CTPA在急性肺动脉栓塞合并肺动脉高压诊断中的价值

目的探讨CTPA在急性肺动脉栓塞（acutepulmonaryembolism,APE）合并肺动脉高压（pulmonaryarterialhypertension,PAH）诊断中的临床应用价值。方法选择108例临床拟诊APE的患者进行超声心动图及cTPA检查,以肺动脉收缩压~30mmHg为PAH诊断标准,分成PAH组46例,其余肺动脉压〈30mmHg者62例作为对照组,分别在CTPA轴位图像上进行相关测量及影像学表现分析,并进行统计学处理。结果主肺动脉直径、主肺动脉与升主动脉直径比值、主肺动脉与降主动脉直径比值与肺动脉高压程度呈正相关,以主肺动脉直径≥2．9cm诊断PAH的敏感度、特异度均较高（分别为95．65％和88．71％）。主肺动脉与升主动脉直径比值〉1、主肺动脉与降主动脉直径比值〉1．1诊断PAH敏感度分别为53．33％和91．48％,特异度分别为92．41％和65．57％,三者联合诊断PAH的敏感度和特异度分别为56．85％、96．85％。结论CTPA能够对PAH做出较为准确的判断,对评价APE严重程度及预后提供重要依据。     

Acute pulmonary embolism: diagnostic value of digital subtraction angiography

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) performed via a peripheral vein was compared prospectively with selective conventional pulmonary angiography (CPA) in 54 patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism (PE). All patients also underwent ascending venography. In contrast to the conventional pulmonary angiograms, all of which were considered satisfactory, 13 of 54 digital subtraction angiograms (24%) were technically unsatisfactory. The interpretable digital subtraction angiograms had 81% sensitivity and 64% specificity. With DSA, one cannot exclude the diagnosis of PE on the basis of normal angiograms (27% false-positive results) as one can with perfusion scanning. On the other hand, DSA showed good sensitivity (94%) in medium to major PE. Therefore it may be the technique of choice in the screening of life-threatening PE for which curative emergency treatment with thrombolytic agents or embolectomy is often necessary.     

肺灌注显像与磁共振肺血管成像对急性肺栓塞诊断价值的比较研究

目的 对比研究单光子发射计算机断层显像(SPECT)和磁共振肺血管成像(MRPA)评估对急性肺栓塞(APE)的临床诊断价值.方法 检索Cochrane图书馆、Medline数据库、Springerlink数据库及ovid循证医学数据库2004-2013年的英文文献,以及中国期刊网包括中国知网、万方医学数据库以及Google学术搜索2004 2013年的中文文献,按照cochrane协作网推荐的诊断实验纳入标准筛选文献,提取纳入研究的诊断信息(真阳性值、假阳性值、真阴性值、假阴性值).采用Stata12软件和Meta-disc1.4软件对纳入文献行统计学处理,包括异质性检验,计算灵敏度和特异度及其95％可信区间,并选择相应的效应模型予以加权定量合并,绘制汇总工作特征曲线(SROC),最后行敏感性分析.结果 按照纳入标准共获取文献16篇,其中纳入SPECT诊断肺栓塞(PE)文献9篇,MRPA文献7篇.都满足诊断性研究质量评价工具(QUADAS) 14条目中的10条以上,按照随机效应模型对纳入文献进行汇总分析.结果显示,以多排CT(MDCT)为金标准,SPECT诊断PE的敏感度、特异度和95％可信区间分别为0.86(0.83～0.88)和0.94(0.93～0.95),MRPA为0.85(0.80～0.89)和0.98(0.97～0.99),SROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为96％和99％.结论 基于CTPA诊断PE为辐射暴露检查方法,汇总分析非辐射暴露检查SPECT和MRPA评估PE的诊断价值,二者诊断PE的灵敏度及特异度均很高,其诊断价值无明显差异,SPECT和MRPA检查方法可作为PE诊断辐射暴露禁忌的重要替代检查.     

