综合治疗食管多原发癌22例

目的 探讨食管多原发癌的治疗策略及疗效。方法回顾性分析2000年3月至2011年3月间北京大学临床肿瘤医院胸外科收治的22例食管多原发癌患者的临床病理资料．并与同期、同一手术组收治的471例单发食管癌患者的预后进行比较。结果22例食管多原发癌手术采用剖胸食管切除者18例,经裂孔食管切除者4例;接受术前化疗者8例,术后化疗者15例,其中手术前、后均予化疗者6例。471例单发食管癌患者手术采用剖胸食管切除者423例,经裂孔食管切除者60例：接受术前化疗者148例,术后化疗者267例,其中手术前后均予化疗者101例。22例多原发癌患者3年生存率为41．9％．中位生存期为29．2个月：471例单发食管癌患者的3年生存率为54．7％,中位生存期46．8个月;两组比较差异无统计学意义（P=0．051）。结论食管多原发癌治疗效果较差：广泛的食管切除在此类患者中有重要的意义．同时辅以积极的全身综合治疗．     

食管癌外科治疗中联合腔镜的应用

目的 探讨食管癌根治性切除术中应用联合腔镜的可行性和近期疗效及手术适应证.方法 回顾性分析2009年12月至201 1年8月139例食管癌患者施行联合腔镜食管癌切除术的临床资料.食管癌位于上段者16例,中段107例,下段者16例.手术先用胸腔镜游离胸段食管并清扫淋巴结,再用腹腔镜游离胃行食管胃左颈部吻合.术后病理分期:Ⅰ期25例(Ⅰ a期13例、Ⅰb期12例),Ⅱ期71例,Ⅲ期31例(Ⅲa期16例、Ⅲb期15例),Ⅳ期12例.结果 除4例中转开胸手术,中转率2.9％外,其余全部顺利完成手术.术后出现吻合口瘘6例、心律失常4例和乳糜胸、胃排空障碍各1例,均保守治愈;吻合口狭窄2例扩张治疗后治愈;肺部感染11例,3例气管切开、呼吸机辅助呼吸,其中1例死亡(0.7％);10例声音嘶哑.130例随访1～20个月,10例死亡,其中癌转移6例、肺部感染和精神抑郁各1例、不明原因2例.24例患者1年生存率88.9％.结论 胸、腹腔镜联合行食管癌根治术在技术上足安全可行的,近期疗效满意.不仅适应于早、中期食管癌,而且适用于部分晚期病例.     

电视胸腔镜食管切除术在食管癌外科治疗中的应用

目的分析电视胸腔镜食管切除术对于食管癌患者的手术安全性和有效性。方法2004年6月至2007年10月。共有36例食管癌患者行胸腔镜食管切除术。食管上段癌5例，食管中段癌25例，食管下段癌6例。其中2例患者既往有胃大部切除手术史，1例患者行术前化疗。手术采用胸腔镜游离胸段食管并清扫纵隔淋巴结，开腹游离胃行食管胃颈部吻合。结果平均手术时间250（190-330）min。其中胸部手术时间平均为70（50-150）min，术中出血量165（100～350）ml，术后胸腔引流管放置时间平均2．9d，平均住院时间8．7d。平均清扫淋巴结14．3枚，其中胸部淋巴结8．2枚。无围手术期死亡，共有11例（30．6％）患者出现术后并发症。结论电视胸腔镜食管切除术治疗食管癌在技术上是安全可行的，有望减少手术创伤，降低肺部并发症的发生。     

食管内翻拔脱术治疗食管癌贲门癌19例分析

目的　探讨食管内翻拔脱术在食管癌、贲门癌外科治疗中的地位。方法　 19例食管癌、贲门癌病人接受了食管内翻拔脱术 ,其中食管鳞癌 15例 ,颈段 3例 ,胸中段 6例 ,胸下段 6例 ;贲门腺癌 4例。 0期 1例 ;Ⅰ期 4例 ;Ⅱa期 4例 ;Ⅱb期 1例 ;Ⅲ期 9例。 3例因有上消化道手术史行结肠代食管。结果　 19例均获切除 ,食管切缘阴性 ,无手术死亡。术后声音嘶哑 1例 ,心律失常1例 ,双侧胸腔积液 1例 ,左侧气胸伴左膈下脓肿 1例 ,5例出现小的颈部吻合口瘘。结论　食管内翻拔脱术扩大了食管癌、贲门癌的手术适应证 ,使某些常规手术高危患者重新获得手术机会。     

