Prehospital removal improves neurological outcomes in elderly patient with foreign body airway obstruction

Objective

In Japan, the number of patients with foreign body airway obstruction by food is rapidly increasing with the increase in the population of the elderly and a leading cause of unexpected death. This study aimed to determine the factors that influence prognosis of these patients.

New classifications for Life-threatening foreign body airway obstruction

IntroductionForeign body airway obstruction (FBAO) is a common medical emergency; however, few studies of life-threatening FBAO have been reported and no standard classification system is available.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated patients who presented to the emergency departments of two hospitals and were diagnosed with FBAO. The primary outcome was cerebral performance category (CPC) score at discharge. To establish a new classification system for FBAO, FBAO was classified into three types based on the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the obstructed airway.ResultsA total of 137 patients were enrolled. Median age was 79.0 years. The most common cause of FBAO was meat, followed by bread, rice cake, and rice. Of all patients, 65.7% suffered cardiac arrest and 51.1% died. In contrast, 28.5% had favorable neurological outcomes, defined as CPC 1 and 2. Upper airway obstruction (type 1) was the most common (type 1, 78.1%), while trachea and/or bilateral main bronchus obstruction (type 2, 12.4%) showed significantly higher mortality than type 1 obstruction (82.4% vs 47.7%, P = 0.0078). Patients with unilateral bronchus and/or distal bronchus obstruction (type 3, 9.5%) were significantly more likely to consume a dysphagia diet than type 1 patients (23.1% vs 0%, P < 0.0001).ConclusionThe majority of patients with life-threatening FBAO were elderly and had poor neurological outcomes. Our new classification system divides FBAO into three types, and revealed that mortality was significantly higher with type 2 than type 1 obstruction. This classification system may improve the management of patients with FBAO and assessment of patient outcomes.     

小儿呼吸道异物影像表现的探讨

目的评价各种影像检查在小儿呼吸道异物中的价值,提高小儿呼吸道异物的诊断水平。方法本院近5年收治小儿呼吸道异物56例。回顾性评价影像检查方法,分析不同类型不同部分的影像表现。结果声门附近异物7例,5例可见异物的直接征象。气管异物14例,均可见两肺不同程度的肺气肿,透视下11例可见心脏反常大小,5例可见异物在气管内的上下移动。右支气管异物22例,左支气管异物13例。30例患者可见明确的肺气肿伴纵隔摆动。全部病例最后作了喉镜或支气管镜检查。取出不同种类的异物包括金属类2例,动物骨骼6例,花生23例,各种瓜子17例,水果、蔬菜5例,其他3例。影像诊断正确51例(91.1%),误漏诊5例(8.9%)。结论照片加透视检查,必要时辅以CT冠状位扫描,全面认识不透X线异物的各种间接征象,可以显著提高诊断符合率。     

小儿气管异物术后麻醉恢复期气道阻塞的相关因素分析及处理

目的探讨小儿气管异物术后麻醉恢复期气道阻塞的原因、产生的生理紊乱及处理方法。方法对我院麻醉恢复室1998年5月～2007年8月接收的2216例全麻下行支气管镜检取异物病人进行回顾性分析,比较pH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、HCO3^-、BE各项参数的变化。结果呼吸道分泌物过多、舌后坠是气道阻塞最常见原因,分别占38．98％、31．09％;高气道反应、喉痉挛是气道阻塞严重并发症,分别占20．44％、6．57％。气道阻塞的发生率30．91％,阻塞前后PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2比较差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）。结论导致气道阻塞最常见的原因是呼吸道分泌物过多及舌后坠,最凶险的并发症是高气道反应和喉痉挛,如不及时处理可引起低氧血症和高碳酸血症等严重生理紊乱甚至死亡。     

Lateral versus anterior thoracic thrusts in the generation of airway pressure in anaesthetised pigs

Objective

Anterior chest thrusts (with the subject sitting or standing and thrusts applied to the lower sternum) are recommended by the Australian Resuscitation Council as part of the sequence for clearing upper airway obstruction by a foreign body. Lateral chest thrusts (with the victim lying on their side) are no longer recommended due to a lack of evidence. We compared anterior, lateral chest and abdominal thrusts in the generation of airway pressures using a suitable animal model.

