某城市高中毕业生毒品防范教育即时评价

目的 探讨毒品防范教育地高中毕业生毒品防范,态度的影响。方法 以某大城市主城区7所中学高三毕业生为研究对象，由经过培训的健康教育教师对学生进行毒品防范教育，于教育前后对学生进行有关毒品防范知识和态度方面的无记名问卷调查。结果 教育后学生有关毒品的基本知识平均得分由教育前的5．26分提高到9．78分，两差异有显意义。教育后学生对毒品及相关问题的正向态度率均显高于教育前。同伴教育，宣传展览，字教育是学生最希望获得毒品防范知识的方式。结论 在高中毕业生中开展防范毒品的健康教育不但必要而且可行和有效，对增加学生防范毒品的基本知识，树立拒绝毒品的正确态度都有积极的影响。     

医学生预防毒品和药物滥用健康教育研究

[目的]了解禁毒健康教育对医学生预防毒品和药物滥用相关知识、态度的影响。[方法]以889名医学生为研究对象,于禁毒健康教育前后,对学生进行有关预防毒品和药物滥用的知识和态度方面的不记名问卷调查。[结果]教育后学生预防毒品和药物滥用的基本知识平均得分由教育前的6.4分提高到18.9分(满分20分),两者相比差异有统计学意义。教育后对预防毒品和药物滥用及其相关问题的正向态度率均明显高于教育前。[结论]在医学生中开展的有关预防毒品和药物滥用的健康教育,对增加学生预防毒品和药物滥用的基本知识,树立与预防毒品和药物滥用有关的正确态度都有积极的影响。     

武汉某高校大学生毒品预防健康教育效果评价

目的评价大学生毒品预防健康教育的干预效果。方法以武汉市某高校选修了毒品预防公共选修课的学生为干预组,以同期未选修该课程和接受相关教育的学生作为对照组。对干预组163名学生进行为期1个月的健康教育干预,对照组134人不采取任何措施,干预前、后分别进行问卷调查评价干预效果。结果干预后,干预组学生毒品预防相关知识得分为(19.245±2.214)分,高于对照组学生(17.567±3.178)分,差异有统计学意义(t=5.17,P<0.001);干预组学生毒品预防正向态度行为得分为(4.810±0.479)分,高于对照组学生(4.537±0.732)分,差异有统计学意义(t=3.71,P<0.001);干预组学生对毒品预防相关知识某些项目的知晓率也高于对照组(2=11.70,P=0.002)。结论健康教育在提高大学生毒品预防相关知识水平方面取得了一定的效果,但仍需持续开展,观察其长期效应,以维持和促进学生的毒品预防正向态度和行为。     

健康教育对学龄儿童预防毒品和药物滥用相关知识和态度的影响

目的:了解健康教育对学龄儿童预防毒品和药物滥用相关知识、态度的影响。方法:以397名学龄儿童为研究对象,于健康教育前后,对学龄儿童进行有关预防毒品和药物滥用的知识和态度方面的不记名问卷调查。结果:教育后学龄儿童预防毒品和药物滥用的基本知识平均得分由教育前的8.2分提高到17.1分(满分19分),两者相比差异有显著性。对吸烟、饮酒危害性的认识水平也有显著提高,正确回答率由教育前的1.6%～59.2%上升到教育后的71.1%～99.0%。教育后对预防毒品和药物滥用及其相关问题的正向态度率均明显高于教育前。结论:在学龄儿童中开展有关预防毒品和药物滥用的健康教育,对增加学龄儿童预防毒品和药物滥用的基本知识,树立与预防毒品和药物滥用有关的正确态度都有积极的影响。     

广州市2所中学学生食品安全知识、态度、行为调查及培训效果分析

目的了解中学生食品安全知识、态度和行为情况,并比较健康教育培训前后食品安全知识的变化,为更好地开展针对性的食品安全知识宣传教育提供依据。方法在广州市1所初中和1所高中随机抽取部分学生,进行食品安全知识培训并在培训前后自填问卷调查。问巷内容包括基础资料、食品安全知识、认知态度和相关行为。结果共调查390名学生,其中高中生140人,初中生250人;男生202人,女生188人。培训前,高中生食品安全知识平均得分（7．6±2．0）分（满分11分）,初中生平均得分（6．7±2．2）分;培训后,高中生平均得分（9．4±1．8）分,初中生平均得分（8．5±1．9）分,初、高中学生无论培训前还是培训后差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）。培训前中学生的食品安全总知晓率为64．1％（2750／4290）,培训后提高到80．5％（3453／4290）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。培训前后,高中生食品安全知识平均得分均高于初中生（均P〈0．01）。在食品安全态度方面,高中生平均得分（3．7±0．7）分（满分4分）,初中生平均得分（3．6±0．7）分,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。高中生的食品安全行为平均得分（5．5±1．9）分,初中生平均得分（5．7±1．8）分,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。94．6％（369／390）的中学生认为食品安全与健康密切相关,90．3％（352／390）的中学生觉得有必要参加食品安全知识培训;44．6％（174／390）的中学生会经常关心最近发生的食品安全问题;78．2％（305／390）的中学生曾购买路边小摊小贩的食品。结论中学生认识到食品安全问题的严重性,但食品安全知识基础较为薄弱,存在高风险行为;通过短期培训可提高学生认知水平,但仍需要加强系统性的食品安全教育。     

