基于移植协调员角度的心脏死亡器官捐献工作经验

目的 总结基于移植协调员角度的心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)工作经验.方法 收集2010年3-10月间潜在DCD供者的临床资料,通过自定义4个概念:潜在DCD供者、有效DCD供者、DCD成功率及DCD回绝率,对DCD工作进行量化分析.结果 发现并确认了16例潜在DCD供者,并成功实施DCD 5例,DCD成功率为31.3 ％(5/16).11例未成功捐献的潜在DCD供者中,其原因为家属拒绝捐献3例(占27.3％),家属捐献意见不统一3例(占27.3％),家属同意捐献但由于各种纠纷或与各部门协调原因耽误器官获取时间造成器官质量不符合捐献标准4例(占36.4％),以及器官评估不合格1例(9.1％).DCD回绝率为37.50％(6/16).结论 潜在DCD供者的人数还有待提高;移植协调员在人体器官捐献工作中具有重要作用,沟通技巧、专业知识仍需要进一步培养;人体器官捐献工作不能仅依靠医疗卫生部门、省红十字会,需要行政、交通、司法等各部门的协同参与.     

心脏死亡供者器官移植现状及展望

一、心脏死亡器官捐献现状 近年来心脏死亡器官捐献(donation after cardiac death,DCD)移植数量逐年增加.美国2012年OPTN/UNOS的年度报告指出,2011年DCD供者占尸体移植的13％(1053例),是2000年的9倍(117例,1.95％).实际上,DCD供者已经成为各国重要的供器官来源.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症对医疗费用及患者预后的影响

<正>胆道并发症(BC)显著影响肝移植患者的预后,但不同移植中心间BC发生率的差异鲜有报道。美国学者根据器官移植受者科学注册系统(SRTR)和Medicare医疗保险数据,分析了2002年至2008年16286例肝移植患者的BC发生率、患者预后和医疗费用情况。15724例患者为接受脑死亡器官捐献(DBD)供肝,其BC发生率为11%;562例接受心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)供肝,其BC发生率为16%,明显高于DBD组(P=0.002)。分别以DBD和DCD的风险调整后BC实际/预期发生率比值的四分位数划分移植中心,结果发现DBD组实际/预期BC发生率比值最高的1/4移植中心BC发生率中位数为19.0%,最/.%DCD.%.%/BC     

中国心脏死亡捐献器官评估与应用专家共识(2014版)

自2010年原卫生部启动人体器官捐献工作以来,经过各界努力,目前人体器官捐献尤其是心脏死亡器官捐献(donation after cardiac death,DCD),在全国范围内已得到广泛开展.亟待制订相关专家共识来指导全国DCD器官的质量评估,推动其在临床上更规范、有效、安全地应用.中华医学会器官移植学分会、中华医学会外科学分会移植学组及中国医师协会器官移植医师分会组织专家制订了《中国心脏死亡捐献器官评估与应用专家共识(2014版)》,重点阐述了中国DCD与心脏死亡诊断标准、器官获取、DCD器官在肝移植和肾移植中的评估和应用以及移植受者围术期的特殊干预.     

