The reduction of the allogenic transfusion requirement in aortic surgery with a hemoglobin-based solution

OBJECTIVE: Because of allogenic red blood cell (RBC) availability and infection problems, novel alternatives, including hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solutions (HBOC), are being explored to minimize the perioperative requirement of RBC transfusions. This study evaluated HBOC-201, a room-temperature stable, polymerized, bovine-HBOC, as a substitute for allogenic RBC transfusion in patients undergoing elective infrarenal aortic operations. METHODS: In a single blind, multicenter trial, 72 patients were prospectively randomized two-to-one to HBOC (n = 48) or allogenic RBC (n = 24) at the time of the first transfusion decision, either during or after elective infrarenal aortic reconstruction. Patients randomized to the HBOC group received 60 g of HBOC for the initial transfusion and had the option to receive three more doses (30 g each) within 96 hours. In this group, any further blood requirement was met with allogenic RBCs. Patients randomized to the allogenic RBC group received only standard RBC transfusions. The efficacy analysis was a means of assessing the ability of HBOC to eliminate the requirement for any allogenic RBC transfusions from the time of randomization through 28 days. Safety was evaluated by means of standard clinical trial methods. RESULTS: The two treatment groups were comparable for all baseline characteristics. Although all patients in the allogenic RBC group required at least one allogenic RBC transfusion, 13 of 48 patients (27%; 95% CI, 15% to 42%) in the HBOC group did not require any allogenic RBC transfusions. The only significant changes documented were a 15% increase in mean arterial pressure and a three-fold peak increase in serum urea nitrogen concentration after HBOC. The complications were similar in both groups, with no allergic reactions. There were two perioperative deaths (8%) in the allogenic RBC group and three perioperative deaths (6%) in the HBOC group (P = 1.0). CONCLUSION: HBOC significantly eliminated the need for any allogenic RBC transfusion in 27% of patients undergoing infrarenal aortic reconstruction, but did not reduce the median allogenic RBC requirement. HBOC transfusion was well tolerated and did not influence morbidity or mortality rates.     

A prospective study of aspirin's effect on red blood cell loss in cardiac surgery

The effect of aspirin on red blood cell (RBC) loss and blood transfusions was evaluated prospectively in 100 consecutive patients, with normal bleeding times, undergoing elective coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery. Patients taking 85-325 mgm of aspirin daily up to or within 48 hours of surgery (the "aspirin" group) were compared to patients not taking aspirin or those who had discontinued aspirin at least 4 days before surgery (the "no-aspirin" group). RBC loss was determined by measuring preoperative and postoperative RBC volume using RISA and 51Cr techniques. There were no significant differences, respectively, between the aspirin and no-aspirin groups for: RBC loss (1158 +/- 67 ml vs 1129 +/- 47 ml, p = 0.737), chest tube drainage (925 +/- 31 ml vs 844 +/- 70 ml, p = 0.553), and gm% discharge Hemoglobin (Hgb) (9.94 +/- 0.32 vs 9.49 +/- 1.4, p = 0.0148). Strict criteria for blood transfusions were employed: (1) intraoperative hematocrit of less than 21%, (2) postoperative Hgb of less than 7 gm% for patients less than 70 years old and (3) postoperative Hgb of less than 8 gm% for patients greater than 70 years old. There were no significant differences, respectively, between the aspirin and no-aspirin groups for units of blood transfused (1.32 +/- vs 1.21 +/- 0.20, p = 0.843) and patients not receiving transfusions during the entire hospitalization (44% vs 50%). Patients taking 85-325 mgm of aspirin with a normal bleeding time undergoing elective CABG did not have increased RBC loss or increased transfusion requirements. These results indicate it is not necessary to delay elective CABG surgery for the purpose of discontinuing aspirin.     