Update on diagnostic strategies of pulmonary embolism

Acute pulmonary embolism is a frequent disease with non-specific findings, high mortality, and multiple therapeutic options. A definitive diagnosis must be established by accurate, non-invasive, easily performed, cost-effective, and widely available imaging modalities. Conventional diagnostic strategies have relied on ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy complemented by venous imaging. If the results are inconclusive, pulmonary angiography, which is regarded as the gold standard, is to be performed. Recently, marked improvements in CT and MRI and shortcomings of scintigraphy led to an update of the diagnostic strategy. Spiral CT is successfully employed as a second-line procedure to clarify indeterminate scintigraphic results avoiding pulmonary angiography. It can also be used as a first-line screening tool if service and expertise is provided. Venous imaging is indicated if CT is inconclusive. The MRI technique can be applied as an alternative second-line test if spiral CT is not available or is contraindicated. It has the greatest potential for further developments and refinements. Echocardiography should be used as a first-line bedside examination in critical patients. If inconclusive stabilized patients undergo spiral CT, unstable patients should be referred for pulmonary angiography. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is a rare sequela of acute pulmonary embolism which can be cured surgically. Morphology, complications, and differential diagnoses are better illustrated by spiral CT and MRA, whereas invasive acquisition of hemodynamic data is the sole advantage of angiography. Received: 25 February 1998; Revision received: 8 June 1998; Accepted: 10 June 1998     

肺通气/灌注显像结合血浆D-二聚体分析对肺栓塞的诊断价值

目的　探讨肺通气 灌注 (V Q)显像结合血浆D 二聚体 (dimer)分析在肺栓塞 (PE)诊断中的临床价值。方法　疑有PE的患者 10 4例进行肺V Q显像和血浆D dimer分析。以临床诊断为依据 ,分别评价肺V Q显像、D dimer分析及V Q显像结合D dimer分析对PE的诊断价值。结果　 4 4例确诊为PE ,6 0例排除PE。肺V Q显像对 86例 (82 .7% )明确诊断 ,另 18例 (17. 3% )为非确定性诊断。V Q显像诊断PE的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为 84. 1%、75 .0 %和 78. 8%。血浆D dimer分析诊断PE的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为 93. 2 %、6 0 . 0 %和 74 . 0 %。以D dimer <5 0 .0mg L作为V Q显像中非确定性诊断病例排除PE的依据 ,则诊断的特异性和准确性分别提高到 85. 0 %和 84 . 6 %。结论　在V Q显像中出现非确定性诊断结果时 ,血浆D dimer测定可作为排除PE的依据 ;V Q显像结合血浆D dimer测定可提高诊断的特异性和准确性。     

256层螺旋CT不同后处理方法对老年肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值

目的 :探讨256层螺旋CT不同后处理方法对老年肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法 :对临床拟诊为肺动脉栓塞的38例老年患者行256层螺旋CT肺动脉血管造影。由2名放射科医师共同阅片,比较MPR、MIP及VR对各级肺动脉血管栓塞的显示率。结果:共30例确诊为肺动脉栓塞,累及主肺动脉、肺叶、段、亚段肺动脉分别为30、67、118、52支。MPR、MIP、VR均能全部显示主肺动脉栓子;三者对主肺动脉栓塞以及三者对肺叶动脉栓塞的显示率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05),三者对肺段动脉栓塞的显示差异有统计学意义(χ~2=74.85,P0.05),对亚段动脉栓塞的显示MIP与VR间差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.38,P0.05),其余两者比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:薄层横断面及MPR是显示肺段及以下动脉血管栓子较为可靠的方法。256层螺旋CT肺动脉造影结合三维重建技术是筛选和诊断肺动脉栓塞的有效手段。     

Comparative value of 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography and sonography in the diagnostic workup of breast masses

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to assess the relative roles of 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography and sonography in the evaluation of breast lesions that are indeterminate or suspicious on mammography or clinical examination. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with 33 biopsy-proven breast lesions underwent both scintimammography and sonography. Lesions were categorized as benign or requiring biopsy on the basis of the absence or presence of a focus of increased activity on scintimammography and the shape, orientation, and echogenicity of the lesion on sonography. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity in detecting breast cancer were 92% and 95%, respectively, for scintimammography and 100% and 48%, respectively, for sonography. The higher specificity of scintimammography was statistically significant (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Although the overall accuracy of 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in the diagnosis of breast cancer was high, it has several disadvantages in comparison with sonography. Scintimammography has a slightly higher false-negative rate for breast cancer, is unable to reveal cysts, is more expensive, takes longer to perform, and involves ionizing radiation. For these reasons, scintimammography with 99mTc-sestamibi is unlikely to either replace sonography or be frequently used in addition to sonography.     