中国心脏死亡器官捐献工作发展及影响因素:单中心经验

目的总结中国心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)发展概况、影响潜在DCD供者捐献因素及体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)技术应用的单中心经验。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2015年12月广州军区总医院器官获取组织(OPO)服务范围内所有DCD供者资料。总结我院DCD例数、年均增长率、每百万人口器官捐献率、DCD来源供肝丢弃情况、中国Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类捐献比例、我院OPO服务范围内潜在DCD供者捐献影响因素及ECMO在DCD中的应用情况。同时查阅同一时期中国及广东省DCD数据。我院与全国中国Ⅰ类供者比例、我院和广东省DCD例数年均增长率比较分别采用卡方检验和Man-Whitney U检验。P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果2010年1月至2015年12月,我院共实现241例DCD,中国Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类捐献比例分别为29.9%(72/241)、26.6%(64/241)、43.5%(105/241)。我院中国Ⅰ类捐献比例(29.9%)高于全国水平(13%)(χ2=55.381,P0.05)。241例DCD共获取供肝234例,因供肝因素放弃移植26例,丢弃率为11.1%(26/234),影响供肝丢弃主要因素为冷/热缺血时间过长、供肝肝硬化、灌注不良、肝功能异常和挫裂伤。期间,我院和广东省DCD例数年均增长率分别为67.78%和104.50%(U=11.0,P0.05),差异无统计学意义;我院和广东省每百万人口(PMP)器官捐献率分别从0.407、0.144 PMP升高至3.948、4.145 PMP。同期我院OPO服务范围内医院上报潜在DCD供者778例,捐献转化率为31.0%(241/778)。影响潜在DCD供者捐献的因素主要包括家属及社会因素、供者自身病情及医患关系。2010年1月至2015年12月,我院共完成145例ECMO辅助下DCD器官获取,其中中国Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类捐献供器官中应用率分别为58.3%(42/72)、62.5%(40/64)和60.0%(63/105)。结论提高公众对器官捐献的关注度和接受度,合理应用器官保存技术,将有助于推动DCD肝移植发展。     

心脏死亡后供肺在肺移植中的应用

可供移植的器官极度短缺已成为制约器官移植发展的主要问题,这一问题在肺移植更加突出.相对于其他器官,肺组织更易受损伤,在外伤等原因致死的供者中,常伴肺挫伤、误吸、感染、急性呼吸窘迫综合征等损害,脑死亡后还会继发神经源性肺水肿.因此,供肺的利用率不高,仅为肾脏利用率的1/5.如何扩大供肺来源,提高供肺利用率,成为全球肺移植领域亟待解决的问题.近些年来,器官短缺的应对策略不断被提出:(1)完善器官捐献立法,进行公众捐献教育,使更多的民众在逝世后愿意捐献;(2)应用扩大标准的供者;(3)解决供、受者肺体积大小不匹配的问题;(4)开展活体供肺肺叶移植;(5)开展ABO血型不相容肺移植;(6)严格掌握单肺移植和双肺移植的指征,即一个供者的2个肺给2个单肺移植的受者;(7)区别于脑死亡后捐赠(donationafter brain death,DBD),心脏死亡后捐赠(donationafter cardiac death,DCD)的移植物存活率已接近于有心跳供者器官,DCD再次引起世界移植界的广泛关注.美国活体肺叶捐赠在1999年尚有58例,而2008年则无一例.与此相反,DCD供者的数量稳步上升,从2001年没有一例DCD供肺,到2007年的10例,再到2008年的19例,完成34例肺移植[1],DCD供肺移植正成为肺移植的新亮点.     

心脏死亡器官捐献供肾维护措施的研究进展

供体短缺问题是影响器官移植发展的主要瓶颈,亲属活体器官和尸体器官捐献是供体的主要来源,心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)是重要的组成部分。DCD供体质量的改善是目前肾移植领域亟需解决的问题。本文就DCD供肾维护措施——供肾快速获取法、自动胸外按压法、原位灌注法、常温体外膜肺氧合法、低温机械灌注保存法、Lifeport器官灌注运输法进行综述。     

10例心脏死亡器官捐献移植总结

目的通过分析我院实施的心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)移植病例,探讨国内DCD器官和移植方面的问题。方法对我院2010～2011年期间参与实施的DCD器官移植的临床资料进行回顾性总结。结果本组有4例DCD者共实施了7例肾移植和3例肝移植。捐献者1属于中国DCD器官分类标准(中国标准)二类(MaastrichtⅣ类),热缺血时间40 min,经快速病理检查后放弃了肝脏和左侧肾脏,右侧肾脏进行了移植后患者出现移植肾功能延迟恢复,最终移植肾因破裂出血而被切除。捐献者2～4属于中国标准三类(MaastrichtⅢ类),热缺血时间分别为15、15、10 min,其中捐献者4在器官捐献前已经出现血压下降,需要大剂量多巴胺维持血压,供肝进行了快速病理检查,确认可以使用;捐献者2和3由于是在手术室进行可控性心跳及呼吸终止,热缺血时间均为15 min,未进行病理学检查;共实施了3例肝移植和6例肾移植,手术顺利,移植物功能恢复良好,无并发症发生,无移植患者死亡。结论通过选择符合中国标准三类的捐献者,实施可控的DCD程序,DCD器官移植可以获得满意的效果。供体器官的快速病理检查有利于器官质量的判断,减少移植手术后并发症的发生。     