自体血小板分离对Stanford A型夹层全弓置换术患者凝血功能和炎性因子的影响

目的将自体血小板分离结合自体血回收技术应用于Stanford A型主动脉夹层全弓置换术患者,探讨其对凝血功能和炎性因子的影响。方法选择2017年7月至2018年12月收治的Stanford A型主动脉夹层行全弓置换术患者40例,男27例,女13例,年龄23~64岁,BMI 20~39 kg/m^2,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级。随机分为自体血小板分离结合自体血回收组(APP组,n=25)和单纯自体血回收组(C组,n=15)。记录APP组自体血小板分离量、两组洗涤红细胞回输量、两组术中和术后24 h异体血使用量。记录麻醉诱导后(T0)、肝素化前(T1)、离室前(T2)、术后24 h(T3)红细胞压积(Hct)、血小板计数(Plt),记录反应时间(R)、凝集时间(K)、血凝块形成速率(α角)、血栓最大振幅(MA)、MA后30 min血凝块溶解百分率(ly30)等血栓弹力图(TEG)指标,记录凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)等凝血功能指标和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)等血清炎性指标。结果 APP组术中出血量,洗涤红细胞回输量,异体红细胞、血浆和血小板输入量均明显少于C组(P<0.05)。T2-T3时APP组Plt明显高于C组(P<0.05)。T3时APP组R、K明显短于C组,α角、MA和ly30明显大于C组(P<0.05)。T2-T3时APP组PT、APTT明显短于C组,FIB明显高于C组(P<0.05)。T1-T3时APP组IL-2、IL-6、PGE2明显低于C组(P<0.05)。结论全弓置换术患者术前行自体血小板分离能改善凝血功能,减少围术期出血量和异体血输入量,提升血液保护效果;同时降低血清炎性因子水平,改善患者术后炎症反应。     

Clinical evaluation of poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate) in primary coronary artery bypass grafting

In an attempt to make cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) less traumatic for patients undergoing cardiac surgery, extracorporeal circuits (ECC) have been modified to achieve this goal. Poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate) (PMEA, X-coating) is a new polymer coating used in the ECC. PMEA studies have shown excellent biocompatibility with the components of blood. In this evaluation, PMEA-coated ECC were compared with control (CTR) circuits with emphasis on hematological parameters, peri-operative homologous blood product usage, and clinical outcomes. Patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting were randomized to either a PMEA group (n = 30) or a CTR group (n = 30). Extracorporeal circuit components in the PMEA group were coated except for the cardioplegia delivery device and cannulas. Patients in the CTR group had just the arterial line filter coated. The following hematological parameters were measured: platelet count (PLT), white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), and hematocrit (Hct). Blood product usage was observed along with clinical outcomes for the following parameters: ventilation time, mediastinal tube output, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital lengths of stay. The preoperative patient profiles were comparable between the two groups. The PMEA group had marginally higher CPB times (134+/-31.9 vs. 118+/-33.7 minutes) and cross clamp times (83.9+/-21.3 vs. 73.7+/-21.6 minutes), however no significant differences were reached. Platelet count, RBC, and Hct levels were also comparable between groups with no significant differences. However, there was a significant difference in WBC between groups (p = 0.041). Less platelets were administered both intraoperatively and 48 hours postoperatively in the PMEA group. The authors evaluated PMEA-coating by measuring clinical outcomes, such as ventilation time, ICU and hospital lengths of stay, and homologous blood utilization. PMEA patients trended towards less homologous blood transfusions, which helped save an average of $83.41 per patient. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the benefits of this new polymer coating.     

急性血小板分离回输对体外循环心脏直视手术患者的血液保护效果

目的 评价急性血小板(Plt)分离回输对体外循环(CPB)心脏直视手术患者的血液保护效果.方法 择期拟在CPB下行心脏直视手术患者30例,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,年龄41～63岁,体重52～72 kg.采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n=15):对照组(C组)和急性Plt分离组(APP组).APP组在麻醉诱导后行APP,提取富Plt血浆,于CPB结束鱼精蛋白中和肝索后回输,C组不行APP.于麻醉诱导前、术后1、24和48h时记录Hb、Plt、PT、APTT及Fib.记录CPB时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后引流量和输血情况.结果 APP组急性Plt分离处理的全血容量为(1285±185) ml,采集富Plt血浆(192±38) ml,其中Plt计数(817±282)×10/L,占全身血容量Plt总数(21±3)％,Plt分离时间(35±10) min.与C组比较,APP组术后1h时Plt升高,术后24h内引流量、异体红细胞、Plt输注量和异体Ph输注率降低(P＜0.05或0.01),其余指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 急性Plt分离回输对CPB心脏直视手术患者具有血液保护作用.     

