体表巨大神经纤维瘤病的整形治疗

目的 探讨体表巨大神经纤维瘤病的整形治疗方法.方法 对18例患者手术切除巨大神经纤维瘤后,采用肿瘤皮肤反鼓切取回植术,自体全厚皮片移植或扩张后皮瓣转移修复术,或部分切除缝合术,使外观和功能得以重建.结果 Ⅰ期切除修复后,16例伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,2例伤口延期愈合.18例全部恢复生活自理及工作能力.结论 体表巨大神经纤维瘤病经过手术切除及重建整形治疗,可以使患者恢复身心康复和日常生活、工作能力.     

体表神经纤维瘤的手术治疗探讨

目的：探讨体表神经纤维瘤的切除及创面修复的方法。方法：24例患者均行手术,其中切除后直接缝合13例,皮瓣转移6例,皮片移植4例,1例行肿瘤切除术同时行截肢术。术中采用肿胀麻醉技术,控制性降压技术等治疗方法。结果：20例患者Ⅰ期愈合,4例部分伤口裂开,经换药而愈。有两例巨大神经纤维瘤术中予以输血,其余病人未予输血。结论：对体表神经纤维瘤行切除手术,术中采用合适技术,可显著减少术中出血,降低手术风险,创面修复应根据瘤体大小及部位选择不同的修复方法。     

神经纤维瘤病-Ⅱ型的诊断和治疗

目的探讨神经纤维瘤病-Ⅱ型（Neurofibromatosistype2,NF2）的诊断及治疗,提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析2000年以来诸暨市人民医院神经外科收治的经手术或临床、病理证实4例神经纤维瘤病-Ⅱ型,并就相关文献复习。结果在4例患者中,男1例,女3例,平均27.6岁。出现双侧听神经瘤3例,出现一侧听神经瘤1例,合并视神经胶质瘤1例,合并脑膜瘤1例,合并椎管内外神经纤维瘤及神经鞘瘤2例。4例患者均经手术切除。手术效果尚可。结论神经纤维瘤病-Ⅱ型的临床及MRI表现有一定的特征性,MRI平扫加增强是诊断本病的主要检查手段,手术全切为其最佳选择,目前无有效根治方法。     

选择性颞部丛状神经纤维瘤切除的初步探索

目的 尝试进行选择性颞部丛状神经纤维瘤切除治疗,以保护面神经颞支的功能。方法 2011年11月到2012年12月,针对14例神经纤维瘤病患者的颞部肿瘤进行手术,其中9例患者进行了非选择性的神经纤维瘤切除术,5例患者实施了保护面神经颞支的选择性神经纤维瘤切除,观察并比较两组患者的术后疗效。结果 所有患者术后面部外观得到改善。非选择性肿瘤切除患者,面神经颞支功能破坏,术后抬眉功能丧失;选择性肿瘤切除患者面神经颞支功能获得成功保留。本组术后随访15~24个月,所有神经纤维瘤病灶无复发,手术效果保持良好。结论 选择性颞部神经纤维瘤切除术可明显改善面部畸形,同时完整保留面神经颞支功能。     

体表软组织巨大神经纤维瘤的手术治疗

目的 探索手术治疗体表软组织巨大神经纤维瘤的方法和疗效。方法 自2004年1月至2013年12月,共治疗21例体表软组织巨大神经纤维瘤患者。根据瘤体的部位、侵犯程度和局部解剖等情况,采用直接手术切除部分瘤体皮瓣修复、完整切除瘤体植皮修复、扩张器治疗逐步切除瘤体、介入栓塞主要营养动脉后切除瘤体等方法治疗。结果直接手术切除部分瘤体10例,均行皮瓣修复创面;直接手术完整切除瘤体4例,均行植皮修复;扩张器治疗切除头部瘤体1例;介入栓塞主要营养动脉后切除瘤体6例。17例手术切口一期愈合,4例患者手术切口愈合不良,经换药后愈合。所有患者术后局部外形明显改善,肢体功能得以保留并有所提高。结论 手术治疗巨大神经纤维瘤能有效减轻瘤体负荷,改善外形和功能,提高患者生活质量。对于合适的患者应用扩张器治疗和术前进行营养动脉栓塞能提高手术效果,保障手术安全。     

