肾脏上皮样型血管平滑肌脂肪瘤临床病理分析

目的 探讨肾脏上皮样型血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(EAML)的临床病理特点及诊断与鉴别诊断.方法 通过对3例EAML临床病理学观察与免疫组化标记及复习有关文献,讨论其组织学特征及临床生物学行为.结果 3例年龄分别为28、40和32岁,均有腰痛病史,其中1例伴有肉眼血尿,均无结节硬化症.眼观:肿瘤位于肾脏,直径大小分别为6 cm、8 cm和3 cm.3例境界清楚,例2伴囊性变.肿瘤无包膜,2例出血、坏死明显,质脆或韧.镜检:瘤细胞体积大或巨大,呈多边形,胞质丰富,嗜酸性或空泡状,核仁明显,可见核内包涵体,多核巨细胞散在其中.瘤细胞弥漫性或巢团状排列.2例瘤组织出血、坏死明显,呈浸润性边缘.3例未见典型AML图像.免疫组化染色显示瘤细胞HMB-45阳性,SMA和vimentin散在性阳性,CK、EMA和CD10均阴性.结论 EAML是一种单一方向分化的,含有大上皮样细胞的肿瘤,瘤细胞较为特异的表达HMB-45.辅以免疫组化可以与其它肾脏肿瘤相鉴别.     

上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的临床病理特征

目的:探讨上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(epithelioid angiomyolipoma,EAML)的临床病理学特征.方法:回顾性分析17例病理诊断为EAML的组织学形态、免疫组织化学特点、临床及随访资料.结果:男5例,女12例,年龄21~62(平均31.2)岁,其中14例发生于肾脏(3例伴有子宫平滑肌瘤,2例伴有宫内孕);2例发生于肝脏,1例发生于腹腔;肿瘤最大径3~15 cm,镜下瘤细胞呈上皮样巢、片状分布,可见围绕血管呈放射状排列的结构;细胞体积大,卵圆形、梭形,胞质丰富,异型明显,核分裂少见,其中2例伴有出血、坏死.免疫组织化学HMB-45,Melan-A,SMA阳性,vimentin,ER和PR表达率分别为41%(7/17),23%(4/17)以及35%(6/17).17例EAML均行肿瘤根治或肿瘤切除术,术后随访5~52个月,1例2年后肝肺转移死亡,其余16例均健在,无复发及转移.结论:EAML多发生于女性,可能与激素水平有关;肾脏最常见,其次为肝、腹腔;病理形态多样,免疫组织化学对其诊断有重要价值,手术效果好,有转移可能.     

儿童肾脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤病理特点

目的 探讨儿童肾脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(epithelioid angiomyolipoma,EAML)免疫标记的表达特点及其对临床病理诊断、鉴别诊断和预后的意义.方法 对1例肾脏EAML临床资料进行复习,进行光镜观察和免疫组化染色,并随访.结果 光镜下肿瘤由典型性的上皮样细胞组成,细胞核有异型性,核分裂象可见,有坏死和出血;淋巴结内未见上皮样肿瘤细胞累及.免疫标记:瘤细胞vimentin、SMA、HMB-45、Melan-A、CD68均阳性;而CK(AE1/AE3)、EMA、S-100、CD10、CD34、CD117、ER、PR、Ki-67和p53均为阴性.患者手术后状态良好,无肿瘤局部复发和转移征象.结论 肿瘤以上皮样细胞增生特征为主,临床表现和组织学表现易与肾脏肿瘤及其他肿瘤相混,寻找经典血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的结构和肿瘤细胞表达HMB-45和SMA对诊断和鉴别诊断至关重要.而细胞的不典型性、核分裂、出血和坏死可能只表明肿瘤的恶性潜能;淋巴结受累、肾静脉瘤栓均不是恶性的诊断依据;远处转移才是恶性的证据.Ki-67和p53对患者的预后可能有指示意义.     