Hematological assessment of patients undergoing plasmapheresis during cardiac surgery

Methods of reducing patient exposure to homologous blood transfusions include the technique of intraoperative plasmapheresis for the production of platelet rich plasma (PRP). The present study was designed to determine the patient benefits of PRP by examining hemostatic changes in coagulation screens and viscoelastic whole blood monitoring (Thrombelastography, [TEG]). One hundred fifteen patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were prospectively randomized into a blinded study. Sixty-three patients had 20 percent of the circulating plasma volume sequestered prior to heparinization and pheresed into PRP, which was reinfused 10 minutes following heparin reversal with protamine. The control (CTR) group of 52 patients were exposed to no sequestration procedure. Patients were followed to discharge and 112 parameters, including anthropometric, operative, and postoperative factors, were measured. There were no significant differences between patient groups in preoperative, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), or surgical parameters. Average PRP volume was 600+/-100 ml with a total platelet yield of 1.1 billion platelets per patient. TEG indices were determined at four distinct times during the surgical procedure. The CTR group had significantly higher pre-CPB TEG indices of 2.3+/-1.2 and 2.1+/-1.2 (mean+/-SD), vs. 1.8+/-1.5 and 1.4+/-1.7 in the PRP group (p less than .04). Following heparin reversal, pre-PRP reinfusion TEG values were similar between groups, although both groups had significantly decreased indices when compared to pre-CPB values. Thirty minutes post-PRP infusion the treatment group had significantly improved TEG recovery when compared to the CTR group, 1.0+/-1.2 vs. 0.3+/-1.7 (p less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effets du plasma riche en plaquettes sur l'hémostase et le besoin transfusionnel en chirurgie vasculaire

• Objective :To assess the effect of intraoperative autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) transfusion on haemostasis, blood loss and blood requirements during vascular surgery.• Study design :Randomized clinical trial.• Patients :Twenty patients undergoing elective abdominal infrarenal aortic aneurysmectomy, using autologous transfusion techniques (predonation programme and/or preoperative normovolaemic haemodilution and/or intraoperative use of a cell-saver), were randomly allocated either into the PRP group (n = 10) or the Control group (n = 10).• Method :In patients of PRP group, 10 mL·kg⁻¹ of PRP were obtained over 40 to 50 min, prior to induction of anaesthesia, and compensated simultaneously with an equivalent amount of hydroxyethyl starch. Each PRP unit was transfused to its donor after aortic declamping. Blood samples were obtained before induction, before incision, at wound closing and at the end of PRP unit transfusion for determination of biological variables.• Results :The PRP units transfused in the patients of PRP group contained 755 ± 117 mL of plasma with a platelet count of 62 ± 31 G·L⁻¹. The intra and postoperative blood losses were similar in both groups (1622 ± 758 and 233 ± 322 mL respectively in PRP group vs 1890 ± 1331 and 291 ± 303 mL respectively in Control group). In both groups, three patients required an additional transfusion of homologous blood. The results of biological tests (haematocrit, platelet and white cell counts, prothrombine time, aPTT, thrombine time, fibrinogen, D-dimers, proteins, calcium) were also similar between groups at the various times of sampling. The reinfusion of the PRP unit did not increase the platelet count.• Conclusions :This study demonstrates that intraoperative infusion of autologous PRP does not decrease blood loss and homologous transfusion requirements in patients undergoing elective abdominal infrarenal aortic aneurysmectomy. This result can be related to the relatively moderate enrichment in platelets obtained with the centrifugation speed used in this study.     

Efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma in thoracic aortic aneurysm surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Allogenic blood transfusion can transmit viral infection or cause immunological side effects. Recently, improved operative techniques have required less frequent transfusions in thoracic aortic aneurysm surgery. This study examined the efficacy of using autologous platelet-rich plasma in thoracic aortic aneurysm surgery. METHOD: Eight patients underwent nine operations using an autologous platelet-rich plasma program. The control group consisted of 15 historic patients matched for operative procedure and age. All operations were performed by the same surgeon. The platelet-rich plasma program required the collection of platelet-rich plasma prior to the infusion of heparin; platelet-rich plasma transfusions were administered following neutralization by heparin. RESULTS: The volume of platelet-rich plasma averaged 252 +/- 14.3 ml; total platelets in the platelet-rich plasma were 2.27 +/- 0.20 x 10(11) cells. The median number of homologous red blood cells transfused during the operative day was 0 units (range 0 to 12) in the platelet-rich plasma group and 3 units (range 0 to 25) in the controls. The median number of homologous fresh frozen plasma was 0 units (range 0 to 20) in the platelet-rich plasma group, and 5 units (range 0 to 30) in the controls. The platelet-rich plasma group received significantly fewer transfusions. CONCLUSION: Autologous platelet-rich plasma transfusion was an effective way to reduce homologous blood transfusions in thoracic aortic aneurysm surgery.     

Clopidogrel does not increase bleeding and allogenic blood transfusion in coronary artery surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Platelet dysfunction is one of the major reasons of postoperative bleeding following coronary artery surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of clopidogrel; a specific and potent irreversible inhibitor of platelet aggregation; on bleeding and use of blood and blood products after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). METHODS: Preoperative patient characteristics and perioperative and postoperative data were collected prospectively in 1628 consecutive patients undergoing isolated CABG performed by the same surgical and anesthesia team. Of these, 48 were receiving clopidogrel preoperatively. Of the 1628 patients, 1456 underwent elective and 172 (10.6%) underwent non-elective operation. Thirty-six (2.5%) of the elective patients and 12 (7%) of the non-elective patients were using clopidogrel, preoperatively. Baseline characteristics, chest tube output, and the need for reexploration or for blood and blood product transfusion of clopidogrel recipients and non-recipients were compared. The clopidogrel group had higher prothrombin time level (12.6+/-1.6; 11.5+/-1.7 s, (P=0.013), however comparable aPTT level (32.6+/-4.5 vs. 31.4+/-4.5 s), and platelet count (275,000+/-98,000 vs. 280,000+/-72,000 dl(-1)). RESULTS: The need for reexploration or for blood and blood product transfusion, chest tube output, ICU length of stay (20.1+/-2.9 vs. 21.9+/-13.5 h; P=NS), and hospital length of stay (5.5+/-1.7 vs. 5.4+/-2.1 days; P=NS) were similar in clopidogrel recipients and non-recipients, respectively. Further analysis demonstrated no significant difference in use of homologous blood or fresh frozen plasma, amount of postoperative bleeding and reoperation rates for bleeding as well as length of intensive care unit and hospital stay between the clopidogrel and the control groups both in elective and non-elective patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that preoperative use of clopidogrel is not associated with increased bleeding and need for surgical exploration as well as risk of blood and blood product transfusion after CABG.     