铜离子电化学方法辅助手术治疗神经纤维瘤

目的:探讨采用铜离子电化学治疗仪术中辅助治疗神经纤维瘤的有效性和临床意义;方法:2002年7月～2006年6月,对13例患者均采用铜离子电化学方法手术治疗神经纤维瘤,手术分步骤进行,先采用铜离子电化学治疗仪和不同长度直径的铜针作用于神经纤维瘤组织,然后瘤体周围缝线,最后切除肿瘤组织,皮瓣和植皮覆盖创面。结果:术中手术视野清楚,肿瘤切除大小约为10cm×13cm～20cm×35cm,重量约0.8～3.2kg,术中出血约为200ml～600ml,术中均未给予输血,术后皮瓣血运和皮片存活良好,创面10～14天愈合。随访3个月～35个月,平均10个月,全身情况良好,后期局部无瘤体复发。结论:采用铜离子电化学方法术中辅助治疗神经纤维瘤能明显减少术中出血,减少术中术后输血,减少患者的手术风险和治疗费用,可以作为手术治疗神经纤维瘤的首选辅助治疗方法。     

综合治疗巨大神经纤维瘤一例报告

神经纤维瘤是一种源于皮肤和皮下组织的一种良性肿瘤，生长速度较慢，但也可有阶段性生长加速。神经纤维瘤病是神经嵴细胞分化异常而导致多系统损害的常染色体显性遗传病，累及神经、肌肉、骨骼、内脏和皮肤^[1,2]，其治疗较为困难。应首选手术切除治疗。但对于巨大神经纤维瘤，手术切除面临着失血过多的风险及瘤体切除后创面修复两大难题^[3]。如何减少术中出血，是切除巨大神经纤维瘤病的关键之一。     

应用显微外科技术治疗周围神经纤维瘤

目的 报道周围神经纤维瘤显微外科技术治疗的效果。方法 应用显微外科技术手术切除周围神经纤维瘤11例,其中尺神经纤维瘤3例,正中神经纤维瘤3例,胫神经纤维瘤2例,坐骨神经纤维瘤1例,腓总神经纤维瘤1例,马尾神经纤维瘤1例。结果 11例肿瘤均通过显微外科手术全切除,术后经长期随访（平均2年5个月）无1 复发,受累神经支配区的功能均得到最大限度的恢复。结论 应用显微外科技术早期手术,术中注意保护神经干的分支和血运及合理地选择术式是手术成功的关键。     

皮肤软组织扩张术在头皮神经纤维瘤治疗中的应用

目的:探讨皮肤软组织扩张术在头皮神经纤维瘤治疗中的应用效果。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月-2018年12月笔者科室应用皮肤软组织扩张术治疗的12例头皮神经纤维瘤患者。根据肿瘤的部位和面积、二期手术皮瓣转移的方式、头皮血供分布,在瘤体旁正常头皮内置入扩张器。定期注水扩张,至满足修复需求的容量,二期手术切除肿瘤,扩张皮瓣覆盖创面。对于巨大的肿瘤,可多次接力扩张。结果:12例头皮神经纤维瘤患者进行15个周期的扩张治疗,二期手术后肿瘤均成功切除,皮瓣全部成活,切口愈合良好。2例患者出现皮瓣下血肿,经穿刺抽血、加压包扎后治愈。随访1～6个月,肿瘤无原位复发,患者外观满意。结论:对于不超过头皮面积1/2的中小面积头皮神经纤维瘤,皮肤软组织扩张术治疗能获得优良效果。     

神经纤维瘤病Ⅰ型的临床诊断与外科治疗

神经纤维瘤是临床治疗较为困难的肿瘤，而神经纤维瘤病则更为复杂。1998年至2004年我们收治神经纤维瘤病Ⅰ型53例，获得满意结果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.