织中NOS的活性。结果局灶性脑缺血时不同部位、时间,NOS活性的变化不同。脑微血管中NOS活性在缺血4h(Ⅰ4)组为(0.104±0.035)pmol/mg蛋白,假手术组为(0.042±0.021)pmol/mg蛋白,两组比较差异有显著意义(P<0.001)。纹状体、海马的NOS活性在Ⅰ4组分别为(0.037±0.007)pmol/mg蛋白、(0.050±0.010)pmol/mg蛋白,假手术组为(0.079±0.018)pmol/mg蛋白、(0.059±0.008)pmol/mg蛋白,两组比较差异有显著意义(P<0.001,P<0.05)。结论脑微血管中NOS活性变化在局灶性脑缺血损伤中起重要作用,脑组织中NOS活性变化也参与了其病理生理过程。     

CT灌注成像对不同程度颈内动脉狭窄患者脑组织脑灌注效果的评价

［摘要］　目的　通过CT灌注（CTP）成像对不同程度颈内动脉狭窄患者脑组织脑灌注效果进行评价,为颈内动脉狭窄患者脑缺血的临床诊断及治疗提供依据。方法　收集2010-06～2012-06不同程度的单侧颈内动脉狭窄患者48例,观察不同程度颈内动脉狭窄患者脑组织不同部位脑灌注状态。结果　相对灌注开始时间(rTS):闭塞患者脑颞叶、基底节、前分水岭灰质、前分水岭白质、后分水岭灰质、后分水岭白质较中度狭窄患者明显延长(P<0.05);闭塞患者前分水岭灰质、前分水岭白质、后分水岭白质较重度狭窄患者明显延长(P<0.05)。相对灌注达峰时间(rTTP)：闭塞患者脑颞叶、基底节、前分水岭白质、后分水岭灰质较中度狭窄患者明显延长(P<0.05);闭塞患者基底节、前分水岭灰质、前分水岭白质较重度狭窄患者明显延长(P<0.05)。结论　颈内动脉狭窄患者脑组织脑灌注状态可通过CTP进行有效评价,随着颈内动脉狭窄程度的增加,灌注异常也明显增加,而以前、后分水岭区多见,尤其是后分水岭区白质最明显。     

易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠脑大动脉重塑类型

目的观察易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠脑动脉的结构变化。方法将易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠第4周和8周时处死,脑大动脉切片用HE染色后,测量这些大动脉重塑参数,对免疫组织化学对纤维连接素蛋白表达进行图象分析。结果易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠组血压高于对照组。易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠第4周时颈总动脉平滑肌细胞总数(282.5±59.6个)和纤维连接素蛋白表达量(184.3±2.4)较对照组(344.7±50.9个和181.4±3.2)减少,单个细胞面积增加;第8周时,管壁厚度(74.8±12.3μm)、横截面积(233428.3±76487.9μm2)、壁腔比(0.086±0.007)、壁面积比(0.00030±0.00011)、单个细胞面积(547.9±111.8μm2)和纤维连接素蛋白表达量(180.8±2.3)均增加,单位面积细胞数(282.5±59.6个)减少。易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠基底动脉横截面积第4周和第8周时(15867.4±1316.9μm2和22556.5±6485.6μm2)均高于对照组(13598.9±1090.8μm2),纤维连接素蛋白表达量第8周时(166.2±5.1)增加。第4周时易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠大脑中动脉管腔内直径(208.6±59.6μm)增加,壁腔比(0.094±0.048)和壁面积比(0.00150±0.00040)减少;第8周时管壁厚度(23.3±7.2μm2)、横截面积(16236.2±6538.4μm2)和平滑肌细胞总数(52.2±16.1个)增加,管腔内直径和壁面积比与对照组的差异仍有统计学意义。结论易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠不同脑动脉在高血压不同时期的重塑类型和机制     

NOTCH3突变未涉及半胱氨酸改变的可疑常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病伴皮质下脑梗死和白质脑病一例

<正>常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病伴皮质下脑梗死和白质脑病(cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy,CADASIL)是人类19p13上NOTCH3基因突变所致的常染色体显性遗传的非动脉硬化或淀粉样变性的缺血性脑小动脉病,是一种在成人期发病的脑小动脉病,其主要临床特征为中年起病的反复发     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.