Beliefs about infant feeding in China and the United States: implications for breastfeeding promotion

This study investigates cultural differences in mothers' views regarding infant feeding and socialization. The majority of mothers reported breastfeeding as one of their methods of infant feeding, although more than half reported using both breast and bottle. Mothers in China expressed concerns that breastfeeding is not compatible with work outside of the home. American mothers were more likely to believe that breastfeeding is difficult to establish. "Happiness" was ranked the most important socialization goal by both groups. Public health initiatives must be culturally relevant and reflect an understanding of parenting values and beliefs.     

Racial differences in spatial patterns for poor glycemic control in the Southeastern United States

Purpose

Evidence consistently shows poor outcomes in racial minorities, but there is limited understanding of differences that are explained by spatial variation. The goal of this analysis was to examine contribution of spatial patterns on disparities in diabetes outcomes in the Southeastern United States.

陕西农村婴幼儿家长对喂养的知-信-行现状

目的 了解西部贫困地区农村婴幼儿喂养现状和影响家长喂养行为的因素,为进一步进行营养综合干预提供依据.方法 在国家级和省级贫困县陕西省商南县,应用自编问卷对2个乡镇的504名儿童及家长进行现况调查;并对35名儿童家长进行访谈及专题小组讨论.结果 63.6%的家长认为婴儿6个月内纯母乳喂养好;6个月内纯母乳喂养率为65.3%;46.4%的家长了解正确开始添加辅食的时间.结论 6个月婴儿纯母乳喂养率和适时添加辅食率低于同期其他农村地区水平.建议加强对农村妇幼保健人员的培训,更新相关知识,提高健康教育技能;开发适合农村家长的科普书报、杂志等健康教育材料.     

辅食添加对婴幼儿贫血的影响

【目的】 本研究以健康婴幼儿为研究对象,研究不同时间添加辅食、添加不同种类辅食对婴幼儿贫血发生的影响。 【方法】 采用整群抽样的方法,选择北京顺义区3~18月龄婴幼儿143名,向其母亲询问婴儿基本状况、添加辅食时间和辅食种类等;采用氰化高铁血红蛋白方法测量其血红蛋白浓度。 【结果】 本研究发现该组儿童贫血发生率12个月前为30%左右,明显高于12个月后的10%左右 (P< 0.01)。不论男童还是女童, 6个月龄前或6个月龄后儿童,4个月前添加辅食均可以使贫血发生率下降(P< 0.05)。添加铁强化食物(如配方奶和营养素补充剂)可以使血红蛋白浓度升高(P< 0.05)。采用不同贫血诊断标准(97、105、110 g/L),贫血发生率差异仍存在统计学意义 (P< 0.01)。 【结论】 12个月龄前儿童贫血发生率明显高于12个月龄后儿童。虽然4个月前添加铁强化辅食使得铁营养状况得到改善,但适宜的辅食添加时间有待进一步研究。     

北京市4~12月龄婴儿辅食喂养指数分析

目的 调查了解北京市4～12月龄婴幼儿喂养现状, 为婴幼儿营养干预提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法, 在北京市城区和郊区分别抽取4～12月龄婴幼儿为调查对象, 通过问卷收集婴幼儿的基本情况、辅食添加等情况进行统计分析, 建立并计算4～12月龄婴儿的辅食喂养指数。结果 本次共调查900人, 城区431人, 郊区469人。辅食喂养指数包括膳食多样化分数(dietary diversity score, DDS)、膳食种类(food variety score, FVS)、辅食首添时间、配方奶首添时间四个部分。北京市4～6月龄和7～9月龄婴儿DDS、FVS和辅食喂养指数城区和郊区之间的差异有统计学意义。10～12月龄婴儿DDS、辅食喂养指数, 城区和郊区之间的差异有统计学意义。4～6月龄组和10～12月龄组与婴儿辅食喂养指数相关的因素是食物费用。7～9月龄组与婴儿辅食喂养指数相关的因素是食物费用和母亲文化。结论 辅食喂养指数可以综合评价婴幼儿辅食喂养情况, 但应用效度如何有待评价。     

Sources of variance in milk and caloric intakes in breast-fed infants: implications for lactation study design and interpretation

