B超引导下微创经皮肾穿刺钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石87例报告

目的探讨微创经皮肾穿刺钬激光碎石治疗上尿路结石的有效性和安全性。方法患侧输尿管置入输尿管导管,B超引导下建立经皮肾通道,输尿管镜直视下置入钬激光光纤将结石粉碎,利用灌洗泵将碎石冲出体外。结果微创经皮肾穿刺钬激光碎石成功率为88.5%（77/87）,手术时间35～190min,平均85min。9例肾盏内残余结石（〉4mm）配合体外冲击波碎石及口服排石药,均成功排净残余结石。治疗成功率为97.7%（86/87）。术后住院4～16d,平均6.3d。1例术后严重出血,超选择性肾小血管栓塞止血成功。86例随访3～18个月,平均6.3月,术后残余结石均排净,肾积水均较术前明显改善。结论B超引导下微创经皮肾穿刺钬激光碎石是治疗上尿路结石的一种简便、安全、有效的方法。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的技巧探讨（附82例报告）

目的：探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的手术技巧。方法：回顾性分析2009年应用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石82例患者的临床资料,并结合文献复习。结果：一次碎石成功率89．2％（83／93）,其中上段、中下段结石一次碎石成功率分别为86．5％（45／52）和92．7％（38／41）,差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。结石被包裹57侧,一次碎石成功率为91．2％（52／57）,未被包裹33侧（3例进镜失败除外）,一次碎石成功率为93．9％（31／33）,差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。有ESWL史者43例47侧,一次碎石成功率为87．2％（41／47）,无ESWL史者$9例46侧,一次碎石成功率为91．3％（42／46）,差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。手术失败共10例lO侧,包括结石上移入肾盏7例,进镜失败3例。手术时间104100rain,平均（38．4±20．9）min;术后住院时间1～20天,平均（4．9±3．O）天。术后泌尿系感染、发热13例,一侧输尿管穿孔1例,无输尿管撕裂、远期输尿管狭窄等并发症。结论：输尿管镜钬激光碎石术是一种治疗输尿管结石安全、高效的方法,尤其适用于ES-WL失败或结石被包裹的患者。持续硬膜外麻醉联合蛛网膜下腔麻醉或全身麻醉有利于输尿管镜成功进镜。采用头高脚低位、缓慢注水、小功率碎石、“蚕食”等方法可以有效防止结石移位。处理合并息肉或被包裹的结石应先处理息肉或包裹组织,暴露结石后再处理结石;对于息肉或包裹组织不必一味追求剔除干净,而残余结石则需仔细清除。正确、熟练掌握输尿管镜钬激光操作技巧可以减少并发症。     

输尿管结石的现代治疗(附569例报告)

目的 :报告应用现代微创技术治疗输尿管结石的经验。方法 :2 0 0 1年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 6月间 ,应用体外冲击波碎石 (ESWL)、输尿管镜腔内碎石 [包括气压弹道腔内碎石 (PL)和钬激光腔内碎石 (HLL) ]、腹腔镜输尿管切开取石 (LUL)和开放手术 (OS)治疗各种类型输尿管结石 5 6 9例 ,并随访其疗效及并发症的发生率。结果 :ESWL 36 8例 ,结石粉碎率为 96 .2 % ,3个月后结石清除率为 87.6 % ;HLL 110例 ,10 6例结石一次性粉碎(96 .4 % ) ;PL 4例结石均一次粉碎排出 ;2 1例行LUL患者 ,手术均获成功 ;6 6例行OS的患者均为结石体积较大(>1.8cm)或双侧结石伴有肾功能不全者。结论 :ESWL和HLL可作为输尿管结石的首选治疗方法。LUL和OS可作为首选疗法失败后的补救方法或用于少数结石体积较大的病例     

Endoscopic management of impacted ureteral stones using a small caliber ureteroscope and a laser lithotriptor

