硒蛋氨酸的营养、代谢和毒性

硒是人体必需微量元素。硒蛋氨酸和硒半胱氨酸是膳食硒的主要化学形式。亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠是常用的补硒形式。中国居民膳食以植物性食物为主 ,而硒蛋氨酸是植物性食物特别是谷类食物中硒的主要化学形式 ,因此硒蛋氨酸在我国居民营养中占有重要地位。本文拟就国内外有关硒蛋氨酸的存在、代谢和毒性进行综述     

硒蛋白氨酸的营养，代谢和毒性

硒是人体必需微量元素，硒蛋氨酸和硒半胱氨酸是膳食硒的主要化学形式，亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠是常用的补硒形式，中国居民膳食以植物性食物为主，而硒蛋氨酸是植物性食物特别是谷类食物中硒的主要化学形式，因此硒蛋氨酸在我国居民营养中占有重要地位，本拟就国内外有关硒蛋氨酸的存在，代谢和毒性进行综述。     

088 硒蛋氨酸的营养、代谢和毒性

硒是人体必需微量元素.硒蛋氨酸和硒半胱氨酸是膳食硒的主要化学形式.亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠是常用的补硒形式.中国居民膳食以植物性食物为主,而硒蛋氨酸是植物性食物特别是谷类食物中硒的主要化学形式,因此硒蛋氨酸在我国居民营养中占有重要地位.本文拟就国内外有关硒蛋氨酸的存在、代谢和毒性进行综述.     

中国成人硒需要量研究

目的 探讨使人体血浆硒蛋白P(SEPPI)达到饱和的硒摄入量,以评估硒需要量,为膳食硒参考摄入量DRIB的修订提供参考.方法 时98名低硒健康受试者(体重平均58kg)进行为期40w的双盲补硒实验.随机分为七组,补硒(以硒蛋氨酸形式)剂量分别为0、21、35、55、79、102和125 μg/d.定期检测血浆中谷胱甘肽...     

膳食维生素B_6对硒的生物利用率影响的研究 Ⅰ．对补硒大鼠组织硒含量的影响

研究膳食维生素Ｂ６（ＶＢ６）对大鼠组织中硒水平的影响。喂饲４周龄断乳雄性大鼠缺ＶＢ６缺硒的酪蛋白蔗糖基础膳食，２周后按体重把动物分成１０组。实验是２×２×２析因设计，２个水平ＶＢ６（每克膳食含０和２．５０μｇ盐酸吡哆醇），２种形式硒（亚硒酸钠和ＤＬ－硒蛋氨酸），２个硒水平（每公斤膳食含０．５和５．０ｍｇ硒），加上２个缺硒组（缺ＶＢ６和补ＶＢ６）。实验期为４周。结果在饲硒蛋氨酸的缺ＶＢ６组，血浆硒水平高于对应的补ＶＢ６组，但是缺ＶＢ６各组的红细胞中硒含量均显著低于补ＶＢ６各组。缺ＶＢ６时，饲亚硒酸钠动物的骨骼肌和心肌中硒水平均显著低于补ＶＢ６的动物；饲硒蛋氨酸大鼠的骨骼肌、心肌、脾、肝和肾脏中硒含量均显著高于补ＶＢ６组。提示ＶＢ６参与了硒在体内的转运以及硒蛋氨酸在肝脏中的代谢过程。     

亚硒酸钠和硒蛋氨酸的毒性比较

目的　比较亚硒酸钠和硒蛋氨酸毒性差异以及探讨硒中毒的指标。方法　将断乳Wistar大鼠随机分为 7组 ,每组 14只 ,雌雄各半。其中一组为对照组 ,另外六组分别给予含硒 3、6、10mg kg的亚硒酸钠或硒蛋氨酸饲料 ,于第 12周将其处死。结果　当饲料硒水平达到 3mg kg时 ,动物肝脏出现病理变化 ,在Se6mg kg时 ,体重才出现下降。饲料硒水平为 6、10mg kg时 ,同一饲料硒水平的亚硒酸钠组大鼠体重小于硒蛋氨酸组。饲料硒水平为 3、6mg kg时 ,硒蛋氨酸组大鼠的肝脏病理改变轻于亚硒酸钠组 ,雄性大鼠轻于雌性。亚硒酸钠组较硒蛋氨酸组或雌性大鼠较雄性大鼠在肝脏体重比方面变化更为明显。除雌性大鼠肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GPX)活性随硒水平升高而降低外 ,其它补硒各组肝、红细胞、血浆GPX活性具有随硒水平的升高而升高的趋势。结论　大鼠硒中毒的剂量为Se 3mg kg,硒蛋氨酸的毒性小于亚硒酸钠 ,雌性大鼠对硒毒性更为敏感     