上皮样型肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤2例

例1,男性,25岁,因左侧腰部疼痛1年余入院。查体:左肾区隆起,可触及8 cm×8 cm×4 cm肿块,质硬,无压痛。B超探及左肾9·2 cm×10·1 cm不均匀包块,提示左肾占位病变。CT考虑左肾癌。手术见左肾14 cm×10 cm×10 cm,肿物将肾皮质推向外侧,肿物表面血管曲张,部分呈囊性感,与毗邻分界清,周围淋巴结未见肿大,行左肾切除。眼观:已剖开肾脏,15 cm×10 cm×6 cm。肿物位于实质,10 cm×5 cm×5 cm,中心大部分出血坏死,呈暗红色血块状,易破碎,与肾组织分界清,部分有包膜。镜检:瘤细胞体积大,圆形或多边形,胞质丰富红染并融合,边界不清,部分胞质淡染…     

上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤7例临床病理分析

目的回顾分析上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(epithelioid angiomyolipoma,EAML)的形态学特点、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断、临床特点及预后,加深对EAML的认识,提高诊断的准确性。方法观察7例EAML的病理形态学、免疫表型及临床特征。结果 7例EAML形态相似,肿瘤细胞体积大,呈卵圆形、梭形或多边形,胞质丰富,嗜酸性,细胞核大,大小不一,核仁明显,可见多核及巨核瘤细胞,有少数核分裂象,呈巢、片状分布,部分围绕血管呈袖套状。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞HMB-45、Melan-A、vimentin、SMA均弥漫阳性,EMA、CK、CD10均阴性。7例EAML均行肿瘤根治性手术或肿瘤切除术,术后随访3~56个月,除1例因有高度恶性十二指肠间质瘤病史于3个月后死于恶性间质瘤进展外,其余6例均健在,多次复查B超、CT等均无复发、转移。结论 EAML是具有恶性潜能的间叶源性肿瘤,病理形态学上易误诊为恶性肿瘤,免疫组化对鉴别诊断有重要的意义,目前手术治疗是主要方法,有复发或转移可能。     

Renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma with TFE3 gene amplification

目的 探讨伴有TFE3扩增的肾脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(epithelioid angiomyolipoma,EAML)的病理学特征、鉴别诊断及生物学行为.方法 对1例伴有TFE3扩增的肾脏EAML进行组织形态学观察、免疫组化染色及荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)检测,追踪随访患者预后,并复习相关文献.结果 该例EAML呈片状弥漫分布,瘤细胞呈上皮样改变,细胞形态异型性较大,核分裂象易见.肿瘤侵犯包膜.瘤细胞表达SMA、TFE3、cathepsin K,TFE3基因出现多倍体扩增,未见易位发生.患者第一次手术3个月后肿瘤复发,术后半年腹腔肿瘤广泛侵犯、肺部见转移.结论 伴有TFE3扩增的EAML组织学形态及生长方式更具恶性特征,预后更差,与经典型EAML有所不同,需与其他形态学相似的肿瘤相鉴别.     

上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤6例临床病理分析

目的 探讨上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(epithelioid angiomyolipoma,EAML)的临床病理特点、免疫表型,诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 对5例肾脏和1例肝脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤进行病理形态观察及免疫组织化学检测.结果 6例上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤形态相似,肿瘤细胞多呈巢状和片状排列,围绕血管呈袖套状,瘤细胞体积大,形态单一,多边形或梭形,胞质丰富,嗜酸性颗粒状,细胞核较大,核仁明显呈空泡状.免疫组化显示肿瘤细胞HMB45、vimentin 和平滑肌特异性抗原(SMA,MSA)弥漫阳性;而EMA、CK(AE1/AE3)呈阴性.结论 上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤是一种具有恶性潜能的间叶源性肿瘤,形态学上常容易误诊,免疫组化对鉴别诊断有重要意义.     

恶性上皮样肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤一例

患者女,28岁。因头晕心慌在心内科就诊时发现腹部肿块,经B超检查发现肾脏巨大肿瘤伴瘤内出血,于2005年1月16日人院。体检：患者自6岁开始有多次癫痫发作,青春期后发作逐渐减少,无家族史。人院后检查可见面部血管纤维瘤（该体征过去曾经被描述为皮脂腺瘤）,腹部可触及肿块,未见其他异常体征。CT示左肾区巨大不规则混杂密度团块影,[第一段]     

