带血管阔筋膜张肌骨瓣治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的研究GardenⅢ、Ⅳ型青壮年股骨颈骨折的治疗。方法36例股骨颈骨折患者，其中Garden Ⅲ型14例，Ⅳ型22例。采用带旋股外侧血管升支的阔筋膜张肌髂骨瓣移植配合内固定治疗，随访2～8年。结果36例骨折中34例全部获得愈合，有1例骨折不愈合并内固定断裂，行全髋关节置换治疗，1例1年后爱生股骨头坏死。结论Garden Ⅲ、Ⅳ型青壮年股骨颈骨折损伤重，骨折端血供中断，带旋股外侧血管升支的髂骨块可能恢复骨折端的连接，愈合后恢复股骨头血供，对防止骨折端不愈合及股骨头坏死有一定的意义。     

旋股内侧动脉深支大转子骨瓣加自体松质骨治疗股骨颈骨析

目的探讨旋股内侧动脉深支大转子骨瓣加自体松质骨移植对股骨颈骨折的治疗效果.方法对股骨颈头下型骨折、头颈型骨折及经颈型骨折,应用带旋股内动脉深支大转子骨瓣加自体松质骨移植治疗共51例. 结果术后随访22～75个月,平均38个月,股骨颈骨折愈合49例,股骨头坏死8例.结论该方法具有改善骨折端股骨头、股骨颈的血供,促进骨折的愈合,减少股骨头缺血性坏死的作用.     

旋股内侧动脉深支大转子骨瓣加自体松质骨治疗股骨颈骨折

目的：探讨旋股内侧动脉深支大转子骨瓣加自体松质骨移植对股骨颈骨折的治疗效果。方法：对股骨颈头下型骨折,头颈型骨折及经颈型骨折,应用带旋股内动脉深支大转子骨瓣加自体松质骨移植治疗共51例。结果：术后随访22-75月,平均38个月,股骨颈骨折愈合49例,股骨头坏死8例。结论：该方法具有改善骨折端股骨头,股骨颈的血供,促进骨折的愈合,减少股骨头缺血性坏死的作用。     

3枚非平行空心螺钉固定联合带血供骨瓣嵌入治疗GardenIV型并PauwelsⅢ型股骨颈骨折

目的 对空心加压螺钉联合旋股内侧动脉深支大转子骨瓣治疗GardenIV型并PauwelsⅢ型股骨颈骨折进行疗效分析和经验总结。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年6月收治的12例接受3枚非平行空心螺钉固定联合带血供骨瓣嵌入治疗的GardenIV型同时Pauwels分型为Ⅲ型的股骨颈骨折患者,男8例,女4例,年龄跨度18～60岁。结果 所有患者术后8周下地单拐辅助负重,3个月复查X片股骨颈骨折均得到临床愈合,术后6-18个月未发现股骨颈短缩、股骨头坏死。结论 空心加压螺钉联合旋股外侧动脉升支髂骨瓣或旋股内侧动脉深支大转子骨瓣嵌入股骨颈手术是治疗GardenIV型同时PauwelsⅢ型股骨颈骨折的有效术式。     

股骨颈骨折后选择性血管造影评价股骨头血液循环

目的 探讨选择性血管造影检查对评价股骨颈骨折后早期股骨头血液循环损伤及影响因素的价值。方法采用选择性旋股动脉及支持带动脉造影(DSA)，对9例2～23天内单侧股骨颈骨折患者血管损伤和血液循环改变进行评价。结果髋关节囊内出血2例，骨内出血4例，下、后支持带动脉损伤和血管移位各3例。患髋牵引时，除外下支持带动脉，其他支持带动脉无显影或仅显示起始部主干，相应股骨头颈部几无灌注成像，静脉显影延迟；髋关节维持伸直内旋位或囊内注入生理盐水后造影，所有支持带动脉无明确显影或仅显示其主干，股骨头颈部无灌注、染色，静脉显影延迟。结论选择性旋股内、外侧动脉DSA技术是一项准确评价股骨颈骨折后股骨头血液循环损伤及影响因素的微创性检查方法；股骨头血液循环受髋关节体位、囊内压和牵引等因素影响；牵引可导致或加重股骨颈骨折后股骨头缺血。     