公民器官捐献时代肝脏移植常见并发症的处理

<正>自2010年我国公民器官捐献(donation at er citizen’s death,DCD)工作开展以来,器官捐献例数逐年增加,特别是2015年1月1日以来,DCD成为我国器官移植的唯一合法器官来源,我国的肝脏移植步入以DCD为主体的新时代。截止至2015年11月9日,我国已完成DCD案例4 867例,已救治器官衰竭患者13 745例[1]。随着DCD时代的到来,肝脏     

儿童心脏死亡器官捐献的现状与研究进展

心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)已经成为增加供器官来源的重要途径之一,儿童DCD也逐渐得到重视。儿童DCD不仅可以扩大供器官来源,而且对儿童器官移植具有重要意义。本文就儿童DCD的现状和研究进展作一综述,重点介绍儿童DCD的历史、儿童DCD供器官分配、移植预后、伦理问题等,以期为我国儿童DCD工作提供参考。     

Attitudes and behavior of young European adults towards the donation of organs--a call for better information.

Public perception of organ donation critically affects the availability of organ transplantation in the Western world. To assess the attitude of young adults towards the donation of organs and to investigate potential factors influencing their knowledge and actual behavior regarding organ transplantation, we evaluated a handout questionnaire survey of all Swiss-Italian recruits during six of the years 1989-98 (n = 7272). The attitude of recruits towards organ donation did not change significantly within the 10-year survey period: 61% of young men would personally donate their organs in the case of brain death, 13% would refuse, and 26% had not made up their mind. If they had to decide for close relatives, 50% would consent; 60% of recruits neither knew their next of kin's attitude nor had informed them about their own opinion; 80% felt they were insufficiently informed about organ transplantation. A significantly more positive attitude towards organ donation was found among men who felt they were sufficiently informed, who had close next of kin who were aware of their personal attitude (p < 0.0001), who had contacts with transplanted persons (p < 0.015), or who believed in an existence after death (p < 0.001; chi2-test). Our results suggest that there is potentially large support towards organ donation in this population. To minimize the high rate of indecisiveness, young adults need more appropriate information on the subject and they ask for it.     

Knowledge and attitude regarding organ donation among medical students and physicians

BACKGROUND: There is a discrepancy between demand and supply of donor organs for kidney transplantation. Health care providers can influence the willingness to donate or hold an organ donor card. It is unclear how educated current and future health care professionals are about organ donation and what constitutes their attitude toward this topic. METHODS: The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey among 1136 medical students and physicians to evaluate the knowledge about and attitude toward organ donation and transplantation at a large academic medical center in Germany. The authors used a 28-item questionnaire that included items on knowledge, attitude, and demographics. RESULTS: Only 8% of the respondents felt sufficiently prepared for approaching relatives of potential organ donors. Knowledge about and attitude toward organ donation were highly associated with increasing level of medical education. In multivariate analyses, knowledge (odds ratio [OR], 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.25), attitude (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.04), and level of education (OR for preclinical students, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.20-0.76 compared with physicians) were significantly associated with the likelihood of holding an organ donor card, whereas age, gender, and personal experience with renal replacement therapy were not. CONCLUSIONS: Higher medical education is associated with greater knowledge about and a more positive attitude toward organ donation. Health care professionals with a higher education level are more likely to hold an organ donor card and also feel more comfortable in approaching relatives of potential organ donors. Educating health care professionals about the organ donation process appears to be an important factor in maximizing the benefits from the limited organ donor pool.     

