社交恐怖症的心理防御机制及其相关因素

目的 :探讨社交恐怖症 (SPH)病人的心理防御机制及其与患者个性特征和父母养育方式的关系。方法 :SPH组和正常对照 (NC)组各 6 0例 ,入组时按要求填写防御方式问卷 (FDSQ)、父母教养方式评价量表 (EMBU)和艾森格人格问卷 (EPQ)。结果 :SPH患乾的中间型和不成熟型防御机制因子分 (分别为4 90± 0 5 9和 4 71± 0 92 )显著高于NC组 ( 3 86± 0 98) ,成熟防御机制因子分 ( 5 36± 1 0 9)显著低于NC组 ( 5 80± 0 81) ,回避等防御机制分 ( 6 6 2± 1 35 )显著高于NC组 ( 5 72± 1 78)。SPH患者父母教养方式的情感温暖、理解因子分明显低于NC组 ,惩罚、拒绝和过度保护因子分明显高于NC组。EPQ结果 :SPH患者神经质标准分 (SN)显著高于NC组 ,外向标准分 (SE)显著低于NC组。相关分析结果 :SPH患者父母拒绝、否定和过度保护养育方式以及EPQ神经质个性特征与中间型和不成熟防御机制的使用显著相关。结论 :SPH患者更多使用中间型和不成熟型防御机制 ,并与个性缺陷和父母不良的教养方式密切相关 ,SPH患者较之正常人特征性使用回避等防御机制 ,此乃SPH临床症状产生的病理心理基础 ,亦是心理治疗的核心靶症状     

社交恐怖症患者的认知特征及相关因素

目的 :对社交恐怖症 (SPH)病人的认知特征及其与社交焦虑症状、个性特征和父母养育方式的关系进行研究。方法 :SPH组 5 0例和正常对照 (NC)组 60例 ,入组时按要求填写惧怕否定评价量表(FNE)、社交苦恼与回避量表 (SAD)艾森克人格问卷 (EPQ )和父母教养方式评价量表 (EMBU)。结果 :SPH患者的FNE和SAD分 (分别为 113 3± 13 2和 2 0 2± 4 8)显著高于NC组 (分别为 81 7± 17 1和 8 5±4 4)。EPQ结果 :SPH患者神经质标准分 (SP)和精神质标准分 (SP)显著高于NC组 ,外向标准分 (SE)显著低于NC组。SPH患者父母教养方式的情感温暖、理解因子分明显低于NC组 ,惩罚、拒绝和过度保护因子分明显高于NC组。相关分析结果 :SPH患者组FNE分与SAD、和EPQ的SN显著正相关 ,与EMBU各因子分相关不显著。结论 :SPH患者惧怕否定评价的认知特征是社交焦虑中的一个重要因素 ,且与神经质个性特征密切相关 ,与父母教养方式无直接联系。     

抑郁症患者父母教养方式与心理防御机制

目的:探讨抑郁症患者父母教养方式及其心理防御机制。方法:采用自编一般情况问卷和父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)以及防御方式问卷(DSQ),对60名符合CCMD-Ⅲ的抑郁症患者进行问卷调查,并分别对60名正常对照组进行比较。结果:同正常对照组相比,抑郁症患者在父亲情感温暖(t=-5.769,P0.01)因子分明显低于对照组,在父亲惩罚严厉(t=8.055,P0.01)、父亲过分干涉(t=3.439,P0.01)、父亲拒绝否认(t=3.894,P0.01)、父亲过度保护(t=3.005,P0.01)各因子分明显高于对照组。在母亲的情感温暖(t=-5.566,P0.01)因子分明显低于对照组,母亲过分干涉保护(t=4.668,P0.01)、母亲拒绝否认(t=3.690,P0.01)、母亲惩罚严厉(t=5.020,P0.01)各因子分明显高于对照组。父母的偏爱被试因子分无明显差异(P0.05)。抑郁症患者组的不成熟型(t=27.31,P0.01)和中间型防御机制(t=9.87,P0.01)因子分明显高于正常对照组,而成熟型防御机制(t=-0.88,P0.05)因子分虽略低于对照组,但差异无显著性。在不成熟防御机制中投射、被动攻击、潜意显现、抱怨、幻想、退缩、躯体化各分值明显高于对照组,存在显著性差异;中间型防御机制中,反作用形成、回避、假性利他、伴无能之全能、隔离、消耗倾向均明显高于对照组(t=2.169~15.000,P0.01)。结论:抑郁症患者父母存在不良的教养方式;抑郁症患者更多地采用不成熟型和中间型心理防御机制。     

首诊强迫症患者的临床特点与心理防御机制研究

目的：探讨首次诊断为强迫症（OCD）患者的临床特点及其与心理防御机制的关系。方法：42例强迫症患者用耶鲁-布朗强迫评定量表（Y—BOCS）、汉米顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉米顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、防御方式问卷（DSQ）和艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）进行评定并与42例正常对照者比较。结果：强迫症患者以强迫观念或强迫行为为主要表现的和混合状态的各占近一半，强迫检查和强迫联想出现的频率较高，约5／6的患者有两种以上的症状，混合型的患者病程长且症状较重：强迫症患者与对照组相比更多地使用被动攻击、潜意识显现、分裂、幻想、退缩等不成熟防御机制和中间型防御机制．而较少使用升华等成熟防御机制：强迫症患者EPQ中的神经质标准分（N）显著高于对照组，而内-外向标准分（E）则低于对照组。三种不同类型的强迫症患者之间的心理防御机制以及EPQ问卷各因子的标准分的差异无显著性、结论：三组首诊的OCD患者具有不同的临床特征；不同类型的OCD均较多的使用不成熟和中间的防御机制且多具有内向、神经质的个性。     