急性等容血液稀释用于心血管外科血液保护的效果

目的 比较急性等容血液稀释(ANH)联合术中血液回收与单纯术中血液回收用于心血管外科血液保护的临床效果。方法 将术前血红蛋白Hb≥130g/L的心血管外科成年病人140例随机分成两组:A+C组,ANH联合术中血液回收(ANH量 8～12ml/kg,n=70);C组,术中单纯血液回收(n=70)。分别记录两组病人术前及术后24h血红蛋白(Hb)、血球压积(HCT)、血小板(PLT);回收血量;体外循环(CPB)总转流时间;术后24h引流量;全血用量;血浆用量;悬浮红细胞用量;冷沉淀用量;血小板用量和总住院时间。结果 两组病人一般情况无显著差异,术前各实验室指标无显著差异;A+C组术中血液回收量(581.8±28.2)ml少于C组(785.4±43.8)ml,有显著差异(P<0.001);A+C组术后24hHb(122.2±18.8)g/l高于C组(112.3±15.6)g/l,有显著差异(P<0.01),HCT(35.2±5.5)高于C组(33.2±4.5),亦有显著差异(P<0.05);A+C组全血用量(81.7±23.0)ml少于C组(217.4±35.7)ml,有显著差异(P<0.01)A+C组有15例,C组有6例未输异体血;两组间CPB时间、总住院时间及其它血制品用量无显著差异。结论ANH联合术中血液回收比较术中单纯血液回收用于心血管外科血液保护可减少异体血需要及用量,值得推广。     

Postoperative autologous transfusion in cardiac surgery. A prospective, randomised study

To investigate the safety and efficacy of postoperative autologous blood transfusion (AT) using the Shiley hardshell venous reservoir, a prospective, randomised, controlled study was carried out in two matched groups of twenty patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery. The mean volume of shed mediastinal blood reinfused in the first 6 h postoperatively was 371.7 +/- 63.23 ml. Use of homologous blood was reduced from 760.5 +/- 108.37 ml in the control patients to 466.25 +/- 87.44 ml in the AT patients, a reduction of 38.7% (p less than 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical outcome, overall blood loss, use of platelets, fresh frozen plasma and colloids, haematological indices, renal and hepatic functions, or clotting mechanism, although there was a reduction in the fibrinogen level in the patients who received AT (p less than 0.05). Mediastinal blood did not clot and was defibrinogenated. It contained significant levels of haemoglobin (8.175 +/- 0.506 g/dl), platelets (96.55 +/- 10.39 per mm3 10(3)), protein (42.5 +/- 1.13 g/l), calcium (2.385 +/- 0.054 mmol/l) and was well oxygenated (PO2 = 20.46 +/- 0.81 kPa). No patients developed bacteraemia or had any AT-related infections. We conclude that postoperative autologous transfusion using the Shiley hardshell venous reservoir is a safe and efficient method for reducing postoperative homologous blood requirement after coronary artery bypass surgery.     

肝移植术麻醉中自体血液回输技术的应用

目的 探讨肝移植术中应用自体血液同输技术的安伞性和效果.方法 选择行原化肝移植术患者46例,根据是否符合自体血回输标准分为两组:回输组和对照组,每组23例.回输组术中应用自体血液回收机进行血液收集、回输,观察其效果.分别于麻醉前、无肝前期、无肝期、新肝期、术毕等时点采血样,测定红细胞汁数(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板(Plt)、血细胞比容(Hct)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原含量(FIB)及国际标准化比值(INR).结果 回输组每例回输自体血(2 613±1 637)ml,输入异体浓缩红细胞量显著少于对照组(P＜0.01),两组间各时点RBC、Hb,Plt、Hct、PT、APTT、FIB、INR差异无统计学意义.结论 肝移植术中应用自体血液叫输技术能及时回收失血,维持有效循环,显著减少异体血输入.     

Predictors of allogenic blood transfusion in elective cardiac surgery after preoperative autologous blood donation

Purpose  Preoperative autologous blood donation (PAD) is important for reducing exposure to allogenic blood in cardiac surgery. Unfortunately, even after PAD, allogenic blood transfusion is not always avoided. We investigated the predictors of blood component usage during elective cardiac surgery in patients prepared with PAD. Methods  Clinical data were collected for 143 consecutive patients (103 men and 40 women; mean age, 62 ± 9 years) who underwent elective cardiac surgery after PAD (959 ± 240 ml), often using iron supplement and recombinant human erythropoietin. Results  Allogenic blood transfusion was avoided during and after surgery in 107 patients (75%), whereas 36 patients required an allogenic transfusion (4.1 ± 3.8 U of packed red cells, 3.4 ± 4.1 U of fresh frozen plasma, and 5.8 ± 11.0 U of platelet concentrate). The independent factors for perioperative allogenic blood transfusion in these patients included the pre-donation hemoglobin value, the preoperative platelet count, and the lowest hemoglobin value during cardiopulmonary bypass. Conclusion  Even with PAD for elective cardiac surgery, patients whose pre-donation hemoglobin value and preoperative platelet count are low may require allogenic blood transfusion.     