Socio-personal factors influencing public attitude towards living donation in south-eastern Spain.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to determine public attitudes towards living donation compared with cadaveric donation, and to analyse psycho-social factors that may influence this attitude. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An opinion poll was used to study a random sample in two geographical areas (urban and rural). Assessment was made of attitudes towards donation of one's own organs as a living donor to an unknown person, as a living donor to a relative and/or close acquaintance and, as a cadaveric donor, and of the different psycho-social variables that may influence this attitude. RESULTS: In the urban setting, 60% had a favourable response towards cadaveric donation; 29% were in favour of living kidney donation to an unknown person, a percentage which increased to 89% for donation to a relative or a friend. These rates were lower for liver (21 and 74%, respectively). When asked if they would accept an organ donated by a relative or a friend, 67% would accept a kidney and 60% a liver. Attitude towards living donation to an unknown person is more positive among those in favour of cadaveric donation and those who have had previous experience of donation. With respect to level of education, university students are more undecided about living donation to an unknown person than the other groups. In terms of attitude towards donation to relatives and/or friends, there is also the influence of social factors (sex, marital status). However, if the living donation is intended for oneself, there is no variable with which to associate this attitude. In the rural setting, 56% of the respondents refused to complete the survey due to fear of living donation. No statistical study was conducted due to the bias of the rural sample. CONCLUSIONS: There is great fear and ignorance of living donation among the rural population, and uncertainties in the urban population, although attitudes are more positive towards living donation to relatives and/or friends than towards cadaveric donation. These positive attitudes towards living donation are very strongly related to attitudes towards cadaveric donation, previous experience of donation and level of education.     

Attitude and Knowledge of Medical Students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Regarding Organ Donation

Background

The shortage of organ donation is the key rate-limiting factor for organ transplantation in Iran. Many strategies have been proposed to increase donation; one strategy aims to improve awareness of organ donation and transplantation among medical students. Medical students may play an important role in the acceptance of organ donation in the population. This requires both a positive attitude and an appropriate knowledge about the concept of organ donation and transplantation. The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of the medical students of the largest medical university in northwestern Iran.

Changing attitude to organ donation and transplantation in university students during the years of medical school in Italy

The shortage of organ donations is a major limiting factor in transplant programs. Since a favorable attitude of health professionals to organ donation can positively influence the decision of families of potential donors, educating physicians early in their careers may become crucial in this setting. The aim of this study was to compare medical student opinions on organ donation and transplantation at different stages in their undergraduate career. METHODS: Medical students were prospectively surveyed in their first and fourth years by an anonymous 10-item questionnaire. RESULTS: The 100 of 195 (51.3%) students completed both questionnaires including 29 men, of an overall cohort mean age 23.7 (range, 22-32 years). 91% of the students had attended classical or scientific high school and 83% were Catholic. Their attitude to transplantation remained strongly positive (96% vs 92%, fourth vs first year). 96% of the fourth year students would accept an human donor organ or an artificial organ (vs 95% of first year) and 91% would accept an animal organ (vs 84%). The students showed a positive attitude to organ donation (96% vs 91%, fourth vs first year). Most of them were prepared to donate their organs after death (88% vs 87%). 63% of the fourth year students signed a donor card. In conclusion, medical student attitudes to organ donation and transplantation are highly positive, but do not improve during the first 3 years of Medical School. An educational program is therefore needed.     