应用选择性血管造影技术评价股骨颈骨折后股骨头血供情况及其对临床治疗的指导作用

目的探讨应用选择性血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）评价股骨颈骨折后早期股骨头血液循环损伤情况,以指导临床治疗。方法采用DSA对25例单侧股骨颈骨折的髋部进行旋股动脉及支持带动脉造影,按DSA结果分型,分别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型,以了解各型病例术前、术后的股骨头血供。结果 DSAⅠ、Ⅱ型病例无股骨头坏死,DSAⅢ型病例均出现股骨头坏死。结论 DSA可为股骨颈骨折的治疗提供更多、更有力的临床依据。     

SPECT-CT评价股骨颈骨折后股骨头血供的变化

目的利用SPECT-CT观察不同分型股骨颈骨折后股骨头血供的变化和股骨头不同部位血供的分布情况。方法回顾性分析76例股骨颈骨折后股骨头的SPECT-CT检查资料,股骨颈骨折采用Garden分型,并将股骨头分为外上方（A）、外下方（B）和内下方（C）三个区域,分别计算患/健股骨头核素比值和三个区域与健侧股骨头核素计数比值,比较股骨颈不同类型骨折、同种骨折股骨头不同部位血供的变化。结果 GardenⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ型患/健比均值分别为：2.6、1.7、0.7和0.4（F=2.34,P〈0.05）。股骨头外上方、外下方和内下方与健侧股骨头的核素比分别为：（GardenⅠ型）1.9、3.2、2.4（F=3.85,P〈0.05）,（GardenⅡ型）1.3、2.3、1.6（F=4.56,P〈0.05）,（GardenⅢ型）0.3、0.9、0.5（F=3.47,P〈0.05）,（GardenⅣ型）0.1、0.6、0.3（F=2.73,P〈0.05）。结论股骨颈骨折移位程度越大,股骨头血供破坏越严重,尤其是股骨头的外上方部位血供下降程度最为明显。     

带血管蒂髂骨瓣移植的临床应用

目的总结带血管蒂髂骨瓣治疗股骨颈骨折及小儿股骨头缺血坏死的临床疗效. 方法本组股骨颈头下型骨折123例,采用带旋髂深血管支髂骨瓣治疗43例(股骨颈陈旧性骨折、股骨头早期坏死15例,股骨颈头下型骨折28例);带旋股外侧动脉升支血管髂骨瓣治疗80例(股骨颈骨折并股骨头早期坏死9例,股骨颈头下型骨折71例),其中小儿股骨头缺血坏死10例.切取的骨瓣最小为2 cm×2 cm×1.5 cm,最大为5 cm×1.5 cm×8 cm. 结果术后2个月出现骨痂,3～5个月后骨折基本愈合,股骨头缺血坏死一般在3个月以后恢复正常.123例股骨颈骨折119例治愈,股骨头坏死4例;小儿股骨头缺血坏死10例均获成功. 结论两种带血管的髂骨瓣血运都极其丰富.带旋股外侧动脉升支血管髂骨瓣由于解剖上的特点则更适合用于股骨颈、粗隆部及股骨中上段疾患.     

带旋髂深血管髂骨瓣结合空心加压螺钉内固定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折

目的 探讨采用旋髂深血管髂骨瓣结合空心加压螺钉内固定治疗青壮年移位型股骨颈骨折的临床疗效. 方法 对36例年龄在23～52岁的青壮年股骨颈骨折(GardenⅢ或Ⅳ型)患者,采用髋S-P切口或辅加髋外侧小切口进行骨折切开复位、空心加压螺钉内固定、将带旋髂深血管髂骨瓣转位植入股骨颈前部的骨槽内. 结果 术后切口全部Ⅰ期愈合.经9～74个月(平均32.5个月)随访,股骨颈骨折骨性愈合32例,不愈合4例,股骨头缺血坏死2例.髋关节功能Harris评分优良率83.3％.无1例发生股外侧皮神经损伤、腹股沟疝. 结论 旋髂深血管髂骨瓣结合空心加压螺钉内固定治疗青壮年移位型股骨颈骨折临床效果良好.     

带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣治疗股骨颈骨折27例

目的 探讨应用带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转位移植手术治疗中年股骨颈骨折的临床疗效.方法 对27例中年Garden Ⅲ、Garden Ⅳ型股骨颈骨折采用切开复位内固定、带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣转位移植于股骨颈前部骨槽内的方法进行治疗.结果 术后随访12～110个月,股骨颈骨折全部骨性愈合,平均愈合时间7.8个月,无发生骨折不愈合及股骨头坏死,关节功能正常.临床结果评定,优22例,良4例,差1例.结论 带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣治疗中年移位型股骨颈骨折,术后发生骨不连和股骨头坏死几率低,临床效果好,是治疗股骨颈骨折较理想的方法.     

