285例泌尿系感染患儿的病原菌监测及耐药性分析

目的了解小儿泌尿系感染常见病原菌分布及其耐药情况。方法对本院分离的285例尿培养阳性患儿病原菌构成比及耐药性进行分析。结果 285株细菌中,革兰阴性杆菌174株(61.05%),革兰阳性球菌98株(34.39%),真菌(4.56%),前5位致病菌分别为大肠埃希菌(38.60%)、屎肠球菌(15.09%)、粪肠球菌(14.39%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(12.63%)、表皮葡萄球菌(3.86%)。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)较高,其对亚胺培南美和罗培南无耐药,耐药率较低的依次为呋喃妥因、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星和左氧氟沙星,产ESBLs菌株的耐药性高于不产ESBLs的菌株。屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌及表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁无耐药,其次对呋喃妥因和利福平的耐药率较低。结论本院小儿尿路感染病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主,细菌耐药性严重,临床治疗小儿泌尿系感染应根据药敏结果选择用药,避免滥用抗菌药物。     

泌尿系感染病原菌分布及耐药性监测

目的了解我院泌尿系感染病原菌的分布现状及体外耐药性,为临床提供诊断与治疗依据。方法采用全自动微生物分析仪ATB Expression及配套试剂,对我院2005年1月1日~2006年6月30日的住院及门诊患者尿培养分离出的561株病原菌进行细菌鉴定和体外耐药性监测。结果大肠埃希菌是引发泌尿系感染的主要病原菌,占42.1%;其次为肠球菌属(14.2%)、直菌(13.7%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(9.1%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(4.5%)、奇异变形杆菌(2.9%)及铜绿假单胞菌(2.1%);大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株检出率分别为37.7%和40.0%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)和高水平庆大霉素耐药肠球菌(HLGR)检出率分别为66.7%和72.5%;体外耐药监测表明;肠杆菌科细菌对碳青酶烯类保持100%敏感性,对β-内酰脑酶抑制剂复合物和阿米卡星敏感性较强(76%),对其他抗菌药物耐药率较高;革兰阳性球菌耐药情况也相当严重,但尚未发现耐万古霉素菌株。结论泌尿系感染最主要病原菌为大肠埃希菌,假丝酵母菌分离率显著上升;病原菌耐药率呈上升趋势,临床医师应积极送检,根据尿培养结果合理选用抗菌药物进行治疗。     

259株泌尿系感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析本院泌尿系感染患者的病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床泌尿系统感染的预防和治疗提供实验依据。方法对中段尿培养分离的259株细菌进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌进行产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检测。结果 259株病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌187株,占72.2%(187/259),革兰阳性菌43株,占16.6%(43/259),真菌29株,占11.2%(29/259)。革兰阴性菌中以大肠埃希菌(139株)和肺炎克雷伯菌(22株)为主,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为55.4%(77/139)和45.4%(10/22);药敏结果显示,革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南敏感性较好(100%);革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑烷敏感性较高(100%)。结论泌尿系感染中以革兰阴性杆菌为主,大肠杆菌为最常见的病原菌,未发现耐万古霉素的革兰阳性球菌。根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物对泌尿系感染的治愈与耐药菌株的控制有重要意义。     

2007年武汉同济医院细菌耐药性监测

目的 调查我院2007年临床分离常见病原菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况.方法 采用纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物敏感性试验.以WHONET 5.4软件进行数据分析.结果 4503株临床分离病原菌中.革兰阳性球菌1398株,占31.0%,革兰阴性杆菌3 103株,占68.9%.非ICU前6位病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、不动杆菌属、克雷伯菌属和金葡菌;ICU前5位病原菌依次为不动杆菌属、金葡菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属.MRSA在ICU、内科和外科的检出率分别为84.0%、51.1%和73.0%,而MRCNS的检出率分别为90.0%,54.6%和65.5%.ICU分离的金葡菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的耐药率均较非ICU高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).均未检出糖肽类抗生素耐药革兰阳性球菌.肠杆菌科细菌对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、阿米卡星的耐药率均低于30%.产ESBL大肠埃希菌在ICU,内科和外科的检出率分别为79.2%、74.3%和78.3%,而产ESBL克雷伯菌属的检出率分别为34.8%、51.3%和63.5%.ICU分离的不动杆菌属对所有常用抗菌药物的耐药率比非ICU分离株高.且差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 临床常见病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌约占2/3,碳青霉烯类抗生素对肠杆菌科细菌仍保持最高活性.临床细菌对多数常用抗菌药物耐药率呈上升趋势.ICU比非ICU分离株耐药性严重,多重耐药菌株检出率高.     