PURPOSE: We reviewed our experience with retrograde endoscopy using a small caliber ureteroscope and a laser lithotriptor in 104 consecutive patients with impacted ureteral stones and also analyzed the associated endoscopic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 1993 to October 1999 we performed retrograde endoscopic treatment in 104 patients with impacted ureteral stones. Average maximum stone diameter was 15.2 mm. (range 2 to 110), and 9 patients had stones larger than 3 cm. Mean duration of impaction was more than 14 months and the longest was 10 years. We used 6.9Fr rigid or 6.9 to 7.5Fr flexible ureteroscopes and a pulsed dye laser or holmium:YAG laser lithotriptor. RESULTS: Of the 104 ureteral stones 100 (96.2%) were completely fragmented by a single endoscopic procedure. Although 1 uric acid stone could not be disintegrated by either the pulsed dye laser or electrohydraulic lithotripsy early in this series, it was discharged spontaneously 2 weeks after the procedure. Additional extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) was required in 3 patients who initially had stones larger than 3 cm. A month after treatment no patient had evidence of residual stones. Using adjuvant ESWL a 100% success rate was attained with minimal morbidity. Endoscopic observation revealed inflammatory polyps of the ureter in 22 patients (21.2%), and stricture adjacent to the stone in 16 (15. 4%). There were no significant complications. CONCLUSIONS: Using a small caliber ureteroscope and a laser lithotriptor we could treat the target stone in all 104 patients with adjuvant ESWL in 3 cases. Endoscopic lithotripsy seems to be effective first line therapy for chronically impacted stones which are frequently associated with chronic inflammation, polyps and strictures, and avoids the futile repetition of ESWL and problems related to the prolonged passage of stone fragments.     

Management of lower pole renal calculi: shock wave lithotripsy versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus flexible ureteroscopy

Current ureteroscopic intracorporeal lithotripsy devices and stone retrieval technology allow for the treatment of calculi located throughout the intra-renal collecting system. Difficulty accessing lower pole calculi, especially when the holmium laser fiber is utilized, is often encountered. Herein we review our experience where lower pole renal calculi were ureteroscopically managed by holmium laser fragmentation, either in situ, or by first displacing the stone into a less dependent position with the aid of a nitinol stone retrieval device. Lower pole stones less than 20 mm can be primarily treated by ureteroscopic means in patients: that are obese; have a bleeding diathesis; with stones resistant to shockwave lithotripsy (SWL); with complicated intra-renal anatomy; or as a salvage procedure after failed SWL. Lower pole calculi are fragmented with a 200 μm holmium laser fiber via a 7.5 F flexible ureteroscope. For those patients where the laser fiber reduced ureteroscopic deflection, precluding re-entry into the lower pole calyx, a 1.9 F nitinol basket is used to displace the lower pole calculus into a more favorable position, thus allowing for easier fragmentation. A nitinol device passed into the lower pole, through the ureteroscope, for stone displacement cause only a minimal loss of deflection and no significant impact on irrigation. Eighty-five percent of patients were stone free by IVP or CT scan performed at 3 months. Ureteroscopic management of lower pole calculi is a reasonable alternative to SWL or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) in patients with low volume stone disease. If the stone cannot be fragmented in situ, nitinol basket or grasper retrieval, through a fully deflected ureteroscope, allows for repositioning of the stone into a less dependant position, thus facilitating stone fragmentation.     

The effect of intracalyceal distribution on the clearance of renal stones of > or = 20 mm in children after extracorporeal lithotripsy

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of the intracalyceal distribution of renal stones on clearance rates after treating paediatric nephrolithiasis with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We assessed a retrospective case series of children (aged < or = 14 years) undergoing lithotripsy on an MPL 9000 (Dornier GmbH, Germany) echo-guided lithotripter. Patients were identified using an international coding and indexing system and ESWL registry. In all, 125 children were treated during 1990-2003, but 21 had stones of > or = 20 mm. Stone clearance was assessed at 1 and 3 months, the stone-free state being defined as no radiological evidence of stone or fragments of < or = 3 mm. Failed treatments were analysed to identify any correlation with stone site. RESULTS: The overall stone-free rate was 81%; in four children the treatment failed (all girls) and subsequently they required ancillary procedures. Nineteen patients (90%) received up to three sessions of ESWL; two required four or more sessions. Of the four children in whom treatment failed, two had JJ stents; the stones were in the lower pole calyx in two, and the renal pelvis and lower pole calyx in two. The mean stone size in those where treatment failed was 25 mm, vs 21 mm in the stone-free group. The complication rate was 19%, but only one child required admission to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: ESWL is very effective for renal stones in children, with minimal morbidity. Lower pole and partial staghorn stones with a major component in the lower pole calyx should preferably be treated by a percutaneous approach.     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗不同大小肾结石临床疗效的比较分析