Methods

This was a repeated-measures, cross-over, clinical trial of eight anaesthetised, intubated, adult pigs. For each animal, ten trials of each technique were undertaken with the upper airway obstructed. A chest/abdominal pressure transducer, a pneumotachograph and an intra-oesophageal balloon catheter recorded chest/abdominal thrust, expiratory air flows, airway and intrapleural pressures, respectively.

Results

The mean (SD) thrust pressures generated for the anterior, lateral and abdominal techniques were 120.9 (11.0), 135.2 (20.0), and 142.4 (27.3) cmH₂O, respectively (p < 0.0001). The mean (SD) peak expiratory airway pressures were 6.5 (3.0), 18.0 (5.5) and 13.8 (6.7) cmH₂O, respectively (p < 0.0001). The mean (SD) peak expiratory intrapleural pressures were 5.4 (2.7), 13.5 (6.2) and 10.3 (8.5) cmH₂O, respectively (p < 0.0001). At autopsy, no rib, intra-abdominal or intra-thoracic injury was observed.

Conclusion

Lateral chest and abdominal thrust techniques generated significantly greater airway and pleural pressures than the anterior thrust technique. We recommend further research to provide additional evidence that may inform management guidelines for clearing foreign body upper airway obstruction.     

特殊类型呼吸道异物取出术的围手术期护理

目的探讨特殊类型呼吸道异物取出术的围手术期护理特点。方法分析69例特殊类型呼吸道异物患者的临床资料,总结特殊类型呼吸道异物围手术期的病情观察与护理要点。结果45例在全麻下经支气管镜通过声门取出异物,24例经气管切开取出异物。经支气管镜取出异物的45例患者中43例治愈,另有2例在通过声门时异物滑脱,发生异物变位,因呼吸衰竭死亡。经气管切开取出异物的24例患者经治疗和护理后全部治愈。总治愈率为97.1%。结论做好心理护理,严密观察病情动态变化,完善术前准备,保持气道通畅,注意并发症的发生,是特殊类型呼吸道异物治疗成功的重要保证。     

特殊类型呼吸道异物取出术的围手术期护理

目的探讨特殊类型呼吸道异物取出术的围手术期护理特点。方法分析69例特殊类型呼吸道异物患者的临床资料，总结特殊类型呼吸道异物围手术期的病情观察与护理要点。结果45例在全麻下经支气管镜通过声门取出异物，24例经气管切开取出异物。经支气管镜取出异物的45例患者中43例治愈，另有2例在通过声门时异物滑脱，发生异物变位，因呼吸衰竭死亡。经气管切开取出异物的24例患者经治疗和护理后全部治愈。总治愈率为97．1％。结论做好心理护理，严密观察病情动态变化，完善术前准备，保持气道通畅，注意并发症的发生，是特殊类型呼吸道异物治疗成功的重要保证。     

16层螺旋CT在呼吸道异物诊断及术后随访中的应用价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）对呼吸道异物的诊断价值及在术后随访中所具有的优势。方法：利用Siemens Sensation16螺旋CT对104例临床疑为呼吸道异物的患者进行胸部容积扫描,将原始数据传至工作站进行多平面重建（MPR）、容积重建（VR）及仿真内窥镜（CTVB）等多种技术相结合进行诊断,其中66例诊断为呼吸道异物,9例行MSCT随访。结果：66例中MSCT诊断8枚异物位于气管,右侧支气管及其分支为39枚,左侧支气管及其分支19枚。经临床支气管镜证实61例,其余5例：1例为黏液团,3例仅见脓液、未见明显成形异物,1例为炎性栓子。9例随访病例中发现2例异物未完全取出。结论：临床拟诊呼吸道异物时,由于MSCT无创、快捷、准确率高,在术前诊断及术后随访中可作为首选。     

X线胸片与透视结合在诊断儿童支气管异物中的价值

目的探讨X线胸片与透视相结合的方法在儿童支气管异物患者中的诊断价值。方法对支气管镜证实的53例支气管异物患儿的胸片及X线透视表现进行回顾性分析。结果 53例患儿中50例有纵隔摆动征象,42例有一侧肺野透亮度增高,40例膈肌活动度减弱。X线诊断与支气管镜检查符合率为94.3%。结论 X线胸片与透视相结合的方法可以取长补短、互相补充,既可静态观察胸部的X线表现,又可动态观察纵隔摆动情况及膈肌活动度如何,两者相结合是诊断支气管异物的首选方法。     

