成髓鞘转录因子对Schwann细胞成髓鞘的影响

脊椎动物周围神经的绝大多数Schwann cells(SCs)起源于胚胎时期神经管背侧的神经嵴细胞[1],包绕或包裹周围神经系统的神经轴突形成有髓或无髓神经纤维。除此之外,SCs还能够分泌大量的神经营养因子,与神经元存活密切相关;SCs还参与朗飞氏结的形成[2],是跳跃式传导的结构基础。周     

嗅成鞘细胞移植促中枢神经再生的研究进展

中枢神经 (CNS)再生一直是神经科学中十分被关注的重大课题之一。早在上个世纪初 ,人们即已发现鱼类和两栖类动物 CNS损伤后有很强的再生能力而哺乳动物的 CNS却不能再生。经过多年研究发现造成 CNS再生失败的主要原因之一是损伤后 CNS内的微环境 (缺乏生长所需的神经营养因子、分泌产生抑制因子、胶质瘢痕形成等 )不利于轴突的再生 [1 ] 。将周围神经 (PNS)与 CNS加以比较 ,发现两者的区别主要在于形成髓鞘的胶质细胞不同。PNS的神经纤维的髓鞘由 Schwann细胞 (SCs)形成 ,而 CNS神经纤维的髓鞘则由少突胶质细胞形成。由此人们…     

中枢神经系统OMgp的研究进展

在中枢神经系统(CNS)和周围神经系统(PNS)的发育过程中,胶质细胞与神经元的相互作用尤为重要。髓鞘的形成对于轴突的保护、神经冲动的传导以及脊髓损伤后神经的再生具有重要作用。OMgp(olyigodendrocyte myelin glycopro-tein)大多分布于CNS近轴突膜的髓鞘的疏松层以及大的投射     

东方对虾有髓神经纤维的个体发生的电镜观察

用电镜技术观察了东方对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ）有髓神经纤维的髓鞘化，以及位于其髓鞘与轴突间被命名为髓鞘下间隙和微管鞘这两个侍有结构的个体发生过程。结果如下：（１）在无节幼体（ｎａｕｐｌｉｕｓ）已有由神经历细胞和神经胶质母细胞构成的神经成分出现；（２）在状幼体（ｚｏａｅａ）神经细胞发生裸露的突起，其直径不等，走向不一；（３）在糠虾幼体阶段（ｍｙｓｉｓｓｔａｇｅ）已形成了与成体虾相似的腹神经索，其中的一对内侧巨大纤维已出现，并开始髓鞘化。在此发育阶段后期这两根巨大纤维的髓鞘开始脱离轴突，形成间隙，并在轴突周围开始出现由微管束构成的鞘。在此发育阶段虽已可辨认出一对外侧巨大纤维，但通常尚未髓鞘化；（４）在仔虾（ｐｏｓｔ－ｌａｒｖａ）阶段神经索中许多较粗神经纤维开始髓鞘化，也是由新生的髓鞘直接包绕轴突，然后与之脱离形成髓鞘下间隙和形成直接复盖轴突的微管鞘；（５）髓鞘的形成不是如在脊椎动物髓鞘通常所见到的那样，由一许旺细胞的浆膜片以螺旋方式包绕轴突而形成的，对虾髓鞘的形成则是由许旺氏细胞向两侧伸出许多浆膜片以同心方式包绕轴突，当两侧的浆膜片在某处相遇时，均形成内含２至数根微管的终扣（ｔｅｒｍｉｎａｌｌｏ?     

周围神经髓化的主要影响因素及可能的作用机制

髓鞘是周围神经的重要结构,也是有髓神经纤维发育成熟的标志。Neu基因调节素-1（NRG-1）、神经营养因子和P0蛋白等是调节周围神经发育期和损伤后再生过程中髓鞘形成（髓化）的重要因素,它们以多种形式参与对髓化不同阶段的调节。总结影响周围神经髓化的主要因素及其可能的作用机制,将为目前临床脱髓鞘疾病的治疗提供新的思路。     

经典Wnt信号通路对少突胶质前体细胞生长发育的调控

少突胶质前体细胞(OPCs)经历增殖、迁移、分化为成熟少突胶质细胞(OLs),包绕轴突形成髓鞘,维持轴突正常功能及神经冲动传导。OPCs的生长发育受多种信号分子及通路的影响,其中经典Wnt信号通路与OPCs正常及病理状态下的增殖、迁移和分化过程密切相关,通路中相关分子的变化导致该通路的活化均会影响OPCs的发育,进而影响髓鞘的形成与修复再生。     