Between-individual variation (BIV) and day-to-day variation (DDV) of total caloric and human milk intakes were examined in 17 infants. Nine were studied at months 5 and 6; 8 at months 6 and 7. All 17 were exclusively breast-fed for 5 full mo after which solid foods were added to the diet. Each infant was studied for five consecutive 24-h periods during which serial measurements were made of milk intake (test weighing) and solid food intake (pre- and postfeeding jar weighing). Total daily caloric intakes (kcal/day) were (mean +/- SD) 492 +/- 57, 547 +/- 70, and 567 +/- 98 at months 5, 6, and 7, respectively. Estimates of caloric intakes (kcal/kg/day) adjusted for body weight were 65.9 +/- 6.7, 72.6 +/- 11.2, and 70.9 +/- 13.0 at months 5, 6, and 7, respectively. Milk intakes (g/day) were 735 +/- 85, 640 +/- 106, and 562 +/- 214 at months 5, 6, and 7, respectively. BIV of milk intake increased after the introduction of solid foods. DDV (expressed as coefficient of variation) of caloric intake was nearly constant at each monthly observation and BIV increased from 8.8 at month 5 to 14.6 at month 7. The numbers of 24-h periods and subjects required for estimates of known precision of caloric and milk intakes of older breast-fed infants can be determined from these estimates of variance.     

Growing up poor: long-term implications for eating patterns and body weight

This study aimed to understand how poverty-associated food deprivation in childhood contributes to the well-known relationship between low socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood and obesity in the adult years. Thirty low-income, rural women with at least one child were followed for over three years with annual semi-structured interviews collecting quantitative and qualitative data. For the quantitative portion, the measures of interest were body mass index (BMI), food insecurity, eating patterns, and SES. For the qualitative portion, text from the interviews was analyzed using the constant comparative method. Growing up in a poor household was associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity in adulthood. Experiences of poverty-associated food deprivation in childhood appeared to super-motivate some women to actively avoid food insecurity in adulthood. It also influenced the women's current food preferences. Tremendous excitement accompanied the availability of food after periods of deprivation in both the women and their children. Some women had used food to meet emotional needs in childhood and overeating had become a generalized response to negative emotional states in the adult years. Food deprivation in childhood and associated attitudes and behaviors towards food are one possible mechanism for explaining the association between childhood poverty and adult obesity.     

Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States

To evaluate the role of Culex mosquitoes as enzootic and epidemic vectors for WNV, we identified the source of vertebrate blood by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing portions of the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA. All Cx. restuans and 93% of Cx. pipiens acquired blood from avian hosts; Cx. salinarius fed frequently on both mammals (53%) and birds (36%). Mixed-blood meals were detected in 11% and 4% of Cx. salinarius and Cx. pipiens, respectively. American robin was the most common source of vertebrate blood for Cx. pipiens (38%) and Cx. restuans (37%). American crow represented <1% of the blood meals in Cx. pipiens and none in Cx. restuans. Human-derived blood meals were identified from 2 Cx. salinarius and 1 Cx. pipiens. Results suggest that Cx. salinarius is an important bridge vector to humans, while Cx. pipiens and Cx. restuans are more efficient enzootic vectors in the northeastern United States.     

Lipid requirements of infants: implications for nutrient composition of fortified complementary foods

Dietary lipids have traditionally been considered as solely part of the exchangeable energy supply. The main consideration in infant nutrition has been the amount of fat that can be tolerated and digested by infants and young children. The significance of the composition of dietary fat has received little attention. Presently, there is a growing interest in the quality of dietary lipid supply in early childhood as a major determinant of growth, infant development and long-term health. Thus, the selection of dietary lipids during the first years of life is now considered to be critically important for health and good nutrition throughout the life course. Over the past decades interest has focused on the role of essential lipids in central nervous system development and of fatty acids and cholesterol in lipoprotein metabolism throughout life. Lipids are structural components of all tissues and are indispensable for cell and plasma membrane synthesis. The brain, retina and other neural tissues are particularly rich in long-chain PUFA. Some (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acids are precursors for eicosanoid formation; these are powerful mediators of numerous cell and tissue functions. Recommendations for infant nutrition and implications of these for the nutrient composition of complementary foods are presented and discussed. There is more to fat than its role as a key fuel in energy metabolism and body energy storage; lipids are essential for tissue growth, cardiovascular health, brain development and function throughout the life course.     