术前自体血小板分离回输在非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

目的 探讨术前自体血小板分离回输在非CPB下冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG)中应用的临床效果. 方法 32例OPCABG患者采用随机数字表法分为两组(每组16例):对照组(A组)行术中自体血回输,急性血小板分离组(B组)行急性等容血液稀释(acute normovoemic hemodiltion,ANH)联合自体富血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)回输及术中自体血回输.于麻醉诱导前(T0)、肝素化前(T1)、术后1 h(T2)、术后24 h(T3)各时间点记录有关凝血功能的各项指标.记录T2、T3时点引流液. 结果 B组急性血小板处理的全血容量为(1 100±145) ml,采集PRP(166±30) ml,血小板计数(platelet count,Plt)(1 010±210)×109/L,占全身Plt总数(26±3)％.与A组比较,B组T2时点Plt升高明显,T2、T3时点引流液降低、异体红细胞输注率降低(P＜0.05),凝血功能指标差异无统计学意(P＞0.05). 结论 术前自体血小板分离回输在OPCABG中可减少异体血输注量,减少输血费用,降低术后出血量,避免血液传播性疾病及输血反应的发生.     

Safety and efficacy of shed mediastinal blood transfusion after cardiac surgery: a multicenter observational study. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy and safety of shed mediastinal blood (SMB) transfusion in preventing allogenic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. DESIGN: An observational clinical study. SETTING: Twelve US academic medical centers. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred seventeen patients undergoing elective primary coronary artery bypass grafting. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were administered SMB transfusion or not, according to institutional and individual practice, without random assignment. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The independent effect of SMB transfusion on postoperative RBC transfusion was examined by multivariable modeling. Potential complications of SMB transfusion, such as bleeding and infection, were examined. Three hundred twelve of the study patients (51%) received postoperative SMB transfusion (mean volume, 554 +/- 359 mL). Patients transfused with SMB had significantly lower volumes of RBC transfusion than those not receiving SMB (0.86 +/- 1.50 v 1.08 +/- 1.65 units; p < 0.05). However, multivariable analysis showed that SMB transfusion was not predictive of postoperative RBC transfusion. Demographic factors (older age, female sex), institution, and postoperative events (greater chest tube drainage, lower hemoglobin level on arrival to the intensive care unit, and use of inotropes) were significant predictors of RBC transfusion. The volume of chest tube drainage on the operative day (707 +/- 392 v 673 +/- 460 mL; p = 0.30), reoperation for hemorrhage (3.1% v2.5%; p = 0.68), and overall frequency of infection (5.8% v 6.6%; p = 0.81) were similar between patients receiving and not receiving SMB, respectively. However, in patients who did not receive allogenic RBC transfusion, there was a significantly greater frequency of wound infection in the SMB group (3.6% v0%; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that SMB is ineffective as a blood conservation method and may be associated with a greater frequency of wound infection.     