普放检查诊断儿童气道异物损伤特征分析及干预措施

目的:探讨分析普放检查对儿童气道异物损伤特点的诊断效果及护理干预措施。方法:选取我院于2017年5月至2019年9月间收治的120例确诊为气道异物损伤的患儿,按照数字分组原则将所有患儿平均分为普放组和常规组,每组各有60例患儿。对普放组患儿行普放检查,常规组患儿行常规检查。观察分析两组患儿的诊断准确率、具体临床表现及护理干预措施。结果:经检查后,普放组患儿的诊断准确率显著高于常规组,具有显著性差异,存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:普放检查对患儿气道异物损伤的诊断疗效确切,若使用普通方法无法及时排出异物,可配合纤维支气管镜将异物取出。     

Emergency treatment of foreign-body obstruction of the upper airway in children

Recently, the Committee of Accident and Poison Prevention of the American Academy of Pediatrics presented its recommendations regarding the emergency management of the choking child. Renewed interest was stimulated in the controversy regarding whether back blows, abdominal thrusts, or chest thrusts should be used in the initial treatment of foreign-body obstruction of the upper airway. Two cases exemplifying problems in patient management are presented as a basis of focusing on the current controversy. Review of the clinical and experimental data suggests that back blows, followed by either chest or abdominal thrusts, are a reasonable approach to emergency airway obstruction, but that this recommendation is based on limited evidence.     

Emergency percutaneous tracheostomy in a severely burned patient with upper airway obstruction and circulatory arrest

We report the life-saving use of Griggs percutaneous tracheostomy in an arrested patient with complex upper airway obstruction, as a result of burns, smoke injuries and iterative tracheal intubation attempts. The technique was performed blindly at bedside to treat an acute episode of failed ventilation and intubation and cardiac arrest in a patient with altered neck anatomy. The intervention salvaged the situation, leaving a definitive airway. The feasibility of using an emergency Griggs percutaneous tracheostomy versus cricothyroidotomy is suggested in selected cases.     

螺旋CT多平面重建在小儿气道异物中的诊断价值

目的评价螺旋CT多平面重建(MPR)在小儿气道异物中的诊断价值。方法对75例可疑为气道异物的患儿行螺旋CT容积扫描,对CT薄层图像进行多平面重建,显示气道异物后,再经支气管镜下取异物。结果70例MPR显示气道异物的患儿,经支气管镜检查均于MPR显示高密度影处发现异物并取出。5例MPR无异物显示者气管镜检查未查见异物。其中总气管内异物10例,右支气管32例,左支气管28例。结论MPR对气道异物的显示率高、定位准,能明显提高气道异物的术前确诊率,具有重要的诊断价值。     

一例非霍奇金淋巴瘤并发气道梗阻的护理

非霍奇金淋巴瘤颈部淋巴结肿大累及气道患者，通过积极的病因治疗和对症治疗，做好患者梗阻气道的观察和护理、早期康复锻炼、化疗和心理护理，积极防治肺部并发症，加强呼吸肌的功能锻炼，可使原发病得到控制，气道受压缓解，促进患者尽快康复。     

中老年气道阻塞患者吸气曲线特征分析

目的:了解国内中老年气道阻塞患者的吸气曲线特征.方法:对120例中老年气道阻塞患者及41例中老年健康志愿者测试并分析其吸气流量曲线特征.结果:所有受试者均能达到30 L/min的吸气峰流量,且其早期吸气流速也均能达到30 L/min.有效吸气容积方面,大部分受试者都很难达到4 L的有效吸气容积.各指标中,敏感度最高的为吸气流量在30 L/min以上时的吸气曲线下面积,特异度最高的为吸入20%用力吸气容积时的吸气流量(IF20%FIVC)及吸气流量峰值,阳性似然比最高的为IF20%FIVC.采用多元逐步回归和主成分分析法建立了预计吸气能力的回归方程.结论:4 L有效吸气容积这一指标并不适用于国人,IF20%FIVC是一反映早期吸气流速的诊断价值较好的指标.     

Continuous positive airway pressure titration in infants with severe upper airway obstruction or bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Abstracta

Introduction

Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is recognized as an effective treatment for severe airway obstruction in young children. The aim of the present study was to compare a clinical setting with a physiological setting of noninvasive CPAP in infants with nocturnal alveolar hypoventilation due to severe upper airway obstruction (UAO) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).