同机低剂量CT在肺通气／灌注SPECT显像诊断肺栓塞中的价值

目的评价同机低剂量cT对放射性核素肺V／QSPECT显像诊断PE的辅助价值。方法回顾性分析102例疑似PE患者的V／QSPECT显像和同机低剂量cT资料。采集患者的相关临床资料和检查结果,并随访3个月或以上。依据欧洲心脏病学会2008年指南所述标准作临床最终诊断,并以临床最终诊断作为“金标准”,评价V／QSPECT显像及其结合同机低剂量CT诊断PE的效能。分析同机低剂量cT在V／QSPECT显像所示异常部位的表现及其对PE鉴别诊断的价值。采用SPSS13．0软件进行统计分析,以四格表,检验比较V／QSPECT显像与其结合同机cT诊断效能间差异。结果在纳入研究的102例患者中,29例（28．43％）被最终诊断为PE。V／QSPECT显像的灵敏度、特异性及准确性分别为93．10％（27／29）、90．41％（66／73）及91．18％（93／102）,无“不确定”结果。V／QSPECT显像结合同机低剂量CT后,其灵敏度、特异性及准确性分别为93．10％（27／29）、95．89％（70／73）及95．10％（97／102）,无“不确定”结果,与单独的V／QSPECT显像相比,灵敏度无变化,特异性和准确性提高,但差异无统计学意义（,值分别为1．72和1．23,P均〉0．05）。结论V／QSPECT显像结合同机低剂量CT对PE的诊断效能较高。同机低剂量CT有助于PE的鉴别诊断。     

Multimodal CT in the diagnostic workup of stroke

Stroke results in significant morbidity and mortality. Recent years have seen a revolution in the diagnosis and treatment of stroke, with advances in diagnostic imaging and improvements in early and specific treatment. Multimodal CT (unenhanced CT, perfusion CT, and CT angiography) is widely available, fast, and efficacious, all of which give it a key role in the early diagnosis of stroke and in the selection of patients who will benefit from thrombolytic treatment. Unenhanced CT is useful for ruling out hemorrhage or lesions that simulate stroke and for evaluating the presence of early signs. Perfusion CT enables us to know the presence and extension of infarcted ischemic tissue (irrecoverable) and of penumbra (tissue at risk that is potentially recoverable), thus ensuring more appropriate selection of candidates for treatment. Finally, CT angiography makes it possible to evaluate the intra- and extra-cranial circulation, to know the vascular alteration that originated the stroke, and to guide treatment (intra-arterial or mechanical thrombolysis).     

Comparison of scintigraphic diagnostic criteria in suspected pulmonary embolism

Various criteria have been proposed for the interpretation of ventilation and perfusion (V/Q) scintigrams in diagnosing pulmonary thromboembolism. The Biello criteria, with modifications, have been a standard for years but they differ from the criteria currently being used in the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED) trial. We carried out a retrospective study in an attempt to establish if one or the other set of criteria is better. Between February 1985 and September 1987, 38 patients had a V/Q scan for suspected pulmonary embolism and subsequently underwent pulmonary angiography. The V/Q scans were reviewed by two observers using the modified Biello and the PIOPED criteria. Receiver-operated characteristic curves were constructed separately for each set of criteria. Statistical analysis revealed that neither set of criteria was significantly better than the other, but the PIOPED criteria were felt to be better defined and easier to use. This may have implications for the practical application of the criteria.     

多排螺旋CT肺动脉造影诊断肺栓塞的价值

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)诊断肺栓塞(PE)的应用价值.方法 回顾分析374例可疑PE而应用CTPA的患者,对比血栓的检出率、急或慢性及单或多发率.通过研究多种影像学检查,探讨其诊断PE的价值.结果 CTPA诊断阳性及经临床证实为PE 105例,单发栓塞14例,多发栓塞91例,急性栓塞63例,慢性栓塞42例.结论 CTPA诊断PE简单、安全、准确,应作为临床首选影像检查.     