经膈肌裂孔食管切除术治疗食管癌及食管胃交界癌的远期疗效

目的 评价经膈肌裂孔食管切除术（THE）治疗食管癌及食管胃交界癌的远期疗效.方法 北京大学肿瘤医院单一手术组于2000年3月至2009年12月间共计手术治疗食管癌和食管胃交界癌患者544例,其中实施THE 者63例（THE组）,经胸或经腹手术者481例（非THE组）,比较分析两组患者的远期生存.结果 THE组58例、非THE组427例患者的临床资料能用于生存分析.THE组1、3、5、8年累计生存率分别为91.0%、60.5%、44.6%和44.6%;非THE组则分别为84.5%、49.2%、37.2%和28.7%,差异无统计学意义（P＝0.67）.结论 THE可作为治疗特定食管癌及食管胃交界癌除经胸途径以外的另一重要可选方法,其疗效不逊于传统的经胸食管切除术.     

食管癌肉瘤22例临床病理分析

目的探讨食管癌肉瘤（ECS）的临床病理特征和外科治疗方法。方法总结分析22例食管癌肉瘤患者的临床资料。结果本组患者术前均经食管吞钡及食管镜检查，仅有1例（4．5％）术前活检确诊为癌肉瘤。所有病例均经左胸行食管肿瘤切除，20例行主动脉弓上食管胃吻合术，2例行弓下吻合。全组病例均完成手术，无手术死亡及近、远期严重并发症。术后病检均为ECS，瘤体主要成分为肉瘤者14例，主要为癌组织者8例；12例侵及黏膜下层，10例侵达食管肌层，未见侵犯纤维膜者；淋巴结转移率18．2％（4／22）；T1N0M012例，T2N0M06例，T2N1M04例。全组患者1、3、5年生存率分别为90．9％（20／22）、77.3％（17／22）、68．2％（15／22）。结论食管癌肉瘤术前确诊率低。其侵袭性不强，淋巴转移发生率较低，手术切除是主要治疗手段。     

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贲门癌发生于食管 -胃交界处 12ｃｍ的特殊部位 ,不同于食管癌也不同于胃癌 ,有双向转移的特点。关于经何种手术径路 ,能达到根治效果 ,国内外学者作了许多研究 ,有经腹、经胸、经胸腹联合切口入路 ,各有优缺点。本文总结了 19982 0 0 1年间经腹切开食管裂孔膈肌及左膈肌脚入路 ,应用吻合器吻合食管胃或食管空肠治疗 78例贲门癌。报告如下。1　临床资料本组 78例 ,男 5 5例 ,女 2 3例。年龄 45 82岁 ,平均5 5 6岁。ＴＮＭ分期Ⅰ期 10例 ,Ⅱ期 2 5例 ,Ⅲ期 3 2例 ,Ⅳ期 11例。术前胃镜、钡餐、胸部ＣＴ检查 ,食管被癌浸润2ｃｍ以内 ,纵隔无…     

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食管胃结合部腺癌(AEG)的发病率呈持续上升趋势,尤其是在西方国家,增长速度远远高于东方国家。对于SiewertI型AEG,其生物学特性和外科治疗方案更接近于食管癌;对于SiewertⅡ、Ⅲ型AEG,外科治疗方案更接近于胃癌。目前有两个大型的Ⅲ期临床试验比较了不同术式的效果:SiewertI型AEG建议采用经胸切除的手术;而SiewertⅡ、Ⅲ型肿瘤建议采用开腹经食管裂孔的术式。同时,围手术期化疗、化放疗的作用也在临床试验中得到了进一步证实。     

分期手术策略在结肠代食管术中的应用分析

目的总结分期手术策略应用于结肠代食管术的临床经验。方法行结肠代食管手术病人35例,均采用了分期手术策略,其中合并胃大部切除术后食管癌病人20例,食管癌术后再发食管癌5例,胸胃癌4例,食管癌病人术后存在并发症4例(气管食管瘘2例,胃坏死2例),食管化学灼伤并瘢痕狭窄放置食管支架导致气管食管瘘2例。其中先行食管病变切除术,择期再行结肠代食管术28例;7例病人先行结肠代食管术,择期行食管病损切除。结果 35例病人均按计划方案顺利完成手术,分期行食管病变切除及结肠食管重建,手术的间隔时间为3～12个月。术后发生颈部吻合口瘘1例,乳糜胸1例,肺部感染2例,均经保守治疗后痊愈出院。随访1年病人均恢复正常饮食,体重较术前明显增加。结论分期手术策略应用于结肠代食管术效果良好,并发症较少。     