TFE3重排的上皮样血管内皮瘤7例临床病理特征

目的 探讨TFE3重排的上皮样血管内皮瘤(epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, EHE)的临床病理学特征、免疫表型及分子特点。方法 收集7例原发性TFE3重排的EHE,采用EnVision两步法进行免疫组化染色,FISH检测WWTR1-CAMTA1融合基因及TFE3基因断裂重排情况,二代测序检测其融合转录本。结果 7例患者中男性3例,女性4例,年龄33～61岁(中位年龄45岁,平均46.3岁)。肿瘤发生于软组织5例、肺1例、淋巴结1例。组织学上,肿瘤细胞轻至中度异型性,呈上皮样,胞质丰富嗜酸性,见胞质内空泡和胞质内红细胞,细胞核卵圆形,染色质分布均匀,有小核仁,可见双核或多核细胞,未见核分裂及坏死;肿瘤细胞呈条索状、实性片状和巢状排列,可见假腺泡/假肺泡结构。免疫表型：肿瘤细胞表达CD31(7/7)、CD34(4/7)、ERG(7/7)、TFE3(7/7),Ki-67增殖指数<5%,不表达CK(AE1/AE3)、EMA。7例FISH检测均可见TFE3基因断裂,其中1例行二代测序,检测到YAP1(exon1)-TFE3(exon4)融合,7例均未见WW...     

伴上皮性囊肿的血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例并文献复习

目的 探讨伴上皮性囊肿的血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(angio-myolipoma with epithelial cysts,AMLEC)的临床病理学特征、诊断、鉴别诊断及预后.方法 回顾性分析1例AMLEC的临床病理学特征、免疫表型等,并复习相关文献.结果 患者女性,49岁,体检发现双肾囊肿2年,CT示右肾囊性肿块.眼观:肿...     

TFE3‐rearranged hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma—a case report with immunohistochemical and molecular study

A recurrent YAP1‐TFE3 gene fusion has been identified in WWTR1‐CAMTA1‐negative epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas arising in soft tissue, bone, and lung, but not in liver. We present the first case of TFE3‐rearranged hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in a 39‐year‐old Taiwanese woman. Computed tomography scan revealed multifocal, ill‐defined nodules involving both hepatic lobes. She then underwent deceased donor liver transplantation. Histologically, the tumors in the liver explant showed a biphasic growth pattern. One component was composed of dilated and well‐formed blood vessels lined by epithelioid cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, mimicking an alveolar pattern, whereas the other component was composed of cords and single cells, featuring intracytoplasmic vacuoles, separated by a myxoid stroma. The tumor cells showed vesicular nuclei and small indistinct nucleoli with mild to moderate cytologic atypia. Most tumor cells showed factor VIII, CD34, CD31, and TFE3 positivity in immunohistochemical study. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for the tumor cells exhibited TFE3 gene rearrangement. The patient is currently alive, and no post‐operative tumor recurrence developed during a 13‐year follow‐up. Awareness of this rare vasoformative variant and identification of the gene rearrangement would be helpful on differential diagnosis with other high‐grade carcinoma and angiosarcoma of liver.     

Sclerosing variant of epithelioid angiomyolipoma

Presented herein are two unusual epithelioid angiomyolipomas (AML) displaying prominent stromal sclerosis. Both patients were middle-aged women without a clinical history of tuberous sclerosis. One patient (case 1) had a 2 cm lesion arising in the renal cortex, and another (case 2) had a pararenal retroperitoneal tumor measuring 13 cm. Both tumors were composed of sheets or nests of polygonal epithelioid or short spindle cells having uniform round to oval nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm with cords of hyalinized sclerotic stroma between them. The tumor in case 2 had small areas of mature-looking fat cells. Immunohistochemically, epithelioid tumor cells were diffusely positive for actins and desmin in both cases, and melanoma antigen recognized by T cells (MART)-1 was positive in patient 2. Scattered HMB-45-immunoreactive cells were identified in the sclerotic cords of both tumors, but epithelioid tumor cells were essentially negative for HMB-45. The characteristic clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of the present cases are analogous to a subset of epithelioid AML or sclerosing perivascular epithelioid cell tumors previously reported.     