硒和血红蛋白关系的初探

本文探讨了硒(Se)在血红蛋白(Hb)上的分布,以及摄硒量和摄硒形式对其分布的影响。结果表明,人体Hb中Se全部在珠蛋白上,且均匀分布于α和β链上;当硒蛋氨酸形式的硒摄入较多而在Hb中出现“富裕”硒时,在分离过程中有一部分硒会从Hb上脱落下来。这就提示Se与Hb之间至少存在紧密和松散的两种连接方式。 据α和β链中氨基酸的组成,我们推测,Se和Hb之间较紧密的连接是以硒蛋氨酸形式存在,它是膳食硒在Hb合成时掺入的;那松散的连接是有一部分“富裕”硒与半胱氨酸(CyS),特别是β链93位的CyS,连接形成不稳定的硒代三硫化物或硒过硫化物,它们在分离时很容易被还原脱落。一旦机体需要硒时,有可能首先动用这部分硒。     

我国人民硒需要量的研究 五、硒生理需要量的再研究和有关硒需要量问题的讨论

对本所12名职工分别补充不同剂量的亚硒酸钠(8人)和硒蛋氨酸(4人),每组男女各半。实验膳供给硒量男女分别为48.3±20.2和42.8±20.4μg/日。实验结果表明:不论补充哪一种形式的硒和补充剂量的大小,受试者血浆GSHpx活力在实验期始终保持不变。因此,本次观察天然膳食所得男子摄入量≤48.3和以往用补充的方法在低硒地区的结果是一致的,但若单独考虑本次实验结果成年男子应为60μg。此外,为了确定实验对象血浆硒水平是否在补充前已达到最高恒定水平,给另一组6人(男女各半),每天补充相当于20μg硒的亚硒酸钠,结果显示:受试者血浆硒对补充的硒有反应,在男女分别摄入硒的量达到68.3±20.2和62.8±20.4μg/日时,血浆硒达到最高恒定水平。文内简单地讨论了血浆GSHpx和补充亚硒酸钠后血浆硒的最高恒定水平的营养意义。     

补充不同水平亚硒酸钠和硒蛋氨酸对大鼠硒代谢的影响

目的　研究各组织在硒代谢中的作用。方法　将断乳Wistar大鼠随机分为成 9组 ,每组 14只 ,雌雄各半。其中一组为对照组 ,另外 8组给予亚硒酸钠或硒蛋氨酸分别为Se 3、6、10、15mg kg饲料 ,饲养 12周。取组织进行硒测定。结果　补充亚硒酸钠组大鼠硒主要分布于肝脏、肾脏、红细胞和骨等组织 ,而补充硒蛋氨酸组大鼠体内硒主要分布在肌肉 ,其次为肝脏、肾脏、骨和红细胞等组织中。结论　硒蛋氨酸组比亚硒酸钠组大鼠更易发生硒蓄积。雌雄大鼠组织器官中的硒含量有差异。骨、毛和红细胞等组织的硒含量和饲料硒水平具有较好的相关性。     

低硒大鼠对紫阳高硒小麦硒的相对生物利用率

本文用耗竭—补充—耗竭的设计,以克山病病区低硒粮饲料(含硒0.006ppm)喂养大鼠6周后,观察了补充紫阳高硒小麦(含硒1.175ppm)或亚硒酸钠,使饲料含硒分别为0.219和0.223ppm时,以及停止补硒后,大鼠组织和血液硒水平和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-px)活性的变化,并评估了紫阳高硒小麦的相对生物利用率。结果表明,以血浆、红细胞、肾、肝和心肌硒水平为指标时,高硒小麦硒的平均生物利用率(补硒2、4和6周时)与亚硒酸钠相似,其相对生物利用率分别为98％,104％,100％,96％和101％(亚硒酸钠为100％);而以心肌和红细胞GSH-Px活性为指标时,其生物利用率(90％和70％)低于亚硒酸钠。但在补硒的各时期,血液和各组织对高硒小麦硒的相对生物利用率不尽相同。此外,在停止补硒3周时,高硒小麦维持心、肝和红细胞硒水平以及心肌GSH-Px活性的作用优于亚硒酸钠。     