食管、贲门、膈

食管癌患者术后早期肠内营养的临床研究；电视胸腔镜辅助食管癌切除术；胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移强度和淋巴结清扫手术方式分析；犬自体肺组织瓣替代胸段食管部分缺损的实验研究；腹腔镜联合纵隔镜在食管癌根治术中的应用；结肠代食管手术68例临床分析；不同肠道准备法对结肠代食管术并发症的影响；36例食管癌穿孔的手术治疗；     

腔镜辅助下McKeown术式切除食管癌18年经验总结

目的总结腔镜辅助下McKeown术式切除食管癌的单中心18年经验体会。 方法回顾性分析1997年8月至2015年6月在温州医科大学附属台州医院胸外科行食管癌切除的639例患者的临床资料,其中在腔镜辅助下完成McKeown食管癌切除手术622例(97.34%)。食管肿瘤位于上、中、下段分别占7.98%、63.54%和28.48%,其中8.92%的患者术前接受放化疗。TNM分期中,0、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期分别占10.33%、29.26%、42.10%、15.02%和3.29%;病理检查为鳞癌占92.02%,腺癌及其他类型占7.98%。手术采用腔镜辅助下经右胸、上腹、左颈入路,其中胸腔镜＋开腹占44.60%,胸腔镜＋腹腔镜占47.26%,开胸＋腹腔镜占5.48%,非计划中转开胸或开腹占2.66%。 结果胸腔镜下食管游离及胸腔淋巴结清扫时间为(78.6±36.9)min,腹腔镜下胃游离及腹区淋巴结清扫时间为(55.4±19.5)min;胸腔镜手术出血量为(99.5±79.2)ml,腹腔镜手术出血量为(40.5±23.4)ml。每例患者平均清扫淋巴结总数为(24.1±12.4)枚,其中胸腔淋巴结清扫(14.9±8.1)枚,腹腔淋巴结清扫(9.1±5.5)枚,颈区淋巴结清扫(1.5±1.3)枚。全组术中无死亡病例,术中因奇静脉或脾脏损伤出血4例,电凝钩或超声刀误伤气管4例,非病灶原因胸导管损伤13例,心房纤颤11例,食管切缘阳性R₁切除者4例。术后早期并发症超过10例次的包括肺部感染(11.42%)、颈部吻合瘘(7.04%)、心律失常(4.85%)、胸腔积液需要置管(3.29%)、喉返神经损伤(3.13%),术后乳糜胸(2.03%)。术后早期死亡6例(0.94%),分别为术后呼吸衰竭3例、气管管胃瘘后肺部严重感染1例、难控性高血糖并颈部吻合口瘘迁延不愈及多器官衰竭1例、胸胃瘘或坏死致主动脉腐蚀破裂出血1例。术后接受放化疗307例(48.04%);术后随访率为90.8%,平均随访时间(44.5±33.1)个月;术后1、2、3、5年的生存率分别为83.9%、69.7%、57.1%和45.5%。 结论腔镜辅助下McKeown术式食管癌切除在肿瘤R₀切除,以及术后近远期疗效上是可行且有效的。     

Autopsy findings in patients after curative esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The mode of recurrence after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer has seldom been studied in detail from autopsy findings. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the autopsy findings in 43 curatively resected cases of esophageal cancer between 1976 and 1997 at a single institution. RESULTS: Recurrent or residual esophageal cancer was identified in 27 of the 43 patients (62.8%) at autopsy. Local recurrence, lymph node metastases, hematogenous metastases, and serosal carcinomatosis were observed in 11 (25.6%), 18 (41.9%), 17 (39.5%), and 11 patients (25.6%), respectively. Metastases to the thoracic, abdominal, and cervical nodes were observed in 37.2%, 16.3%, and 11.6% of the cases at autopsy, respectively. The pulmonary hilar nodes were most frequently involved (25.6%). The frequency of local recurrence was significantly lower in cases after curative subtotal esophagectomy with two- or three-field dissection (19.4%) than in cases after lower esophagectomy (66.7%) (p = 0.032). The frequency of hematogenous metastases after curative esophagectomy after preoperative radiotherapy was significantly lower in responders (Grades 2 to 3) than in nonresponders (Grades 0 to 1) (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the characteristics of recurrence after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Despite esophagectomy with lymph node dissection, the frequency of each mode of recurrence was remarkably high. Anatomic difficulty of complete removal of lymph nodes by surgical procedures was suggested. Hematogenous metastases and serosal carcinomatosis were beyond surgical resection. More effective multimodal therapy will be required to improve survival of esophageal cancer patients.     