X-ray field collimation in diagnostic radiology

A comprehensive study of radiographic practice within radiodiagnostic departments throughout Wales is currently being carried out under the auspices of the College of Radiographers and the Royal College of Radiologists. This paper reports on collimation practices observed in more than 2000 individual patient radiographs involving seven types of examination. Film dimensions are compared to those of the X-ray field and the unnecessary irradiation of radiosensitive organs consequent upon inappropriate collimation is considered. The suitability of film sizes frequently chosen for particular projections is also examined.     

多层螺旋CT在肺动脉栓塞诊断中的临床价值

多层螺旋CT可清晰显示肺动脉有无栓塞,栓塞的位置及范围大小等。本文收集2002年7月～2011年11月来我院检查治疗的26例肺动脉栓塞患者临床资料,分析其临床价值。1材料与方法本组26例患者,男16例,女10例,年龄19～72岁,平     

急性肺栓塞的心电图诊断分析

目的分析急性肺栓塞患者心电图特征及其意义。方法回顾性分析21例临床确诊的急性肺栓塞患者的心电图特征。结果 21例急性肺栓塞患者心电图出现改变者19例（90.5%）,其中窦性心动过速者9例（42.9%）,SⅠ〉0.1mV者11例（52.4%）,TⅢ倒置者10例（47.6%）,QⅢTⅢ者9例（42.9%）,SⅠQⅢTⅢ者7例（33.3%）,TV1倒置者16例（76.2%）,TV1~V2倒置者9例（42.9%）,TV1~V3倒置者6例（28.6%）,TV1~V4倒置者5例（23.8%）,TV1~V5倒置者3例（14.3%）,CRBBB者2例（9.5%）,ICRBBB者4例（19.0%）,顺钟向转位者7例（33.3%）,电轴右偏者3例（14.3%）。结论急性肺栓塞的心电图具有非特异性和多样性的特点,熟悉常见的心电图征象有助于病情的评估和判断,应仔细观察并密切结合其它辅助检查早期识别。     

CT imaging in acute pulmonary embolism: diagnostic strategies

Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTA) has increasingly become accepted as a widely available, safe, cost-effective, and accurate method for a quick and comprehensive diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Pulmonary catheter angiography is still considered the gold standard and final imaging method in many diagnostic algorithms. However, spiral CTA has become established as the first imaging test in clinical routine due to its high negative predictive value for clinically relevant PE. Despite the direct visualization of clot material, depiction of cardiac and pulmonary function in combination with the quantification of pulmonary obstruction helps to grade the severity of PE for further risk stratification and to monitor the effect of thrombolytic therapy. Because PE and deep venous thrombosis are two different aspects of the same disease, additional indirect CT venography may be a valuable addition to the initial diagnostic algorithm—if this was positive for PE—and demonstration of the extent and localization of deep venous thrombosis has an impact on clinical management. Additional and alternate diagnoses add to the usefulness of this method. Using advanced multislice spiral CT technology, some practitioners have advocated CTA as the sole imaging tool for routine clinical assessment in suspected acute PE. This will simplify standards of practice in the near future.     

CT肺动脉成像结合D-二聚体对急诊肺栓塞病人的诊断价值

目的分析以胸痛为主要表现于急诊就诊的病人采用CT肺动脉成像(CTPA)结合D-二聚体检测肺栓塞的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析自2015年1月1日—2017年6月30日于急诊以胸痛就诊并行CTPA检查的病人155例,其中男83例,女72例,年龄13~84岁,平均(55±16)岁。分析和记录肺栓塞的有无及其发生率,分析无肺栓塞病人伴发的有临床诊疗意义的病变。记录纳入病人的D-二聚体值。采用Fisher精确检验分析D-二聚体阳性组和阴性组CTPA上肺栓塞的检出率;采用独立样本t检验比较D-二聚体异常组CTPA上肺栓塞病人和非肺栓塞病人的D-二聚体值。以CTPA诊断为参考标准,评估D-二聚体在诊断肺栓塞中的价值。结果155例病人中,50例(32.3%)病人经CTPA诊断为肺栓塞,105例(67.7%)病人无肺栓塞。152例病人进行了D-二聚体测量。按照常规D-二聚体参考值0.5 mg/d L为阳性阈值,其中二聚体值阳性128例,阴性24例。24例D-二聚体值阴性者CTPA上均无肺栓塞(0/24),CTPA上有肺栓塞的50例病人(50/128,39.1%)的D-二聚体值为阳性,78例D-二聚体阳性者的CTPA上无肺栓塞,2组肺栓塞检出率的差异有统计学意义(Fisher精确检验,P<0.001)。D-二聚体值阳性组中,50例病人于CTPA上诊断为肺栓塞,78例CTPA上无肺栓塞,两者的平均D-二聚体值差异无统计学意义[分别为(6.11±5.59)mg/d L和(5.26±6.67)mg/d L,t=0.741,P=0.460]。以CTPA检测结果为参考,D-二聚体诊断肺栓塞的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为100%、23.5%、39.1%、100%。结论本研究提示结合D-二聚体的测定推荐CTPA检查有助于进一步提高肺栓塞检测的阳性率。     