膳食硒对人血中含硒组分的影响

在不同膳食硒代表地区的农村,对健康男性成人进行了血中含硒组分的比较。结果表明,当膳食硒满足机体谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)合成需要后,“富裕”硒会进入红细胞的Hb和血浆的白蛋白中,也即膳食硒水平不同可导致人血中Hb和白蛋白中含硒量的差异。由此提示:这二者似乎起了硒库作用,因而有可能成为硒储备需要量和硒中毒的有用指标。     

Composition of chemical species of selenium contained in selenium-enriched shiitake mushroom and vegetables determined by high performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Selenium (Se) species in Se-enriched shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICPMS). Two types of Se-enriched shiitake obtained from selenite- or selenate-fertilized mushroom beds were used. More than 80% of Se in both shiitake samples could not be extracted with 0.2 M HCl. Protease digestion released a large amount of selenomethionine from the shiitake enriched with selenite. However, most of the Se in the shiitake enriched with selenate was not released by protease but was released by a cell wall digestive enzyme and most of the Se released was identified as selenate. These results indicate that the main Se species in the shiitake enriched with selenite or selenate is selenomethionine bound to protein or selenate bound to polysaccharides in the cell wall, respectively. Several Se-enriched vegetables grown on a soil fertilized with selenate were also analyzed by HPLC-ICPMS. Four Se species, selenate, Se-methylselenocysteine, selenomethionine, gamma-glutamyl-Se-methylselenocysteine, and an unknown Se compound were detected in the vegetables. The composition of Se species varied with the kinds or parts of vegetables. The main Se species in bulbs, leaves or flowers of the Se-enriched garlic, onions, cabbage and ashitaba were selenate, Se-methylselenocysteine or gamma-glutamyl-Se-methylselenocysteine, while those in fruit bodies of the peppers and pumpkin were selenomethionine bound to protein. Bioavailabilities of Se in the shiitake mushroom enriched with selenite and the vegetables enriched with selenate are expected to be high, but that in shiitake enriched with selenate may be low.     

Selenium bioaccumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and subsequent transfer to Corbicula fluminea: role of selenium speciation and bivalve ventilation

The uptake of Se by the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the subsequent transfer to the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea was investigated. The objective was to investigate the bioavailability of algal-bound Se for C. fluminea while taking into account Se speciation and bivalve ventilation. First, uptake rates of waterborne Se (selenite, selenate, and selenomethionine) in the algae during a 1-h exposure period were determined for a range of concentrations up to 2,000 microg/L. Fluxes for selenite uptake were constant in the range of concentrations tested, whereas fluxes for selenate and selenomethionine uptake decreased with increasing concentrations, suggesting a saturated transport system at high concentrations (approximately 1,000 microg/L for selenate and 100 microg/L for selenomethionine). These data were used to set the algal contamination for the study of trophic transfer to the clam. Three parameters were studied: The Se form, the algal density, and the Se burden in the algae. The results show that for a fixed algal density, an Se-contaminated algal diet does not modify ventilation. In this case, the driving factor for ventilation is the algal density, with ventilation being enhanced for low algal densities. On the basis of ventilatory flow rate measurements and Se burdens in algae, it was found that bioaccumulation of Se in C. fluminea was proportional to the total quantity of Se passing through the whole organism, but with a lesser extraction coefficient for selenomethionine than for the inorganic forms. These results underline the importance of both physiological factors and speciation in understanding the trophic transfer of Se.     