Iron absorption in breast-fed infants: effects of age,iron status,iron supplements,and complementary foods

BACKGROUND: Iron supplements are often recommended for older breast-fed infants, but little is known about factors affecting iron absorption from human milk or supplements. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of age, iron status, and iron intake on iron absorption in healthy, term, breast-fed infants. DESIGN: Twenty-five infants were randomly assigned to receive either 1) iron supplements (1 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) from 4 to 9 mo of age, 2) placebo from 4 to 6 mo and iron supplements from 6 to 9 mo, or 3) placebo from 4 to 9 mo. Infants were exclusively breast-fed to 6 mo and partially breast-fed to 9 mo of age. Iron absorption was assessed by giving (58)Fe with mother's milk at 6 and 9 mo. Blood samples were obtained at 4, 6, and 9 mo, and complementary food intake was recorded at 9 mo. RESULTS: At 6 mo, mean (+/-SD) fractional iron absorption from human milk was relatively low (16.4 +/- 11.4%), with no significant difference between iron-supplemented and unsupplemented infants. At 9 mo, iron absorption from human milk remained low in iron-supplemented infants (16.9 +/- 9.3%) but was higher (P = 0.01) in unsupplemented infants (36.7 +/- 18.9%). Unexpectedly, iron absorption at 9 mo was not correlated with iron status but was significantly correlated with intake of dietary iron, including supplemental iron. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the regulation of iron absorption between 6 and 9 mo enhance the infant's ability to adapt to a low-iron diet and provide a mechanism by which some, but not all, infants avoid iron deficiency despite low iron intakes in late infancy.     

Geographic patterns of ethnic groups in the United States.

The geographic distributions of 11 major ethnic groups within the United States, based on 1960 census data, are illustrated by computer-generated state economic area maps. The Scandinavian, German, and Russian ethnic groups were similarly concentrated primarily in the North Central region, while the Irish, Polish, Other East European, and South European groups were clustered predominantly in the Northeast. Other ethnic groups had patterns which were different from either of the above. These maps correspond to the atlases of mortality from cancer and other diseases.     

婴儿辅食添加与生长发育情况分析

【目的】 了解成都市城区婴儿辅食添加情况,比较不同辅食添加时间对婴幼儿体格发育的影响。【方法】 回顾性收集2009年1-12月出生并在四川省妇幼保健院儿童保健科门诊定期体检的婴儿资料,纵向监测其体重、身长等各项指标及辅食添加情况。【结果】 91.78%的婴儿在4~6月龄时添加辅食;78.6%的婴儿家长选择了谷类食物为添加的第一种辅食; 4~6月龄添加辅食组婴儿的身长、体重指标在4、6、12月龄时均高于小于4月龄添加辅食组,小于4月龄添加辅食组婴儿在生后4个月内身长、体重的月增值小于4~6月添加辅食组。【结论】 成都市城区婴儿存在部分婴儿辅食添加时间和第一种辅食选择不正确的问题,辅食添加时间与体格发育有关。     

乌鲁木齐市维汉族婴儿辅食添加及相关疾病发病情况

目的了解乌鲁木齐市维汉族婴儿辅食添加现状,分析辅食添加早晚与婴儿相关疾病发病情况的关系,为开展儿童保健及婴儿营养改善工作提供参考依据。方法采用队列研究方法,对2008年1～12月期间来乌鲁木齐市妇幼保健院体检的0岁维吾尔族婴儿598人,汉族婴儿2869人,进行为期一年的调查。结果维族婴儿0月～首次添加辅食率为57.19%,汉族为31.20%,0～2个月的维族婴儿添加辅食率大于同龄汉族婴儿(χ2=18.26,P<0.05);维汉族婴儿首次添加辅食均以水和乳类为主,且维族婴儿首次添加淀粉类食物早于汉族;0～6个月和10～12个月的维族婴儿人均发病次数均高于汉族婴儿,7～9个月的汉族婴儿人均发病次数略高于维族婴儿,1岁之内的总人均发病次数维族婴儿高于汉族婴儿(T=2.134,P<0.05),存在统计学差异。结论维汉族父母都存在添加辅食过早的现象,1岁内婴儿人均发病次数维族高于汉族,应对婴儿父母加强健康教育以提高纯母乳喂养率,尤其对维族父母加强添加辅食知识的宣传,纠正辅食添加中的一些误区,促进婴儿健康。     

Aedes albopictus in the United States: ten-year presence and public health implications.

Since its discovery in Houston, Texas, in 1987, the Asian "tiger mosquito" Aedes albopictus has spread to 678 counties in 25 states. This species, which readily colonizes container habitats in the peridomestic environment, was probably introduced into the continental United States in shipments of scrap tires from northern Asia. The early pattern of dispersal followed the interstate highway system, which suggests further dispersal by human activities. The Public Health Service Act of 1988 requires shipments of used tires from countries with Ae. albopictus to be treated to prevent further importations. Given the extensive spread of the mosquito in the United States, it is questionable whether such a requirement is still justified. Ae. albopictus, a major biting pest throughout much of its range, is a competent laboratory vector of at least 22 arboviruses, including many viruses of public health importance. Cache Valley and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses are the only human pathogens isolated from U.S. populations of Ae. albopictus. There is no evidence that this mosquito is the vector of human disease in the United States.