Psychosocial profile in favor of organ donation

INTRODUCTION: The lack of organ donation continues to be a major limiting factor in transplantation. Our aims are: (1) to define the psychosocial profile against organ donation, and (2) to determine the impact of a law on the procurement and transplantation of organs based on "presumed consent" in the population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The population in this study (n = 2000) was randomly selected and stratified according to sex, age, and geographic localization. The attitude toward organ donation and transplantation was evaluated according to a questionnaire that probed psychosocial aspects of donation. Statistical comparisons were performed using the chi2 and logistic regression tests. RESULTS: The population attitude toward organ donation was favorable in 63% of subjects, unfavorable in 31%, and 6% did not respond. With regard to the law based on "presumed consent," only 24% of the population agreed with the law; 53% thought it was an abuse of authority. The population subgroup with a negative attitude to the law was characterized by: age over 40 years, low educational level, no previous experience with organ donation or transplant, no experience in prosocial activities, a refusal to accept cadaver manipulation or mutilation, and lack of knowledge of the brain-death concept. CONCLUSIONS: The psychosocial profile against donation is a person above 40 years with a low level of education who has never performed prosocial activities, did not have previous experience with organ donation or transplantation, displays no knowledge of the brain-death concept, and rejects cadaver manipulation. For these people a law based on "presumed consent" is considered an abuse of authority.     

Attitude toward xenotransplantation of patients prior and after human organ transplantation

Stadlbauer V, Stiegler P, Müller S, Schweiger M, Sereingg M, Tscheliessnigg KH, Freidl W. Attitude toward xenotransplantation of patients prior and after human organ transplantation.
Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 495–503. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Xenotransplantation is a potential strategy to overcome the shortage of human donor organs. As this technique has a major medical and psychological impact on patients and their family and friends, the attitude of patients currently waiting for organ transplantation is important. Therefore, we conducted a survey on the attitude toward xenotransplantation of patients on the waiting list and already transplanted patients. Patients received detailed information before being asked to fill in the questionnaire. We found that 65% would accept xenotransplantation, irrespective of gender, education level or if the patients were on the waiting list or already transplanted. The most common concern was transmission of diseases or genetic material, followed by psychological concerns and ethical issues. More patients had a positive attitude toward accepting cell or tissue transplantation when compared to whole organs. Pig pancreas islet cell transplantation is generally well accepted, patients with diabetes mellitus show even higher acceptance rates than patients without diabetes. In conclusion, xenotransplantation seems to be well accepted in patients who are potential future candidates for organ transplantation. Informing patients about the current status of research tended to decrease acceptance rates slightly.     

Attitude of kidney patients on the transplant waiting list toward related-living donation. A reason for the scarce development of living donation in Spain

INTRODUCTION: Most Spanish transplant centers have on-going living kidney transplant programs. However, such transplants are not increasing as a proportion of the total number of kidney transplants. The objective of this study is to analyze the attitude of kidney patients on the kidney transplant waiting list toward living kidney donation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients studied were selected from those included on the kidney transplant waiting list from November 2003 until September 2005 (n = 221). Attitude toward living donation was evaluated using a psychosocial questionnaire. It was completed in a direct personal interview with an independent health-care worker from the Transplant Unit. Student's t-test and the chi-squared test were applied. RESULTS: Two hundred and fourteen patients completed the questionnaire (97%), of which 35% would accept a related living kidney if it were offered to them, 60% would prefer to wait on the waiting list and the remaining 5% are undecided. Up to 66% (n = 134) of patients report that a member of their family or a friend have offered them an organ for donation. Eighty-nine percentage believe that there is some risk involved in living kidney donation, although it is not a factor that affects whether an organ would be accepted or not (p = 0.767). The psychosocial variables that affect attitude toward accepting a related living kidney are: (i) age: the youngest are those who are most likely to accept (40 vs. 45-yr-old; p = 0.010); (ii) descendents: patients without descendents are more likely to accept a living organ (56% vs. 27%; p < 0.000); (iii) marital status: a greater percentage of single respondents would be prepared to receive this type of transplant compared to the group of married respondents (55% vs. 30%. p = 0.007); and (iv) level of education: those with a higher level of education are more likely to accept a living organ (43% have secondary or university studies vs. 28% who only have primary education; p = 0.040). CONCLUSION: Patients on the waiting list for a kidney transplant do not have a very favorable attitude toward receiving a related-living donor organ, although members of their family have offered them one of their organs. The profile of a patient who would accept a related-living donated kidney is a young, single person, without descendents, and with a high level of education.