Metabolism in rats of selenium from intrinsically and extrinsically labeled isolated soy protein

Absorption, retention and tissue accumulation by rats of 75Se from intrinsically labeled isolated soy protein were compared with utilization of 75Se from the extrinsic sources of [75Se]selenite, [75Se]selenate or [75Se]selenomethionine. Extrinsic sources of selenium were given by gavage or mixed with isolated soy protein. There were no differences in absorption and retention of 75Se from intrinsically labeled soy diet compared to the three extrinsically labeled soy diets. Of the three extrinsic sources tested, 75Se from selenate was better absorbed than from selenite or selenomethionine when incorporated into a soy diet. Absorption of 75Se was significantly lower when given to animals in gavage solution than when mixed with soy diets. After a 14-d test period, retention of 75Se was the same for all four soy diet groups. In gavaged groups, 75Se from selenomethionine was retained to a greater extent than 75Se from selenite. The liver, testes and kidney accumulated more 75Se from the test meal than did the blood and lungs. In the testes more 75Se from selenite and selenate was accumulated than from selenomethionine-labeled diets. Selenium absorption from the soy isolate source was very high (86-96%), indicating that, although soy does not normally contain high levels of selenium, the selenium present is well absorbed from this plant source.     

大鼠对富硒平菇硒的生物利用率

本实验用低硒大鼠对人工栽培富硒平菇作了硒生物利用率观察。大鼠按体重随机分为9组,其中1组为低硒对照组,2～5组补充Na_2SeO_3,饲料内硒含量分别为:0.51、0.75、1.91、3.18ppm;6～9组补充富硒平菇,硒为0.45、0.72、1.59、3.41ppm。3周后处死大鼠,采血、肝、测定硒含量,并测定红细胞GSH-Px酶活性。结果表明:血、肝硒值及红细胞GSH-Px酶活性均随补硒浓度的增加而增加,以亚硒酸钠为基准,富硒平菇硒生物利用率,按血硒指标为66.66％;按肝硒指标为125％;按红细胞GSH-Px酶活性指标为123.42％,说明人工栽培富硒平菇可作为极好的食物硒来源。     

Metabolic studies of [75Se]selenocystine and [75Se]selenomethionine in the rat.

1. The long-term fate in rats of an oral dose of [75Se]selenocystine was compared with that of an oral dose of [75Se]selenomethionine. 2. Urinary and faecal radioactivities were measured during the 1st week and whole-body radioactivity was determined for 10 weeks. Rats were killed at weekly intervals for 4 weeks and at weeks 6 and 10 for analysis of tissue distribution of 75Se. 3. Intestinal absorption of [75Se]selenocystine was 81% of the administered dose; that of [75Se]selenomethionine was 86%. Urinary excretion of absorbed [75Se]selenocystine was 13-9% and that of [75Se]selenomethionine was 5-8% in the 1st week. 4. Whole-body retention of 75Se was greater for [75Se]selenomethionine than for [75Se]selenocystine but after the 1st week it decreased at a similar rate in both groups. Tissue distribution of retained 75Se was also similar in both groups. 5. The initial utilization of [75Se]selenocystine was different from that of [75Se]selenomethionine. However, after the 1st week 75Se from both sources appeared to be metabolized similarly, suggesting that dietary Se of both forms is ultimately incorporated into the same metabolic pool. 6. When these findings were compared with those of earlier studies with [75Se]selenite and 75Se incorporated in vivo into rabbit kidney (RK-64Se) (Thomson, Stewart & Robinson, 1975) the metabolism of [75Se]selenocystine resembled that of [75Se]selenite and RK-75Se, rather than that of [75Se]selenomethionine.     

Comparative studies of selenium-75 (selenite and selenomethionine) absorption from various milk diets in suckling rats

Selenium (Se) absorption was studied in human milk, bovine milk and infant formula (Similac) using suckling rats as a model. The effect of age on Se absorption from the three milk diets extrinsically labeled with 75Se, either as selenite or selenomethionine, was also investigated. Milk diets were fed by gastric intubation and the radioactivity in the carcass, gastrointestinal tract and the liver were measured 3 h after feeding. There was no difference in [75Se]selenite absorption from the three milk diets between 8-20 d of age. However, significantly higher quantity of 75Se was absorbed from all three milk diets by 20-d-old rats than by the younger rats (46 vs. 32%). This increase in [75Se]selenite absorption with advancing age is opposite to what has been found for most other trace elements. When rats were fed milk diets labeled with [75Se]selenomethionine, the absorption of 75Se was approximately twofold higher in all age groups compared with 75Se absorption from selenite. No difference in [75Se]selenomethionine absorption existed among the three milk diets in 8- or 10-d-old suckling rats. However, at 15 d of age [75Se]selenomethionine absorption from human milk was higher (82%) than from either bovine milk (72%) or infant formula (72%). Between 8 and 20 d of age, absorption of [75Se]selenomethionine from the three milk diets decreased with advancing age. Adding sodium selenate to increase the total nonradioactive Se of human milk, bovine milk (endogenous plus the added selenium) did not affect the absorption of either [75Se]selenomethionine or [75Se]selenite.     