The value of pulmonary angiography for the differential diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

The aim this study was to evaluate potential additional information of pulmonary angiography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and non-diagnostic lung scan findings. In a series of 150 patients who underwent pulmonary angiography for suspected venous thromboembolism, the images for potential alternative diagnoses other than pulmonary embolism were evaluated. All patients had non-diagnostic lung scan findings. Angiography was performed both by conventional and by digital subtraction angiography techniques. Images were evaluated by at least two experienced readers. Angiograms were scored for both presence or absence of pulmonary embolism, as well as other diagnoses. Pulmonary embolism was proven in 40 patients (27 %) and excluded in 105 patients (70 %), whereas non-interpretable images were obtained in 5 patients (3 %). A range of alternative diagnoses were detected by angiography: atelectasis (n = 24), pleural effusion (n = 15), pneumonia (n = 11), emphysematous bullae (n = 8), neoplasm (n = 3), atrial septum defect (n = 2), chronic thromboembolism (n = 1), and other diagnoses (n = 3). Overall, only 54 patients (36 %) had completely normal angiograms. Although pulmonary angiography remains the reference method for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, one has to be aware of other, often unexpected, but equally important findings which could influence the management of the patient. This aspect of pulmonary angiography has been insufficiently emphasized in the literature. Received: 2 April 1998; Revision received: 22 July 1998; Accepted: 4 November 1998     

多层螺旋CT对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值

目的:评价多层螺旋CT对急性肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值。方法:22例临床确诊的肺动脉栓塞患者,先行螺旋CT平扫,后经肘静脉注入碘海醇100 ml,延迟15~20 s和25~30 s行两次扫描。结果:平扫的间接征象:肺纹理稀疏11例,肺梗死灶形成9例,肺动脉高压2例,胸膜肥厚3例,胸腔积液8例。增强后的直接征象:充盈缺损(附壁性32支,部分性30支,完全性92支和中心性即轨道征15支)和动脉面细小14支。结论:螺旋CT肺动脉造影是急性肺动脉栓塞安全、迅速、无创伤的有效诊断方法。     

The value of lung scintigraphy in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

The role of lung scintigraphy in the diagnostic management of patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism is reviewed. Evidence is provided that a normal perfusion scan excludes clinically relevant pulmonary embolism, and that a high probability lung scan, defined as a segmental perfusion defect with locally normal ventilation, sufficiently confirms the presence of pulmonary embolism in the majority of these patients. Furthermore, this review assesses the possibility of non-invasive tests for the diagnosis or exclusion of venous thromboembolic disease as a means of avoiding pulmonary angiography in patients with lung scan outcomes that are neither normal nor high probability.E.J.R. van Beek is the recipient of a grant from the Netherlands Health Executive Insurance Board (OG91-036). H.R. Büller is the recipient of a fellowship of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Correspondence to: E.J.R. van Beek     

The role of helical CT in the diagnostic work-up for pulmonary embolism

The clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism remains an important challenge despite the multitude of imaging modalities and variety of diagnostic schemes available. Contrast-enhanced helical CT has recently gained favor as an alternative primary imaging modality in the noninvasive diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. This essay reviews the role of helical CT in diagnostic work-up for pulmonary embolism with special emphasis on scan interpretation and diagnostic pitfalls.