Surgical treatment for esophageal cancer in elderly patients over 75 years of age

We performed 127 esophageal resections for the esophageal cancer patient from December 1995 to September 2001. It was separated to under 70 years old patients group (group I), 71-74 years old patients group (group II), and over 75 years old patients group (group III). RESULTS: Postoperative complication was occurred in 53 cases (41.7%) within all of 127 esophageal resected cases. It was 33.7% in group I, 53.6% in group II, 62.5% in group III. Four years survival rate of each group is 38.3% in group I, 44.6% in group II, 31.3% in group III. It is significantly better in group II rather than in group III. Operative death rate is 12.5% (2 cases) in group III, 7.1% (2 cases) in group II, 3.6% (3 cases) in group I, and it is gradually higher and higher by patient's age. CONCLUSIONS: (1) In the esophageal cancer patient over 75 years old, postoperative complication rate is higher than under 74 years old patients, and prognosis is significantly poor rather than in 70-74 years old patients group. (2) In the esophageal cancer patient over 75 years old, we considered it is good indication of esophagectomy for stage I and stage II patient without preoperative complication, however, there are no operative indication for stage III and stage IV patient.     

Outcomes of active operation during intensive followup for second primary malignancy after esophagectomy for thoracic squamous cell esophageal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Recent advances in the treatment of thoracic esophageal cancer have afforded it a better prognosis. As a consequence, increasing attention is being paid to the outcomes with postoperative monitoring for second primary malignancies after esophagectomy, but no recent study has focused on the longterm followup and outcomes in these patients. STUDY DESIGN: In 1989, we began intensive prospective screening and surveillance designed to detect cancers of the head and neck, lung, stomach, residual esophagus, and colon/rectum after esophagectomy. Between 1989 and 2001, 365 patients underwent esophagectomy for thoracic squamous cell esophageal carcinoma in our department. Of those, 200 were followed up as part of this program. Excluded were patients in whom esophageal cancer recurred, patients with other prior or simultaneous malignancies, and patients who died within a year of operation. Clinicopathologic profiles and treatment outcomes were determined for 33 patients who developed a second primary malignancy after esophagectomy. RESULTS: The interval between the primary esophageal cancer and the secondary carcinoma was 49 +/- 40 months (median, 48 months). The second primary malignancies were located in the stomach (30%), head and neck (24%), lung (24%), colon/rectum (9%), liver (6%), pancreas (3%), and blood (6%). Twenty-one patients (64%) were classified as stage 0, I, or II; 10 (30%) were stage III or IV. Overall, the 2-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates following diagnosis of a second primary malignancy were 58.0%, 58.0%, and 48.6%, respectively. Of the 19 patients (58%) in whom second primary malignancies were detected before symptoms developed, the 5-year survival rate was 70.7%, which was significantly greater than that among patients whose secondary malignancies were discovered after symptoms developed (17.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Good outcomes in the treatment of second primary malignancies after esophagectomy for thoracic squamous cell esophageal carcinoma can be obtained with longterm, intensive followup and active surgical intervention for detected malignancies.     

电视胸腔镜辅助下食道癌切除术

目的探讨右胸电视胸腔镜应用于食道癌切除术的临床效果. 方法回顾性分析我院自1999年10月～2003年11月间23例电视胸腔镜辅助下食道癌切除术患者的临床资料.均经右胸胸腔镜完成胸腔、纵隔的探查及食道周围的游离,然后经颈部、腹部切口离断食管,再经颈部切口完成食管-胃底吻合.另选择同期行常规手术的食道癌患者作为对照. 结果 23例患者的手术时间、出血量、吻合口瘘等与同期常规手术患者无明显差别,但开胸后疼痛轻,肺部并发症少,术后患者恢复快,住院时间短. 结论电视胸腔镜辅助下食道癌切除手术有微创的优势,可作为部分患者的手术选择方式.     