Labeling hen's egg with 74Se for use in human metabolic experiments

Experiments were conducted with laying hens to explore quantitative aspects of incorporation of 75Se ( radioselenium ) at various dosing levels and for different chemical forms of an orally administered tracer. Quantitative distribution of the incorporated isotope in egg white and egg yolk was strongly influenced by both the chemical form of the label and the dosing level. The ratio of egg yolk:egg white selenium decreased with increased level of administered dose of selenite. In addition, the rate of incorporation and the amount of selenium in whole egg were higher when [75Se]selenomethionine was given as compared to [75Se]selenite. Characterization of the chemical form of selenium in egg white and egg yolk labeled biologically by giving hens radioactive selenite or selenomethionine was performed by classification as: selenite, selenoprotein and fat-bound selenium. Studies were then undertaken to achieve intrinsic labeling of egg white and egg yolk with stable isotope 74Se for purposes of exploring selenium bioavailability in humans. Enrichments of 74Se in egg white and egg yolk of hens given high dose selenite (54.4 micrograms 74Se ) were 20- and 28-fold, whereas in egg white and egg yolk of hens given low dose (10.9 micrograms 74Se ) they were 4- and 10-fold the level of natural abundance, respectively. The stable isotope-labeling studies indicated that a 7-day sequential dosing protocol with 20-100 micrograms Se per dose permitted sufficient enrichment of egg white (only high dose) and of yolk with the stable isotope 74Se for use in human metabolic studies.     

The retention and distribution by healthy young men of stable isotopes of selenium consumed as selenite, selenate or hydroponically-grown broccoli are dependent on the isotopic form

Twenty-seven healthy young men were randomly assigned to diets that supplied low (32.6 microg/d) or high (226.5 microg/d) levels of selenium for a 105-d study. After consuming the diets for 85 d, subjects were fed a test meal that contained 74Se in the form of selenite or selenate and 82Se incorporated into hydroponically-raised broccoli. Urine, fecal and blood samples were collected daily. Isotope absorption was not different (P > 0.05) for selenate and Se in broccoli; Se absorption from selenite was highly variable and was not included in statistical analyses. Significantly more isotope was absorbed by subjects fed the high Se diet (P = 0. 015). Urinary isotope excretion was greater when selenate was fed than when broccoli was fed (P = 0.0001), and consequently more Se from broccoli (as compared to selenate) was retained (59.2 +/- 2.4 and 36.4 +/- 4.6% for Se in broccoli and selenate, respectively; P = 0.0001). Despite the higher retention, less isotope from broccoli than from selenate was present in the plasma. Plasma proteins separated by gel permeation chromatography showed that most of the isotopes were distributed between two medium molecular weight peaks. Less isotope was found in plasma proteins of subjects fed the high Se diet, but the form of Se had no effect on isotope distribution. These results show that dietary Se intake alters the retention of stable isotopes of Se and that humans retain and distribute Se from broccoli in a different manner than Se from inorganic salts.     

硒掺入缺硒大鼠血小板、肝及血浆的动力学研究

给缺硒大鼠一次大剂量注射含~(75)硒的硒化合物。测定血小板,肝、血浆谷是胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性及~(75)硒含量。结果表明,血小板谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性反映一次大剂量硒摄入时的一个良好指标。同时证明血小板GSH-Px变化与肝GSH-Px变化一致。以两种不同形式硒化合物(亚硒酸钠和硒蛋氨酸)给予缺硒大鼠,两组大鼠血小板、肝、血浆中GSH-Px活性是相似的,但~(75)硒含量亚硒酸钠组显著低于硒蛋氨酸组,由此表明,硒蛋氨酸中部分硒没有掺入到血小板的GSH-Px中去,推测在体内硒可能存在其它代谢途径,这是很值得探讨的问题。