基于三维重建的股骨头支持带血管的显微外科定位研究及临床意义

目的通过对股骨头血供的灌注和三维重建对股骨头支持带血管进行定位,探讨应用显微外科技术对股骨颈骨折后通过支持带血管进行探查和修复,以重建股骨头血供的可行性及临床意义。方法采用新鲜成人股骨头标本25例进行显微解剖及动脉灌注,应用Micro-CT扫描及三维软件重建股骨头血运,以360°角度盘及骨性解剖标志进行定位,并测量相关的临床数据。结果股骨头血供由上、下、前3组支持带动脉血管供应,其在股骨头内形成互相连接的动脉网,3组血管在角度盘的定位分别为288°-342°、192°-226°、118°-155°。结论来源于旋股内侧动脉的上、下支持带血管是股骨头的主要供血动脉,其走行位置较为恒定,在股骨颈骨折切开复位术中可根据骨性标志定位支持带血管,以探查、判断股骨头血运损伤情况。     

Fracture of the femoral neck. II. Relative importance of primary vascular damage and surgical procedure for the development of necrosis of the femoral head

The opinion is widely held that interruption of the arterial flow through the retinacular arteries to the femoral head is the main cause of avascular necrosis after fracture of the neck. In this study the state of the vascular supply to the femoral head was assessed--prior to osteosynthesis--by means of intramedullary pressure measurements in the femoral head and neck in 72 patients with medial neck fractures. The patients were followed 2 or 3 years or until avascular necrosis became evident. The relative importance of primary avascularity and surgical technique for the development of necrosis suggests that damage to the retinacular arteries may not be the single decisive factor in the pathogenesis of femoral head necrosis. Proper fracture reduction with extensive contact between the cancellous bone surfaces and stable fixation seemed to be more important, probably because they offer the best possibilities for re-establishment of transosseous blood flow across the fracture site.     

Vascular supply of the femoral head in sheep—Implications for the ovine femoroacetabular impingement model

Sheep hips have a natural non‐spherical head similar to a cam‐type deformity in human beings. By performing an intertrochanteric varus osteotomy, cam‐type femoroacetabular impingement can be induced experimentally. In sheep, the aspherical portion is located superiorly—exactly matching the region where the superior retinacular vessels enter the femoral head–neck junction in human beings. In order to fully exploit the potential of this experimental FAI model, a safe osteochondroplasty of the superior asphericity would need to be done without the risk of avascular necrosis. The aim of this study was to describe the vascular anatomy of the femoral head in sheep from the aorta to the retinacular vessels in order to perform safe femoral osteochondroplasty of the superior femoral asphericity in sheep. Sixty‐two ovine hips were analyzed using CT angiography (30 hips), post mortem intravascular latex injection (6 hips), vascular corrosion casting (6 hips), and analysis of the distribution of vascular foramina around the femoral head–neck junction in macerated ovine femora (20 hips). The ovine femoral head receives its blood supply from anterior retinacular arteries from the lateral femoral circumflex artery, and from posterior retinacular arteries from the medial femoral circumflex artery. The superior aspherical portion is free of vessels. Detailed knowledge about vascular anatomy of sheep hips is of clinical significance since it allows to perform osteochondroplasty of the superior aspherical portion in the experimental ovine FAI model safely without the risk of osteonecrosis. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2340–2348, 2018.

     

Imaging the vascularisation of the femoral head by CT angiography

The femoral head receives its blood supply primarily from the medial femoral circumflex artery, with its deep branch being the most important. In a previous study, we performed classical anatomical dissections of 16 hips. We have extended our investigation with a radiological study, in which we aimed to visualise the arteries supplying the femoral head in healthy individuals. We analysed 55 CT angiographic images of the hip. Using 64-row CT angiography, we identified three main arteries supplying the femoral head: the deep branch of the medial femoral circumflex artery and the posterior inferior nutrient artery originating from the medial femoral circumflex artery, and the piriformis branch of the inferior gluteal artery. CT angiography is a good method for visualisation of the arteries supplying the femoral head. The current radiological studies will provide information for further investigation of vascularity after traumatic dislocation of the hip, using CT angiography.     