Intraoperative blood transfusions in highly alloimmunized patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation

Intraoperative blood requirements were analyzed in patients undergoing primary orthotopic liver transplantation and divided into two groups on the basis of panel reactive antibody of pretransplant serum measured by lymphocytotoxicity testing. One group of highly sensitized patients (n = 25) had PRA values of over 70% and the second group of patients (n = 26) had 0% PRA values and were considered nonsensitized. During the transplant procedure, the 70% PRA group received considerably greater quantities of blood products than the 0% PRA group--namely, red blood cells: 21.1 +/- 3.7 vs. 9.8 +/- 0.8 units (P = 0.002), and platelets: 17.7 +/- 3.2 vs. 7.5 +/- 1.5 units (P = 0.003). Similar differences were observed for fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. Despite the larger infusion of platelets, the blood platelet counts in the 70% PRA group were lower postoperatively than preoperatively. Twenty patients in the 70% PRA group received platelet transfusions, and their mean platelet count dropped from 95,050 +/- 11,537 preoperatively to 67,750 +/- 8,228 postoperatively (P = 0.028). In contrast, nearly identical preoperative (84,058 +/- 17,297) and postoperative (85,647 +/- 12,445) platelet counts were observed in the 17 0% PRA patients who were transfused intraoperatively with platelets. Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen levels showed no significant differences between both groups. These data demonstrate that lymphocytotoxic antibody screening of liver transplant candidates is useful in identifying patients with increased risk of bleeding problems and who will require large quantities of blood during the transplant operation.     

Effects of autologous platelet concentrate reinfusion after open heart surgery in patients with congenital heart disease

BACKGROUND: Plasma pheresis and reinfusion of platelet-rich plasma has not been shown to reduce blood loss in cardiac patients. Recently, freshly prepared autologous platelet concentrates (PC) can be made from patient's blood and has a higher concentration than conventional platelet rich plasma. In this study, the effects of autologous PC reinfusion were examined after open heart surgery in patients with congenital heart disease. METHODS: Eight patients with noncyanotic congenital heart disease, who underwent open heart surgery and reinfusion of autologous PC, were classified as the PC group. Eight other patients with noncyanotic congenital heart disease, who underwent only open heart surgery, were defined as the control group. Ages ranged from 2 to 24 years and were not significantly different between the two groups (9.3 +/- 5.1 years in the PC group and 12.6 +/- 7.9 years in the control group, p = 0.33). In the PC group, blood was collected from the femoral vein through a 6F catheter introducer; 9 to 20 U (13.0 +/- 5.4 U, 0.42 +/- 0.22 U/kg) of autologous PC were prepared and were reinfused after protamine administration. The time course of platelet counts was examined until postoperative day 7. Aggregation responses to adenosine diphosphate; (4 micromol/L and 8 micromol/L), collagen (1 micromol/L and 5 micromol/L), and epinephrine (5 micromol/L and 10 micromol/L) were evaluated after induction of anesthesia (individual references), after protamine administration, at the end of the operation; these responses were shown as recovery ratios. RESULTS: Blood loss during surgery in the PC group was significantly less than in the control group (4.8 +/- 3.0 mL/kg versus 7.8 +/- 1.7 mL/kg, p = 0.044). Similarly blood loss on postoperative day 1 in the PC group was significantly less than in the control group (3.6 +/- 1.2 mL/kg versus 7.2 +/- 3.1 mL/kg, p = 0.013). The platelet counts in the PC group were larger than those in the control group until postoperative day 5, after reinfusion of prepared autologous PC. The recovery ratios of the aggregation responses to adenosine diphosphate, collagen, and epinephrine after protamine administration were not significantly different between the two groups. However, recovery in the PC group after reinfusion of the prepared autologous PC was greater than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Reinfusion of the freshly prepared autologous PC was followed by good aggregation responses and low blood loss in patients with noncyanotic congenital heart disease after open heart surgery. This procedure may be useful in pediatric open heart surgery without blood transfusion or with little administration of homologous blood products.     