Retroperitoneal epithelioid angiomyolipoma leading to fatal outcome

Epithelioid angiomyolipoma (AML) is a newly established variant of AML, characterized by monomorphous epithelioid cells that show HMB-45 immunopositivity, and it often displays aggressive behavior. To date, they have mostly appeared in the kidneys; however, the present autopsy case of a 43-year-old female without the stigmata of tuberous sclerosis complex had a huge retroperitoneal mass, accompanied by involvement of the regional lymph nodes. Histopathologically, the tumor was composed of round, polygonal or short spindle-shaped monomorphous cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large nuclei with frequent multinucleation. Mitotic figures were scattered. Mature fat cells and thick-walled abnormal blood vessels were totally absent. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were reactive with HMB-45 and alpha-smooth muscle actin antibodies. In spite of curative surgery and repeated radio- and chemotherapy, the tumor continued to grow and brought about the patient's death 4 years after the initial symptoms. At autopsy, the peritoneal cavity was filled with the tumor mass exceeding 5.5 kg. Histopathological features were essentially the same as those of biopsy samples, but the cellular pleomorphism and emperipolesis were more easily identified. This report calls attention to this unusual manifestation of AML in the retroperitoneum and the importance of distinguishing it from sarcomas and/or paragangliomas.     

肝脏单形性上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤

目的：探讨肝脏单形性上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的临床病理学特征及诊断、鉴别诊断要点。方法：对1例单形性上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤进行临床病理学分析及免疫组织化学研究。结果：肝脏单形性上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤临床多无症状,光镜下单形性上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤由形态多样的上皮样细胞构成,胞质透明或嗜酸,无脂肪组织及异常血管;免疫表型;HMB45阳性,SMA及vimentin部分阳性,desmin少数阳性,S－100蛋白弱阳性,cytokeratin及AFP阴性,CD34血管内皮细胞阳性。结论：肝脏单形性上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤是极为罕见的间叶性肿瘤,组织起源至今不明,其诊断及鉴别诊断主要依靠病理组织学及免疫组织化学。     

Renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma with malignant features: Histological evaluation and novel immunohistochemical findings

Renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma (EAML) is a potentially malignant tumor type whose characteristics and biomarkers predictive of malignant behavior have not been elucidated. Here, we report three cases of renal EAML with malignant features but without histories of tuberous sclerosis complex. Case 1 involved a 29‐year‐old man with a 12‐cm solid mass in the right kidney who underwent radical right nephrectomy. Case 2 involved a 22‐year‐old woman with a retroperitoneal mass who underwent radical right nephrectomy and retroperitoneal tumorectomy. Local recurrence was detected 7 years post‐surgery. Case 3 involved a 23‐year‐old man with a 14‐cm solid mass in the left kidney who underwent radical left nephrectomy. Microscopically, the tumors in all cases demonstrated proliferation of epithelioid cells with atypia, mitotic activity, necrosis, hemorrhage, and vascular invasion. Epithelioid cells in all cases were immunohistochemically positive for melanocytic and myoid markers and weakly positive for E‐cadherin and β‐catenin. Immunohistochemistry revealed activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Here, we report the morphological and immunohistochemical features of clinically or histologically malignant renal EAML.     

Renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma: a study of six cases and a meta-analytic study. Development of criteria for screening the entity with prognostic significance

Aims:  Renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma (EAML) is only described in case reports or in multi-institutional small series. The aim was to report cases seen at our institution and to perform a meta-analysis based on a literature review.
Methods and results:  Six EAML cases seen at our institution were reviewed and a meta-analysis performed using cases retrieved from a literature review. There were a total of 69 cases for review. The male:female ratio was 1:3. In the absence of areas of typical AML, useful features in distinguishing EAML from epithelial renal neoplasms include: extreme degree of cytological atypia, histiocytoid appearance, presence of melanocytic pigments, solid architecture with the absence of frequent areas of alveolar pattern, tubulo-papillary formation and scarring. A fatal outcome, distant or lymph node metastasis, venous invasion and local recurrence were considered as adverse events and occurred in 40% of cases over a period of follow-up of 3–60 months (mean 22.5 ± 18 months). Tumours with an unfavourable outcome showing marked cytological atypia and extensive tumour necrosis were larger (135 ± 43 mm) than those with a favourable outcome (79 ± 50 mm) ( P  < 0.002), and predominantly occurred in men.
Conclusions:  Renal neoplasms with certain unusual features should be investigated immunohistochemically to rule out the possibility of EAML. The frequency of adverse outcome is lower in EAML than in renal cell carcinoma.