健脾中药复方胃肠安对人胃癌裸小鼠原位移植瘤生长和转移的影响

目的:观察以健脾为基础的中药复方胃肠安对人胃癌裸小鼠原位移植瘤生长和转移的抑制作用.方法:采用人胃癌细胞SGC-7901,裸小鼠66只,其中41只制作原位移植瘤模型,另25只制作皮下移植瘤模型.两种模型的裸小鼠分别随机分为3组:胃肠安组,5-FU组和生理盐水对照组.胃肠安组予以含生药0.12 g/ml的胃肠安煎剂0.5 ml灌胃,1次/d;5-FU组以5-FU 50 mg/kg行腹腔化疗,1次/周;生理盐水对照组予以生理盐水0.5 ml/d灌胃.原位移植瘤裸小鼠于造模后第64天处死;皮下移植瘤裸小鼠于造模后第41天处死.观察各组的抑瘤率,原位移植瘤各组肿瘤的转移情况,皮下移植瘤各组增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)和细胞凋亡情况.结果:原位移植瘤模型中,胃肠安组和5-FU组抑瘤率分别为40.82%和37.92%;皮下移植瘤模型中两组的抑瘤率则分别为48.70%和60.10%.原位移植瘤模型中,胃肠安组和5-FU组裸小鼠胃周淋巴结转移、肝转移、肝门淋巴结转移、横膈转移和腹膜转移比生理盐水对照组明显减少,3组的总转移率分别为30.77%、28.57%和71.43%(P ＜0.05).皮下移植瘤模型中,胃肠安组和5-FU组的PCNA总阳性率低于生理盐水对照组,细胞凋亡指数高于生理盐水对照组,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05或P ＜0.01).胃肠安组和5-FU组瘤重、总转移率和PCNA总阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义,但胃肠安组细胞凋亡指数明显高于5-FU组(P＜0.05).结论:健脾中药复方胃肠安具有抑制人胃癌裸小鼠原位移植瘤生长和转移的作用.胃肠安对胃癌细胞的体内抑制作用可能通过抑制增殖、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡而实现,对其抑制转移的机制尚需作进一步的研究.     

5-氟尿嘧啶固体脂质纳米粒对S180腹水瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用

目的:研究5-氟尿啼啶同体脂质纳米粒(5-FU-SLN)腹腔内化疗对S180腹水瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用.方法:昆明种小鼠S180腹水瘤模型建立后.随机分为生理盐水对照组、空白固体脂质纳米粒组(Blank-SLN组)、5-FU溶液组及5-FU-SLN组,每组20只,连续7 d腹腔给药,隔天测量体质量和腹围.给药结束后,颈椎脱臼处死各组半数小鼠,测量腹水量,台盼蓝染色计算瘤细胞总数和瘤细胞存活率,肝脏做常规切片进行病理检查.剩余小鼠统计生存时间,计算生命延长率.结果:给药结束,各组小鼠体质量(F=8.222,P＜0.001)、腹围(F=9.208,P＜0.001)、腹水量(F=18.018,P＜0.001)、瘤细胞数(F=18.822,P＜0.001)、瘤细胞存活率(F=231.490.P＜0.001)及生存时间(F=60.119,P＜0.001)相比较,差异均有统计学意义.与5-Fu溶液组相比,5-FU-SLN组小鼠体质量有所增加、腹嗣减小、腹水量减少、瘤细胞总数减少、细胞存活率降低、平均生存时间延长(P均＜0.05).肝脏病理切片观察结果显示5-FU-SLN组小鼠肝脏趋于正常,肿瘤细胞较少在腹腔内转移,而其他3组小鼠的肝脏细胞均有不同程度的变性、坏死,肝脏中有肿瘤细胞转移.结论:5-FU-SLN腹腔化疗延长了荷瘤小鼠生存期,对腹腔内肿瘤细胞的抑制作用较持久,可有效抑制腹腔内肿瘤细胞的转移.     

无细胞短棒状杆菌制剂联合瘤内缓释化疗对鼠黑色素瘤的抑制效应

 目的  探讨无细胞短棒状杆菌制剂（NCPP）联合瘤内缓释化疗对小鼠黑色素瘤的影响。    方法 给小鼠皮下接种B16肿瘤细胞后建立荷瘤小鼠,随机分成4组,①生理盐水(NS)对照组：瘤内和腹腔注射NS;② 缓释治疗组：瘤内注射含Ara-C缓释液;③ NCPP治疗组：腹腔注射NCPP;④ 联合治疗组：腹腔注射NCPP+瘤内注射含Ara-C缓释液。7d后重复治疗1次,期间观察各组小鼠肿瘤的生长情况;治疗2周处死小鼠,称瘤重量,光镜下观察瘤组织病理变化,采用流式细胞术检测脾内CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞数量变化。  结果  联合治疗能够明显抑制肿瘤的生长,疗效明显优于其他3组(P＜0．05);联合治疗组瘤内出现大片坏死区域(P＜0．05),联合治疗组的CD8+ T细胞数量明显增多(P＜0．01)。  结论 将NCPP和瘤内缓释化疗技术联合应用能有效地抑制肿瘤的生长。     