Preoperative autologous blood donation - part II. Adapting the predeposit concept to the physiological basics of erythropoiesis improves its efficacy

AIM: Only two clinical parameters have been demonstrated to be of decisive impact on efficacy [i.e. increase in red blood cell (RBC)]-mass] of the autologous predeposit; the time interval between predeposit and elective surgery that correlates positively with increase in RBC-mass, and the haematocrit-level at predeposit that correlates negatively with it. These two determinants of efficacy might be applied most efficaciously by combining them within one predeposit-session. METHODS: Prospective study concerning the efficacy of two different autologous predeposit-concepts in osteoarthritis (n=160) and rheumatoid arthritis patients (n=74); the conventional 'two separately collected units concept' (one RBC-unit each on two separate predeposit-sessions) and the new 'one double deposit' concept (two RBC-units on one predeposit-session). The increase in RBC-mass was calculated with the haematocrit-method. Statistical analysis by ANOVA with post-hoc-test to Scheffé/H-test, and U-test; P<0.05 with Bonferroni-correction when appropriate. RESULTS: In either group of patients, increase in RBC-mass was higher with the new than the conventional predeposit concept (osteoarthritis: 261+/-114 vs 168+/-133 mL; P<0.000; rheumatoid arthritis: 239+/-112 vs 149+/-152 mL; P=0.039). Efficacy of either concept between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients was not different (new concept: 261+/-114 vs 238+/-112; P=0.765; conventional concept: 168+/-133 vs 149+/-152; P=0.941). CONCLUSIONS: An autologous predeposit-concept considering the physiological basics of erythropoiesis (i.e. long time-interval between predeposit and elective surgery for RBC-regeneration, and a low haematocrit-level at/after autologous predeposit in order to stimulate erythrpoiesis) enhances RBC-recovery in a clinically relevant extent both in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Concerning efficacy of autologous predeposit, no differences were demonstrated between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients.     

血液回收技术在骨科大手术中的应用

目的：观察血液回收技术在骨科大手术中应用的作用。方法：40例择期行骨科手术病人配对后随机分为两组,自体血回收组用血液回收仪回收术中失血,对照组不回收失血,分别采术前,术毕后3小时,术后第1天及术后第7天的静脉血,测定红细胞计数（RBC）,血红蛋白（Hb),血细胞压积（Hct),血小板计数（Pt),出血时间（BT）,凝血时间（CT）,凝血酶源时间（PT）,血陶土部分凝血活酶时间（KPTT）,凝血酶时间（TT）,结果：两组病人异体血输用量有显著差异（P＜0．01）,自体血回收组术后第1天引流量明显少于对照组（P＜0．01）,其RBC,Hb于术后第1天均高于对照组（P＜0．05）,术毕及术后第7天后两组差别不明显（P＞0．05）,两组Pt和Hct在各测定时点无明显差别（P＞0．05）,自体血回收组术毕的KPTT明显延长（P＜0．05）,对照组PT,TT,KPTT均明显延长（P＜0．05）,两组病人各测定时点BT,CT均在正常范围,结论：全自动血液回收技术明显减少异体血用量,可安全用于骨科手术。     

脾外伤回收血的变化及其对凝血功能的影响

目的：探讨脾外伤应用自体血回输技术,病人的回收血巾血细胞及其相关指标的变化和其对凝血功能的影响。方法：2008年至2009年收治的24例单纯脾外伤行全脾切除的病人,分别在术前、回收血、回输后2h采集血样,分析其血细胞计数、血红蛋白、凝血功能及血小板激活指标（P-选择素、血小板第4因子）的变化。结果：①回收血中红细胞计数、血小板计数、白细胞计数、血红蛋白、红细胞比容比循环血低;②回收血中P选择素、血小板第4因子增加;凝血因子Ⅶ活性、凝血因子Ⅻ活性降低,凝血酶原片段F1＋2升高,凝血酶原时间、凝血酶时问、活化部分凝血活酶时间延长;纤维蛋白原减低;⑧回收血液中红细胞呈棘状细胞状;洗涤后,部分红细胞恢复至正常双凹圆盘状;④血液回输后与回收血相比,RBC计数及Het明显升高。结论：①回收血与循环血不同,表现为全血细胞数目不同,血小板被激活,循环血中凝血酶原片段F1＋2水平升高,考虑凝血系统被激活;②回收血液并不会使循环血液内的血小板激活：③自体血液回收技术对RBC形态无明显影响。