社交焦虑障碍患者的认知特征及其与父母教养方式的关系

目的探讨教养方式对社交焦虑症(SAD)病人的认知的影响,为临床干预提供指导。方法用惧怕否定评价量表(FNE)、社交苦恼与回避量表(SAD)和父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)对40例SAD组和42例正常对照(NC)组进行评估。结果SAD患者的FNE分数和SAD分数(分别为114.2±14.1;22.4±4.9)显著高于NC组(分别为82.7±16.1;8.1±4.7)。SAD患者父母教养方式的情感温暖、理解因子分明显低于NC组,惩罚、拒绝和过度保护因子分明显高于NC组。结论SAD患者组FNE分与SAD分显著正相关,FEN分与EMBU的各因子分数显著相关。     

心理治疗对强迫症患者防御机制的影响

目的:探讨强迫症患者防御机制的特点及心理治疗前后的变化。方法:26例住院进行心理治疗的强迫症患者分别于心理治疗前一天及心理治疗10周后进行Yale-Brown强迫症状量表(Y-BOCS)评定并填写防御机制问卷(DSQ),并和26例正常人DSQ评分进行对照。结果:(1)强迫症患者组不成熟防御机制因子分(4.5±0.8)显著高于正常组(3.0±0.5,t=7.0,P<0.01);成熟防御机制因子分(5.0±0.8)显著低于正常组(5.7±0.7),t=-3.1,P<0.01)。(2)强迫症患者组心理治疗10周后不成熟防御机制因子分(4.0±0.9)显著低于治疗前(4.5±1.0,t=-2.5,P<0.01);成熟防御机制因子分(5.7±0.7)显著高于治疗前(5.0±0.9,t=-3.9,P<0.01)。结论:强迫症患者过多使用不成熟防御机制,心理治疗可使防御机制向成熟方向发展。     

神经症患者人格特征与父母教养方式相关研究

目的 探讨神经症患者父母教养方式与其人格特征的关系.方法 采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)和艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)对40例神经症患者和40例正常对照者进行评估.结果 神经症患者EMBU-F1和EMBU-M1因子分较正常对照组显著减低(P＜0.05).相关分析显示,患者EPQ-P分(P＜0.05)和EPQ-E分(P＜0.01)与EMBU-M5分呈显著正相关;EPQ-N分与EMBU-F5分呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),而与EMBU-M1分呈显著负相关(P＜0.05); EPQ-L分则与EMBU-F4分呈显著负相关.结论 神经症患者存在着不良的父母教养方式,这与患者的个性素质特点有着密切关系,提示父母教养方式在神经症发病中的重要作用.     

失眠症患者心理防御机制的调查分析

目的　探讨失眠症患者心理防御特征。方法　采用心理防御方式问卷 ( DSQ)对失眠症患者和正常健康者各 5 0例进行评定。结果　患者组不成熟型、中间型防御机制和掩饰因子等的因子分显著高于正常对照组 ( P≤ 0 .0 1 ) ,成熟防御机制因子分低于正常对照组 ,差异有显著性 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　失眠症患者的心理防御机制存在缺陷     

初中生网络成瘾状况调查及相关因素分析

目的:研究初中生网络成瘾者的相关影响因素.方法:采用网络成瘾测验问卷(IAT)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、艾森克人格量表(EPQ),情绪自评量表(SAS、SDS)对690名初中生进行调查.结果:①初中生网络成瘾率为7.1％,成瘾组男性显著多于女性,父母离异初中生更易网络成瘾,上网目的两组间有显著差异P＜0.001;②成瘾组父亲温暖理解(EFI)、惩罚严厉(EF2)、拒绝否认(EF5)因子分及母亲各项因子分高于对照组,P＜0.01;EPQ的P分、N分高于对照组P＜0.001,L分低于对照组;③对成瘾组影响因素相关分析表明:惩罚严厉、过度干涉、拒绝否认、EM2、EM3、EM4、EM5与网络成瘾正相关;SAS、SDS、EPQ-L、EF1、EM1是负相关关系;④回归分析显示EF1、EF2、EM4、SDS、P分量表是网络成瘾的影响因素.结论:初中生网络成瘾者心理健康状况差,具有不良的个性特征及情绪问题.IAD初中生家庭存在高矛盾性,父母教养方式不良也应引起重视.     

成年罪犯人格特征及父母教养方式的相关分析

目的：了解成年罪犯的人格特征及探讨父母教养方式与其人格的相关性。方法：对139名成年男性罪犯进行EPQ人格问卷,EMBU父母教养方式量表测试。结果：罪犯E、N、P分高于常模,L分低于常模,暴力型犯罪E分高于财产型犯罪。幼时家庭不完整者的“父母情感温暖、理解”、“父亲偏爱被试”因子分比幼时家庭完整者低。“父母情感温暖、理解”,“母亲过分干涉、过分保护”因子与E因子显著相关;“母子过分干涉、保护”及“母亲拒绝、否认”因子与N因子显著相关;“父母惩罚严厉、拒绝否认”因子与P因子显著相关。结论：罪犯的人格特征与父母教养方式显著相关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.