泌尿系感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的研究泌尿系感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法应用BD Phoenix 100细菌分析鉴定仪对236株感染病原菌进行鉴定和药敏分析。对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌进行产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌检测。结果 236株病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌123株(52.1%),革兰阳性球菌86株(36.4%),真菌27株(11.4%)。在所有分离菌中,大肠埃希菌89株,占37.7%;其余依次为粪肠球菌43株(18.2%);真菌27株(11.4%);屎肠球菌菌25株(10.6%);铜绿假单胞菌19株(8.1%);金黄葡萄球菌11株(4.7%)等。药敏结果显示,革兰阴性杆菌对美洛培南和亚胺培南的敏感性最高,耐药率分别为0.4%和1.2%,对氨苄西林耐药率高达92.8%。结论大肠埃希菌在泌尿系感染中仍占绝对优势,革兰阴性菌和真菌检出率明显增多。泌尿系感染病原菌的耐药情况比较严重,合理使用抗菌药物非常重要。     

2111株病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的为临床医生合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2013年1~12月该院感染患者的病原学检测及药敏试验结果进行调查分析。结果 2013年共检出2 111株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌占75.5%(1 594/2 111),以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、产酸克雷伯菌为主;革兰阳性菌占20.3%(428/2 111),以肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌为主;真菌89株,占4.2%(89/2 111)。药敏试验显示,肺炎克雷伯菌对13种抗菌药物的耐药率均小于25.0%。大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌对头孢菌素类抗菌药物高度耐药,对头孢哌酮舒巴坦较为敏感。革兰阳性菌对大环内酯类抗菌药物耐药率大于70.0%,未检出对万古霉素耐药株。金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素类抗菌药物高度耐药。结论加强细菌耐药性的监测有助于合理使用抗菌药物,避免耐药菌株的产生及传播。     

泌尿系感染分离病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨泌尿系感染病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床抗菌治疗提供依据。方法按照全国临床检验操作规程对2015年1月-2016年12月间符合泌尿系感染诊断患者送检的尿标本进行分离、培养,采用珠海迪尔生产的鉴定和药敏复合板进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验。结果 340例符合泌尿系感染患者送检尿标本780例,分离病原菌257株,病原菌主要分布泌尿外科、外科、ICU、神经外科等科室,分离病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌202株,革兰阳性球菌43株,真菌12株,比例分别为78.6%、16.7%、4.7%。257株病原菌中大肠埃希菌比例最高(44.7%),产ESBLs大肠埃希菌61.7%,大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林,头孢类抗菌药物耐药率高,对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、呋喃妥因、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率低,肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形杆菌对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南耐药性低。奇异变形杆菌对呋喃妥因、复方新诺明、头孢呋辛耐药水平高。铜绿假单孢菌对亚胺培南耐药性明显高于肠杆菌。分离的革兰阳性球菌以肠球菌为主。屎肠球菌耐药性明显高于粪肠球菌。未发现耐万古霉素菌株,分离真菌主要为白念珠菌。结论泌尿系感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌,严格遵守尿路置管指征,注重病原菌耐药性检测,加强抗菌药物管理,合理使用抗菌药物是控制泌尿系感染的关键。     

儿童重症监护病房病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 调查2008年武汉市儿童医院重症监护病房(PICU)病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 采用VITEK-32微生物全自动鉴定系统鉴定细菌菌种,以纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,按美国临床及实验室标准化协会(CLSI)2008年标准操作.结果 全年共分离细菌584株,其中革兰阴性杆菌68.15%,革兰阳性球菌21.58%,真菌10.27%.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌属超广谱β-内酰胺酶产生率分别为57.77%和58.62%.耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率为75.00%.药敏结果显示,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南、环丙沙星、阿米卡星最敏感,其次为哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性较低的抗生索依次为环丙沙星、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,对碳青霉烯类耐药率达50%以上;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对复方新诺明最敏感,其次为环丙沙星,对碳青霉烯类耐药率达100%;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺最敏感.结论 我院PICU优势病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌为主.各类细菌对常用抗菌药物表现为高度多重耐药,临床应依据细菌病原学及耐药性资料合理选择抗菌药物.     

2012年四川省彭州市人民医院常见肠杆菌科细菌药敏分析

目的了解2012年四川省彭州市人民医院肠杆菌科抗菌药物治疗的效果,指导抗菌药物的临床应用。方法常规方法分离培养临床病原菌;用自动化细菌鉴定仪鉴定细菌至菌种的水平;药敏试验方法按临床实验室标准化协会(clini-cal and laboratory standards institute,CLSI)规定的标准进行。用Whonet5.5系统软件进行数据统计分析。结果共分离出肠杆菌科细菌821株,其中肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种309株,大肠埃菌242株,阴沟肠杆菌86株,产气肠杆菌40株,产酸克雷伯菌42株。敏感性最高的抗菌药物为碳青霉烯类,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种、产酸克雷伯菌对头孢替坦均较敏感,敏感率分别为98.3%、98.3%和100%;而头孢吡肟对肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种、产酸克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌的敏感率为92.2%、92.6%、97%和100%;超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum beta-lactamase,ESBL)阳性的肠杆菌科细菌,大肠埃希菌阳性率为59.5%、产酸克雷伯菌为16.7%、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种为14.63%。结论碳青霉烯类仍是肠杆菌科细菌最敏感的药物,但已出现碳青霉烯类耐药,应引起重视。抗生素治疗应依据细菌学指导,选择敏感药物。     

泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨本地区引起泌尿系感染的病原菌及其耐药性,为临床治疗提供依据。方法用常规方法分离鉴定病原菌,用K-B法进行药物敏感试验。结果302株病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌252株,占83%,主要为大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。革兰阳性球菌38株,占13%。真菌12株,占4%。大肠埃希菌产ESBLs检出率为43.8%,肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率为57.1%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率为56.2%,MRSA的检出率为22.2%。结论了解引起泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物以减少耐药菌株的产生和医院感染的爆发流行。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。