少突胶质细胞增殖和分化的研究进展

少突胶质细胞 ( oligodendrocyte,简称少突胶质 )是中枢神经的成髓鞘神经胶质细胞 ,它包绕神经纤维的轴突而形成髓鞘 ,对轴突正常快速电传导等功能具有重要作用 [1 ]。无论是病理性的髓鞘结构完整性受到破坏 ( demyelination) ,如外伤、多发性硬化症 ( multiple sclerosis) ,还是少突胶质发育紊乱导致髓鞘形成不良 ( dysmyelination) ,如先天性小脑症( congenital microcephaly)和婴儿孤独症 ( infantile autism)等[2 ,3 ] ,都可引起严重的中枢神经系统病变。因而对少突胶质细胞增殖和分化的研究在发育生物学中有重大意义。1.　不同发育时期…     

Schwann细胞发育和去分化的分子机制

Schwann细胞是周围神经系统内的髓鞘形成细胞,在发育过程中经由一系列基因的准确表达及微环境因素的调控分化成熟并产生髓鞘。在外周神经受损后的Wallerian氏变性过程中,Schwann细胞的前体细胞基因激活而去分化形成幼稚前体是神经纤维再生的关键环节;由于其高度可塑性,Schwann细胞也在参与外周神经再生的病理过程中尤为重要。几年来对Schwann细胞发育分化过程、以ERK/MAPK为核心的内在信号途径调控其去分化及可塑性的认识日益深入。这些对阐明外周神经发育、损伤再生的细胞分子过程及脱髓鞘等周围神经病变的治疗具有重要意义。     

Laminin和Fibronectin对周围神经中的再生轴突及非神经元细胞的作用和影响

本文用近交克隆系(Close cloned)大鼠研究了内源性Laminin和Fibronectin对周围神经的再生轴突及非神经元的雪旺氏细胞、成纤维细胞等的作用和影响。将从供体鼠获得的坐骨神中段经冷冻、加热处理后再用Laminin或Fibronectin抗血清处理;对照组则用正常兔血清处理。将处理后的神经段(10mm)分别植入三组受体鼠体内,术后不同时期取材,电镜观察。术后15天,抗Laminin组和抗Fibronectin组的轴突总数,只有对照组的50%左右。对照组和抗Fibronectin组约90%的轴突走在基底膜管内,而抗Laminin组,再生轴突似不能识别基底膜而生长在基底膜管外。轴突生长总是先于雪旺氏细胞的迁移,而后雪旺氏细胞才生长粘附并包绕轴突。成纤维细胞能够识别伴随有雪旺氏细胞的轴突,并形成神经周膜包绕这些轴突,但它们不能识别空陷的基底膜管,只有当组织中缺乏Fibronectin时,增生的成纤维细胞方在基底膜管外形成神经周膜。在缺乏Laminin的神经段内,巨噬细胞不仅大量增生,还有包随走在基底膜管外单个轴突的趋向。这些结果提示在神经再生的早期,内源性Laminin和Fibronectin不但调节再生神经纤维的生长,对在神经损伤和再生中起重要作用的巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞也有积极的影响。     

嗅鞘细胞在含Schwann细胞冻融周围神经移植物内的存活及对成年大鼠视神经再生的影响

为了研究嗅鞘细胞(OECs)在含Schwann细胞(SCs)及预先溃变的冻融周围神经内的存活及对成年大鼠视神经再生的影响,我们将30只动物左视神经眶内断端分别移植冻融周围神经、预溃冻融周围神经、含OECs预溃冻融周围神经、含SCs冻融周围神经或含OECs和SCs冻融周围神经,4周后观察OECs在神经移植物中的存活和分布,计数各组以5%荧光金逆行标记的再生RGCs数量。结果显示,OECs仅存活于含SCs冻融周围神经移植物内,含OECs-SCs冻融周围神经组及含SCs冻融周围神经组视网膜内可见荧光金标记的RGCs,前组再生RGCs均数(346±42)较后组(205±59)显著增高(P<0.05)。这些结果提示预溃冻融周围神经不适宜OECs生存。OECs在含有SCs的冻融周围神经移植物中能够存活,并发挥较单用SCs更强的促进视神经再生的作用。     

Co-ordination of cough and swallow in vivo and in silico

Coughing and swallowing are airway-protective behaviours. The pharyngeal phase of swallowing prevents aspiration of oral material (saliva, food and liquid) by epiglottal movement, laryngeal adduction and clearing of the mouth and pharynx. Coughing is an aspiration-response behaviour that removes material from the airway. Co-ordination of these behaviours is vital to protect the airway from further aspiration-promoting events, such as a swallowing during the inspiratory phase of coughing. The operational characteristics, primary strategies and peripheral inputs that co-ordinate coughing and swallowing are unknown. This lack of knowledge impedes understanding and treatment of deficits in airway protection, such as the co-occurrence of dystussia and dysphagia common in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as stroke.     