Methods

The breathing pattern and respiratory muscle output of all consecutive infants due to start CPAP in our noninvasive ventilation unit were retrospectively analysed. CPAP set on clinical noninvasive parameters (clinical CPAP) was compared to CPAP set on the normalization or the maximal reduction of the oesophageal pressure (Poes) and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) swings (physiological CPAP). Expiratory gastric pressure (Pgas) swing was measured.

Results

The data of 12 infants (mean age 10 ± 8 mo) with UAO (n = 7) or BPD (n = 5) were gathered. The mean clinical CPAP (8 ± 2 cmH₂O) was associated with a significant decrease in Poes and Pdi swings. Indeed, Poes swing decreased from 31 ± 15 cmH₂O during spontaneous breathing to 21 ± 10 cmH₂O during CPAP (P < 0.05). The mean physiological CPAP level was 2 ± 2 cmH₂O higher than the mean clinical CPAP level and was associated with a significantly greater improvement in all indices of respiratory effort (Poes swing 11 ± 5 cm H₂O; P < 0.05 compared to clinical CPAP). Expiratory abdominal activity was present during the clinical CPAP and decreased during physiological CPAP.

Conclusions

A physiological setting of noninvasive CPAP, based on the recording of Poes and Pgas, is superior to a clinical setting, based on clinical noninvasive parameters. Expiratory abdominal activity was present during spontaneous breathing and decreased in the physiological CPAP setting.     

Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children presenting with foreign body ingestion

BackgroundForeign body ingestion is a common condition in children. We aimed to compare the incidence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children that ingested foreign bodies with healthy children.MethodsThe study group consisted of 3- to 17-year-old pediatric patients admitted to the emergency department after foreign body ingestion, and the control group was formed with children having similar demographic and cultural characteristics that presented to the same department for non-traumatic causes. After initial intervention and stabilization, we administered the Conners' Parent Rating Scales-Revised (CPRS-R) to both groups.ResultsThe study group consisted of 53 patients with a mean age of 7.83 ± 4.36 and the control group comprised 47 children with a mean age of 7.72 ± 3.48 years. There were no statistically significant differences between the study and control groups in terms of age, gender, and parental education levels (p > 0.05 for each). The foreign objects most ingested by children were coins (32.1%), followed by needles (15.1%) and beads (9.4%), and all the patients recovered without complications and were discharged. All the CPRS-R subscale scores were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (p < 0.001). The parental education levels of the study group were not significantly correlated with DSM-IV hyperactivity-impulsivity and DSM-IV total.ConclusionWe found that the incidence of ADHD symptoms may be high in children referred to emergency services after accidentally ingesting foreign bodies.     

上消化道异物89例分析

我院内镜室自2002年起开展上消化道异物电子内镜下取出术,至今共同收治此类病人89例,现总结如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料上消化道异物患者89例,其中男性45例,女性44例,最大年龄84岁,最小年龄1岁10月,平均年龄52岁,10岁以下病人4例,60岁以上25例,其他患者年龄在20~59岁之间。就     

Ultrasound in obstructive lung diseases: the effect of airway obstruction on diaphragm kinetics. A short pictorial essay

The ultrasound study of the chest is showing a continuous development. This technique could be helpful in managing several chest diseases, but it is limited to the acoustic windows provided by intercostal spaces and by the inability to study healthy lung parenchyma and all intra-parenchymal diseases such as chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), because the interaction between ventilated lung and ultrasound generates only artifacts. Currently, there are few applications of ultrasound that are useful in COPD, with recent studies providing some innovation potentially useful in clinical practice. The similarity of the trend between the time/volume curve of spirometry and the M-mode representation of diaphragm during forced breath allowed to identify the M-mode Index of Obstruction (MIO), an index obtained from the ratio between forced diaphragmatic excursion in the first second (FEDE1, cm) and the maximal expiratory diaphragmatic excursion (EDEMax, cm). MIO has shown a linear correlation with the ratio between forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and vital capacity (VC), used in spirometry to identify airways obstruction. The value of MIO seems to be lower in patients affected by airways obstruction as showed by a recent study. The technique is easy to learn and fast to perform and the analysis could be provided with any ultrasound machine equipped with M-mode. In conclusion, these findings, if confirmed by other studies, could suggest a new add-on screening tool for obstructive lung diseases, in particular COPD, that could be performed during a routine abdominal ultrasound exam.