Inhibition Effect and Toxicity of Intraperitoneal Administration of Pemetrexed on H22 Ascites Tumor-bearing Mice

目的 探讨培美曲塞腹腔用药对未添加叶酸荷H22肝癌腹水瘤昆明小鼠的疗效与安全性.方法 雄性昆明小鼠腹腔内注射密度为1×107/ml的H22瘤细胞悬液0.2 ml(含H22细胞数2×106),制备恶性腹水模型.小鼠造模后随机分为6组,每组9只:正常对照组(生理盐水),模型对照组(生理盐水),培美曲塞低、中、高剂量组(10、50、90 mg·kg-1·d-1),阳性对照组(顺铂0.6 mg·kg-1·d-1).造模24 h后给予各药物腹腔内注射治疗,用药时间为第1～5天、第8～12天.每天用药前测量小鼠的体重、腹围,并观察其日常生活状态,第13天处死各组小鼠并测量腹水量和血常规.结果 与模型对照组比较,不同剂量的培美曲塞均可抑制荷H22腹水瘤KM小鼠腹水的生成(P＜0.01),但出现较明显的毒副反应,血常规异常,并有小鼠死亡.结论 培美曲塞腹腔用药可抑制未添加叶酸荷H22腹水瘤KM小鼠腹水的形成并促进其消退,但同时出现严重的血液系统毒副反应.     

内皮抑素不同给药途径联合阿霉素治疗鼠肝移植瘤

目的 研究内皮抑素(Es)瘤内与尾静脉两种给药途径联合腹腔注射阿霉素(Adm)对小鼠H22肝癌细胞移植瘤血管生成和肿瘤生长的抑制作用.方法 将H22肝癌细胞接种到40只小鼠的背部皮下,肿瘤直径约1 cm时按体重随机分成4组;对照组:隔日瘤内、腹腔注射生理盐水;Es瘤内组:隔日瘤内注射Es+腹腔注射Adm;Es静脉组:隔日静脉推注Es+腹腔注射Adm;Adm组:隔日静脉推注生理盐水+腹腔注射Adm.每3 d测量皮下肿瘤直径.绘制肿瘤生长曲线,第15天每组处死5只小鼠,检测血浆VEGF含量、肿瘤组织微血管密度(MVD),观察剩余小鼠生存期.结果 Es瘤内组小鼠肿瘤体积大小、VEGF及MVD表达均小于其他3组(P<0.05),Es瘤内组生存期与Es静脉组比较均较阿霉素组、对照组延长(P<0.05),但两者生存期差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 Es联合Adm在抑制血管生成与肿瘤生长方面,瘤内应用Es抑瘤效果优于静脉应用,但前者小鼠生存期的延长较后者无明显优势.     

TNP-470对小鼠腹水瘤腹水生成的影响

[目的]研究血管生成抑制剂TNP-470对小鼠腹水瘤细胞腹腔种植的影响。[方法]80只615小鼠腹腔内接种腹水瘤细胞株后，随机分为5组，然后分别腹腔内注射生理盐水（第1组），DDP（第2组）及不同剂量的，TNP-470（第3、4、5组），观察瘤细胞株对各组小鼠的腹水生成，瘤细胞数及生存时间；透射电镜观察TNP-470作用后腹腔内肿瘤细胞的形态学变化。[结果]与生理盐水对照组相比，DDP、不同剂量的TNP-470可显著抑制615小鼠腹水的生成，减少瘤细胞数量，延长生存期，DDP组、TNP-470低剂量组、TNP-470中剂量组、TNP-470高剂量组生存时间分别为26．25、19．75、28．38、21．25d，与对照组生存时间14．88d相比，有显著性差异（P〈0．05），且中剂量TNP-470可使小鼠寿命明显延长，平均可达28．38d。[结论]TNP-470能抑制小鼠腹水瘤腹腔种植及腹水生成，不同程度的延长生存期。     

TNP-470和DDP联用对小鼠腹水瘤腹水生成的抑制作用

目的:为了验证0-(氯乙酰-氨甲酰基)烟曲霉醇(TNP-470)和顺铂(DDP)联用的增效作用.方法:将64只615小鼠腹腔内接种腹水瘤细胞株后,随机分为4组,然后腹腔内分别注射生理盐水(第1组),DDP(第2组),TNP-470(第3组)及联合用药(第4组),观察瘤细胞株对各组小鼠的腹水生成,瘤细胞数,存活率及生存时间.结果:DDP,TNP-470及联合用药组与生理盐水对照组相比可显著抑制615小鼠腹水的生成,减少瘤细胞数量,延长生存期(P<0.05);联合用药组与其它3组比较在瘤细胞计数和瘤细胞存活率方面均有显著性差异(P<0.05);在小鼠存活率及生存时间方面,联合用药组延长最明显;在用药过程中,联合用药组可引起体重下降,但停止用药后体重又可逐渐得到恢复.结论:TNP-470,DDP对小鼠腹水瘤腹腔种植后腹水的生成都有明显的抑制作用;TNP-470和DDP联用能起增效作用;体重下降这一副作用是可逆的.     