河南农村艾滋病流行区初中生艾滋病知识态度调查

目的了解河南农村艾滋病流行区初中生艾滋病基本知识、态度现况,为农村学校开展预防艾滋病健康教育提供科学依据。方法自编问卷,对河南艾滋病流行区2所初中1 095名学生进行问卷调查。组间差异比较采用2χ检验、t检验与方差分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果学生艾滋病知识均分13.05分(满分20分),态度均分6.44分(满分10分)。艾滋病知识、态度得分有HIV/AIDS村的学生(14.10,7.24)高于无HIV/AIDS村的学生(12.65,6.14),差异均有统计学意义(t=6.81,7.07,P值均<0.05)。不同艾滋病知识水平学生对HIV/AIDS态度得分差异有统计学意义(F=5.06,P<0.05),艾滋病知识水平高者对HIV/AIDS积极态度得分也高。结论农村初中生缺少预防艾滋病基本知识,在艾滋病村进行的艾滋病相关知识态度宣传教育对初中生产生了一定的效果。     

大连市中学生艾滋病知识、态度和行为调查

目的 了解中学生艾滋病知识、态度和行为情况,为开展中学生艾滋病健康教育提供科学依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法抽取辽宁省大连市2所中学1 186名学生,采用自行设计艾滋病知识、态度和行为问卷进行调查.结果 中学生对艾滋病相关知识知晓率为37.3％ ～98.2％,学生的艾滋病相关知识得分为(8.61±0.79)分,高中生得分[(9.19±0.78)分]高于初中生[(7.91±0.84)分],差异有统计学意义(t =2.75,P＜0.05),男、女生得分差异无统计学意义;大部分学生对艾滋病及患者持正向态度,所有学生艾滋病相关态度得分为(17.87 ±2.34)分,高中生得分[(19.54±2.27)分]高于初中生[(16.33±2.04)分],差异有统计学意义(t =3.01,P＜0.05),男生得分[(17.03±1.94)分]低于女生[(19.01±2.19)分],差异有统计学意义(t=2.31,P＜0.05);学生艾滋病相关知识得分和态度得分之间无相关性(r=0.11,P＞0.05).结论 中学生对艾滋病相关知识的总体知晓率较低,部分学生对艾滋病及患者仍存在歧视和思想顾虑,学校亟需开展有针对性的艾滋病健康教育.     

东西部两校大学生营养知识-态度-行为的现况比较

目的比较东西部两校大学生营养知识、态度、行为及健康素养状况,为不同地区开展大学生营养教育提供依据。方法采取整群抽样法,对513名兰州大学学生和503名山东大学学生进行自制营养知识、态度、行为和健康素养问卷调查。结果两校大学生营养知识、行为和健康素养得分存在显著性差异(P0.05);接受过营养课程的医学生营养知识得分为山东大学(23.70±3.53)分,高于兰州大学的(21.11±3.88)分(P0.05);饮食行为得分为山东大学(24.64±3.38)分,高于兰州大学的(23.18±3.34)分;文科生营养态度得分为山东大学(6.95±2.11)分,高于兰州大学的(6.34±2.28分);健康素养得分为兰州大学(11.46±2.87)分,高于山东大学的(10.58±2.90)分,两校大学生营养KAP和健康素养得分的差异主要受地区和年级的影响。结论两校大学生营养KAP和健康素养存在地区差异性,且高年级学生差异更显著。开展营养教育有助于提高学生的健康素养水平,建议较发达地区的学生养成合理的生活习惯,欠发达地区的学生重视建立积极的营养态度。     

高校学生避孕节育知信行专题讲座干预效果

目的了解专题讲座对高校学生避孕节育相关知识、态度及相关态度和行为的干预效果,为高校健康促进工作提供参考依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法对在湖北武汉和重庆2市抽取的8所高校中4 172名参加避孕节育专题讲座的干预组学生和4 943名未参加专题讲座的对照组学生进行避孕节育知识、态度、行为的问卷调查。结果干预组学生干预前避孕节育相关知识和态度的平均得分分别为(58.4±14.15)和(74.54±11.42)分,与同时期对照组的(58.7±14.22)和(74.78±11.13)分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后干预组学生避孕节育相关知识平均得分为(63.1±15.56)分,高于同期对照组学生的(59.20±14.83)分,差异有统计学意义(t=-13.40,P<0.001);干预后干预组学生避孕节育相关态度平均得分为(75.74±11.38)分,与同期对照组学生的(75.62±11.21)分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预组与对照组学生近半年内性行为的发生率分别为11.46%和5.28%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=111.09,P<0.001);干预组与对照组学生近半年意外妊娠的发生率分别为12.86%和22.76%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.42,P<0.001)。结论避孕节育专题讲座有利于提高学生的避孕节育知识,降低意外妊娠的发生率。     

吸毒人群艾滋病个体化健康教育效果的评价与分析

目的了解目前吸毒人群的艾滋病知识、态度和行为的具体状况,评价个体化艾滋病健康教育的效果,为进一步在吸毒人群中开展艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法对148名吸毒人员进行面对面的个体化健康教育,并在教育前后进行2次问卷调查。结果教育前吸毒人员艾滋病知识的平均得分为69.30±13.63,80分以上者占17.3%;教育后的平均分为80.02±10.47,80分以上者占52.1%,两者差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。另外,教育前后吸毒人员对艾滋病的态度也有明显提高。结论面对面的个体化健康教育可在短期内有效提高吸毒人员的艾滋病知识和态度。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.