Incorporation and Disappearance of Sulfate in Different Regions of Mouse and Rat Costal Cartilage in vivo and in vitro

A rapid and simple method for liquid scintillation counting of ³³S-sulfate in biological tissues is described. Sulfate incorporation per mg dry weight into selected lateral, medial and intermediate regions of ribs was studied using costal cartilage from rats and mice. In vitro, cartilage pieces embracing the osteochondral junction had 2–4 times larger incorporation rate than the remaining homogeneous parts of the ribs, both if entire rib cages or stripped and diced cartilage were incubated. After in vivo injection to rats and mice the incorporation rates of sulfate into the region of the osteochondral junction was 2.6 times that found in “resting” cartilage in rats and 4.4 times in mice. The ³⁵S-sulfate uptake in the ribs per mg dry cartilage diminished in the caudal direction. Growth of the chest cage was mainly a longitudinal growth of the bony segments. Marked differences in the disappearance rates of previously incorporated sulfate were found in different regions along the rib. Rapid sulfate disappearance was found in the bony segment which, however, had incorporated only one seventh of the amount per mg taken up by “resting” cartilage. The “resting” cartilage segments exhibited a steady slow disappearance rate for sulfate and the osteochondral junction region consisting of several differently active tissues showed a rapid sulfate disappearance in the beginning followed by a slow clearance after 2 weeks similar to that of “resting” cartilage. The necessity of careful selection of costal cartilage samples with respect to regional differences is emphasized.     

An in vivo and in vitro study of selenium deficiency and infection in rats

Selenium deficiency in rats impairs the ability of neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages to kill Candida albicans organisms in vitro. In contrast, killing of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus organisms is unaffected by the deficiency. Survival of rats after intraperitoneal injection of 8 X 10(7) S. aureus organisms was not affected by Se deficiency, but a 5-fold increase in the dose (4 X 10(8) S. aureus organisms) led to a significantly greater mortality in the Se deficient rats.     

Visualization and characterization of 5-HT receptors and transporters in vivo and in man

Ascending and descending efferent pathways from the nuclei of serotonergic neurones located in brainstem raphe nuclei project to all regions of the central nervous system. Therefore, in considering the major physiological roles played by this neurotransmitter system, it is not surprising that serotonin is implicated in the aetiologies of many CNS dysfunctions which underlie psychiatric and neurological disorders. The presynaptic serotonin uptake mechanism and the many receptor subtypes that mediate the neurotransmitter roles of serotonin have been, and continue to be, targeted by drug discovery programmes aimed at identifying improved therapies for CNS disorders. Here we review the radioligands available for the important task of visualizing and characterizing these targets in the living human brain using either positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission tomography (SPECT). Such studies are crucial for extending our knowledge of the involvement of serotonin neurotransmission in the aetiologies of these disorders and for the development of new and more effective therapies. Particularly important recent advances in the methodologies for imaging the 5-HT transporter, the 5-HT_2A receptor and the 5-HT_1A receptor will almost certainly lead to important clinical research into the changes occurring in serotonergic neurotransmission during the onset, progression and treatment of affective and neurodegenerative disorders.     

ALA和HMME水凝胶栓剂的制备和体内外释药研究

目的 制备光敏剂5-氨基酮戊酸(ALA)和血卟啉单甲醚(HMME)水凝胶栓剂,评价其对直肠肿瘤组织的光敏剂递送效率.方法 将皮下移植人直肠癌细胞SW837的BALB/c小鼠随机分为水凝胶栓剂直肠局部给药组、皮肤局部给药组、瘤内注射给药组和静脉注射给药组.用荧光光谱仪测量直肠壁、皮肤和皮下肿瘤中原卟啉(PpⅨ)和HMME的浓度,荧光光谱系统测定相应的光敏剂分布情况.结果 ALA水凝胶栓剂直肠局部给药组的PpⅨ浓度分别是皮肤局部给药组的9.76倍(1 h)和5.80倍(3 h),差异均具有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).皮肤局部给药后2h,ALA在肿瘤组织内达到最大穿透深度(3～6 mm).而HMME水凝胶栓剂直肠局部给药后,直肠壁中的HMME浓度极低,且皮肤局部给药后的最大肿瘤穿透深度不足2 mm.结论 与皮肤相比,ALA更易穿透黏膜屏障,以水凝胶栓剂形式直肠局部给药有望成为ALA用于光动力疗法治疗直肠癌的一种给药方式.     

高校组织学与胚胎学课程思政研究状况

<正>为了解我国高校组织学与胚胎学课程思政的开展情况。通过检索中国科学引文数据库、维普信息资源系统和万方数据库获得相关文献,从课程思政的基本概念和意义、组织学与胚胎学课程思政状况和展望3个方面进行了归纳。课程思政的提出,目的是为高校思想政治教育改革探索新模式。目前组织学与胚胎学课程思政工作主要从课程思政的目标、思政元素、方法、存在的问题和解决方法等方面开展了探索和研究。