Subtotal esophagectomy with extended 2-field lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of the Ivor Lewis esophagectomy with extended 2-field lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal carcinoma we reviewed our experience. METHODS: We analyzed the cases of 147 consecutive patients who underwent subtotal esophagectomy with extended 2-field lymph node dissection through Ivor Lewis approach for esophageal cancer from January 1996 through December 2000. Eighty-six patients were operated on for cancer of the midthoracic esophagus, 48 for cancer of the lower thoracic esophagus, and 13 for cancer of the aortal segment of the esophagus. No patient had received chemotherapy or radiotherapy before operation. RESULTS: There were 113 men (76.9%) and 34 women. Median age was 57 years (range 51-65 years). Postsurgical pathological studies revealed squamous cell carcinoma in 139 patients (94.6%), adenocarcinoma in five (3.4%), and adenosquamous carcinoma in three (2%). Positive abdominal and/or mediastinal lymph nodes were found in 122 patients (82.9%). At mean 43 nodes (range from 32 up to 75) were studied for each patient. Even in T(1)-T(2) tumors mediastinal or abdominal lymph nodes are involved in up to 80% of cases. However, in T(3)-T(4) stages the frequency of lymph node involvement is significantly higher (P<0.05). Postsurgical staging was as follows: stage I in three patients (2%), stage IIa in 20 (13.6%), stage IIb in 29 (19.7%), stage III in 54 (36.8%), and stage IV in 41 (27.9%). All distant metastases were lymphogenous. The operative mortality rate was 6.1%, and complications occurred in 62 patients (42.1%). The overall 5-year survive rate was 28.8% (median survival 36.1 months). The 5-year survival rate for patients in stage IIa was 59%; for those in stage IIb, 39.5%; for patients in stage III, 26.7%; and 0% for patients in stage IV. CONCLUSIONS: Subtotal esophagectomy with extended 2-field lymph node dissection through Ivor Lewis approach for esophageal cancer is a safe operation. Long-term survival is stage dependent. Effective multimodality treatment may be helpful for patients with advanced disease.     

Use of revascularized jejunum as a free graft for cervical esophagus

The recent advent of the small vessel suturing apparatus made possible the use of free intestinal segment for reconstruction of the resected cervical esophagus which has been one of the most difficult procedures. In the present communication, successful use of revascularized jejunal segment with Inokuchi’s vascular stapler in 13 cases of upper esophageal cancer was reported. Histological examination of the 10 resected specimens revealed that cancer invasion beyond the esophageal adventitia as well as risky cancer remnant at the resected margins were more frequently present when the tumor extended more than 5 cm longitudinally. Therefore esophageal cancer localized within the neck and extending less than 5 cm may well be indicated for the free intestinal transplantation. Details of the operative technique are described.     

Selection of operation for esophageal cancer based on staging.

The concept of en bloc removal of tissue surrounding the esophagus was applied to intrathoracic esophageal cancers, and the first 80 cases were operated on by this technique between 1969 and 1981. Analysis of prognostic factors showed that only penetration through the esophageal wall and lymph node spread influenced survival. Since 1981, a new staging system based on wall penetration (W) and lymph nodes (N), as well as systemic metastases (M), and similar to the modified Dukes' system for colon cancer has been used to select patients before and during surgery for en bloc resection if favorable pathology (W1, N0, or N1) could be anticipated. When curative resection was not attainable, based on preoperative and operative staging, a standard esophagectomy was considered for relief of symptoms when necessary. From July 1981 to June 1984, 68 esophageal cancers were referred to us, and 31 were resected by the en bloc method, 21 by standard esophagectomy, and 16 were not resected. The success of preoperative staging was confirmed, as only nine of the 31 en bloc cases demonstrated both W2 and N2 pathology. The proportion of W2N2 cases subjected to en bloc esophagectomy was less (p less than 0.01) than that in the preceding series. This selection of cases showed a favorable deviation in the survival curve following en bloc esophagectomy since 1981 compared to the earlier interval. Patients treated by en bloc esophagectomy had a significantly greater survival than they did following standard esophagectomy at all time intervals after 6 months. There was no difference in hospital mortality or complications between the two operations. Further evidence for the value of the new staging system was shown by the significant difference in survival curves between those with favorable versus unfavorable staging and treated by en bloc esophagectomy. Among all cases resected between 1981 and 1984, 18-month survival in W1 stage was 67% compared to 35% for W2 disease. Survival with N0 disease was 58% versus 43% for N1 stage and 21% for N2 stage. The favorable survival rates after en bloc resection in those with limited (less than W2N2) disease support the concept of selecting patients for curative surgery based on preoperative and operative staging. Preoperative radiation therapy caused a significant decline in patient survival at 6 and 12 months and has been abandoned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Use of revascularized jejunum as a free graft for cervical esophagus.

The recent advent of the small vessel suturing apparatus made possible the use of free intestinal segment for reconstruction of the resected cervical esophagus which has been one of the most difficult procedures. In the present communication, successful use of revascularized jejunal segment with Inokuchi's vascular stapler in 13 cases of upper esophageal cancer was reported. Histological examination of the 10 resected specimens revealed that cancer invasion beyond the esophageal adventitia as well as risky cancer remnant at the resected margins were more frequently present when the tumor extended more than 5 cm longitudinally. Therefore esophageal cancer localized within the neck and extending less than 5 cm may well be indicated for the free intestinal transplantation. Details of the operative technique are described.