巨噬细胞在结肠癌CT-26细胞获得性5-FU耐药中的作用

目的 探讨巨噬细胞在结肠癌CT26细胞对5-FU产生获得性耐药过程中的作用及其机制.方法 分别用正常培养基(NM)、巨噬细胞培养上清(CM)及预先用低剂量5-FU处理过的巨噬细胞培养上清[CM(5-FU)]处理CT-26细胞,并给予10μmol/L 5-FU处理,用CCK-8检测各组细胞增殖情况,PI/Annexin-V流式细胞术检测各组细胞凋亡情况及Western blot检测各组细胞凋亡信号通路.建立CT26小鼠皮下移植瘤模型,应用上述条件培养基处理联合5-FU化疗,动态观察移植瘤生长情况.结果 检测细胞凋亡情况发现,5-FU处理组CT26细胞的凋亡细胞百分比显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);Western blot检测结果显示5-FU处理组凋亡相关蛋白cleaved caspase-3及P-JNK的表达较对照组显著上调(P＜0.05);Western blot检测结果及结肠癌CT26细胞小鼠移植瘤模型发现P-JNK抑制剂可显著抑制由5-FU诱导的CT26细胞Caspase-3凋亡信号通路的激活;CCK-8检测结果及小鼠移植瘤模型中均发现CM(5-FU)能够显著降低CT26细胞对5-FU的化疗敏感性;细胞凋亡检测及Western blot检测结果发现CM(5-FU)可抑制由5-FU诱导的P-JNK/Caspase-3凋亡信号通路的激活.结论 5-FU可激活结肠癌CT-26细胞的P-JNK依赖的Caspase-3凋亡信号通路以发挥抗癌作用;5-FU诱导的巨噬细胞可导致结肠癌CT26细胞产生5-FU获得性耐药,其机制可能是5-FU诱导的巨噬细胞上清可拮抗CT-26细胞中5-FU激活的P-JNK/Caspase-3凋亡信号.     

生脉注射液对5-FU增效减毒作用的实验研究

目的:观察生脉注射液对5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil, 5-FU)抗肿瘤的增效减毒作用.方法:建立H22肝癌荷瘤鼠模型后,将50只小鼠随机分为5组:对照组、5-FU组和生脉注射液(大、中、小剂量)联合 5-FU组,每组10只.造模次日开始进行干预处理:对照组、5-FU组和生脉注射液(大、中、小剂量)联合 5-FU组分别腹腔注射等容量生理盐水、5-FU、生脉注射液(大、中、小剂量)联合5-FU,共14 d.停药次日处死小鼠,观察瘤重抑制率、免疫功能、肝肾功能及外周血细胞变化.结果:生脉注射液联合5-FU各组小鼠的肿瘤生长抑制率明显高于5-FU组和对照组(P＜0.05);与对照组相比,5-FU组CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8、IgG、IgM值明显降低(P＜0.05),而各生脉注射液联合5-FU组CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8、IgG、IgM值升高(P＜0.05);与对照组相比,5-FU组的血丙氨酸氨基转移酶升高、白细胞和血小板数量降低(P＜0.05);而各生脉注射液联合5-FU组血丙氨酸氨基转移酶与对照组比较无明显变化,白细胞数下降程度较轻.结论:生脉注射液可增加5-FU的抑瘤效果,提高机体免疫功能,减轻化疗毒副反应.     

5一FU静脉、腹腔化疗诱导小鼠腹水瘤细胞凋亡研究

为探讨5－Fu静脉和腹腔给药途径诱导小鼠腹水瘤细胞凋亡的规律及其抗肿瘤作用机制，将45只腹腔内接种H22细胞的小鼠随机分为对照、静脉和腹腔内化疗3组。各组于注药后第3、5、7d分别收集腹水细胞行细胞形态观察、DNA电泳分析和流式细胞仪检测。结果显示，化疗组腹水细胞均呈现典型细胞凋亡形态学特征，同时可见细胞坏死。细胞凋亡率呈时间依赖性（P＜0．01），且腹腔内化疗组细胞凋亡率各时间点均明显高于静脉组（P＜0．01），提示5－Fu抗肿瘤作用机制是引起肿瘤细胞死亡和诱导和诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡共同作用的结果：腹腔内化疗效果明显优于静脉化疗。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.