Selective medical circumflex femoral arteriography in idiopathic ischemic necrosis of the femoral head in adults (author's transl)]

It is generally accepted that the medial circumflex femoral artery nourishes about two-thirds to four-fifths of the femoral head. In order to study the arteries in the idiopathic ischemic necrosis of the femoral head in adults, selective medial circumflex femoral arteriography was performed on 24 affected hips and 14 normal hips. This method enabled the better visualization of the medial circumflex femoral arterial system than the conventional femoral or internal iliac arteriography. The affected hips showed similar vascular patterns compared to normal hips. Anastomoses between the ascending branch or the medial circumflex femoral artery and the gluteal arteries, however, were rarely found in the affected hips. In the affected hips, various pathologic changes were demonstrated angiographically mainly in the portion of the ascending branch and the retinacular arteries. The existence of some degree of vascular insufficiency of the femoral head was assumed. However, complete occlusion of the medial circumflex femoral artery and its main branches that might cause head necrosis was seldom observed.     

Micro Perfusion and Quantitative Analysis of the Femoral Head Intraosseous Artery

The present study investigates the feasibility of micro perfusion of femoral head specimens from femoral neck fracture patients by the inferior retinacular arteries and performing intraosseous artery quantitative analysis of the femoral head. Twelve femoral neck fracture patients who had undergone conventional hip replacement surgery were included in this study. Femoral head specimen arteries were first dissected and exposed and then perfused by the inferior retinacular arteries and all the femoral heads underwent micro‐CT scanning. After micro‐CT scanning, a digital 3‐D model was reconstructed to quantify the femoral head intraosseous arteries for comparison with a normal femoral head. The artery length density, artery volume density, and artery length/volume ratio were calculated separately and compared with normal femoral head parameters. Micro‐CT scanning displayed the epiphyseal arterial network structure and their fine vascular branches in all 12 femoral neck fractures. Blood was supplied from the inferior retinacular artery to the epiphyseal arterial network then to all the fine blood vessels within the femoral head. No statistical differences were observed in femoral heads’ intraosseous artery length densities or volume densities between the normal and femoral neck fracture specimens, while the artery length/volume ratio showed a statistical difference, and the ratio increased from 19 to 46. Micro perfusion of the femoral head by the inferior retinacular arteries is possible and can present the epiphyseal network and their fine arterial branches in pathologic conditions to provide a morphological basis for the study of femoral head disease.     

股骨颈骨折对局部血供的损伤及评估——解剖基础及其临床运用进展

股骨颈骨折内固定的稳定性可在很大程度上通过手术技巧及内固定排布和植入骨替代物等方法获得,但当前医疗技术水平尚无法完全逆转骨折产生的血供损伤。因此,在围手术期,全面评估股骨颈骨折后局部残余血供以避免医源性损伤成为了目前研究的热点。关于股骨颈骨外层面血供的解剖研究相对成熟,其运用主要涉及旋股内侧动脉和支持带动脉的评估,但不同损伤程度的预后需要进一步探索。当前,临床上尚无法直接观察到骨面的滋养孔,但可根据其分布的密集次序、进行合理的术前规划,尽可能保护残存血供,以避免后续股骨头坏死的发生。而骨内血供的解剖基础及临床研究主要聚焦于头颈结合区,以探究股骨头坏死的机制。但关于股骨颈的其它区域骨内血管分布及交联机制仍需要进一步探究。此外,后续研究可根据骨外血管走行、滋养孔分布及骨内血管网的特征建立完善的基于三层次结构综合的血供评估体系,用于辅助股骨颈骨折的治疗。     

Revascularization of the femoral head by anastomosis of superior retinacular vessels for the treatment of femoral neck fracture: A case report

The purpose of this report is to present a method of revascularization of the femoral head for the treatment of femoral neck fracture in a young adult. The patient is a 22‐year‐old male with the femoral neck fracture of Garden type III. We performed an open reduction with internal fixation of the fracture and repaired the superior retinacular vessels using microsurgical techniques to achieve revascularization to the femoral head. A desensitized‐digital subtraction angiography examination showed that the blood supply from the superior retinacular artery to the femoral head was re‐established three months after surgery. The X‐ray showed that the femoral head had a normal shape without any necrotic lesions or sclerotic changes at four months follow‐up and the bone achieved good union without redisplacement of the fracture site. This case showed that revascularization of the femoral head by microsurgery could be feasible in treatment of certain type of femoral neck fracture. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:426–429, 2016.