目的比较输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗不同大小肾结石的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2016年6月至2018年3月在我科接受输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石的121例患者的临床资料,按结石大小分为A组(结石长径≤20 mm)94例、B组(20 mm<结石长径≤30 mm)27例,比较其手术时间、术后住院天数、术后体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)率、并发症及清石率等,评价其临床疗效。结果121例患者均顺利完成手术,A、B两组在手术时间[(46±13)min vs(68±20)min]、术后住院天数[(4.4±1.3)d vs(5.6±1.7)d]及术后选择ESWL率[10.64%(10/94)vs 25.93%(7/27)]等方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在术后总并发症(包括术后腰痛、发热、尿脓毒血症等)发生率[12.77%(12/94)vs 18.52%(5/27)]、总清石率[89.36%(84/94)vs 81.48%(22/27)]等方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论应用输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗长径20~30 mm的上尿路结石,在积极防治并发症、术后辅以ESWL等综合治疗下,能取得与结石长径≤20 mm相似的碎石效果。     

Retrograde intrarenal stone surgery for extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy-resistant kidney stones

OBJECTIVE: The newer flexible ureteroscopes, 150-200-microm holmium YAG laser fibres and superflexible Dormia baskets have made it possible to reach and treat stones in all parts of the kidney. The object of this evaluation was to study the outcome of retrograde intrarenal stone surgery (RIRS) for extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)-resistant kidney stones. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 38 consecutive patients (18 males, 20 females) participated in the study. All patients had undergone ESWL prior to RIRS without success. In all cases the stones could be reached with the endoscope. Calculi ranged in size from 3 to 20 mm (mean 9 mm). In 32 cases the stones were fragmented using a holmium YAG laser and in six the stones could be extracted using zero-tip Dormia baskets without fragmentation. Sixteen patients had lower calyceal calculi and eight had an abnormal anatomy of the upper urinary tract. Intravenous pyelography was performed 6-8 weeks after the treatment. RESULTS: In all cases the stones could be reached and fragmented to some extent. After a single RIRS procedure, 22/38 patients (58%) were completely stone-free at follow-up, and four (11%) had residual fragments < or = 4 mm in size that were expected to pass spontaneously. Of the remaining 12 patients, who initially had larger stones (mean 11.3 mm), the residual fragments ranged in size from 5 to 15 mm. Three patients underwent an additional RIRS procedure, after which they were all completely stone-free, resulting in an overall success rate of 76%. There were no major complications. CONCLUSIONS: RIRS is a safe procedure with a high success rate and a low complication rate for ESWL-resistant renal stones. Patients with larger stones (> 10 mm), those with stones in the lower pole and those with an abnormal renal anatomy may require more than one procedure.     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石（附677例报告）

目的探讨输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析2003年6月～2012年6月应用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石677例的临床资料。B超测量结石长径7—53mm,平均13．2mm。并发尿路感染39例,行积极抗感染后再手术,急性肾功能衰竭38例行急诊手术,其余患者常规术前准备后手术。结果一次碎石成功率92．9％（629／677）,其中上、中、下段结石一次碎石成功率分别为79．2％（80／101）、89．3％（183／205）、98．7％（366／371）,上段〈中段〈下段（X2=5．670,P=0．017,X2=26．025,P=0．000）。手术时间10～90min,（33．4±14．6）min。术后住院时间1～21d,中位数5d。27例中转开放手术。19例一次碎石失败留置双J管加行ESWL治愈。术中并发症包括输尿管穿孔36例,输尿管撕脱伤1例。569例获随访3～6个月,平均4．8月,无输尿管狭窄等并发症。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石安全、高效,尤其适用于ESWL失败或结石被包裹和中下段输尿管结石的患者。熟练掌握输尿管镜钬激光操作技巧可以减少并发症。     

逆行输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾结石213例疗效分析

目的 评价逆行输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石治疗肾结石的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2014年3月至2015年10月本院使用输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾结石的213例患者病例资料.结果 一次进镜成功率92.5％(197/213),205例软镜成功进镜后成功寻及结石率96.2％ (205/213).手术时间20～ 220 min.术后1个月复查尿路平片,单次碎石成功率为82.2％ (175/213).无严重手术并发症发生.结论 逆行输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾结石是一种微创、安全、有效的治疗方法.一期输尿管软镜进镜困难的患者可在成功留置双J管2周后二期行输尿管软镜碎石术.     

Laser lithotripsy of the difficult ureteral calculus: results in 122 patients.

We studied 122 patients with ureteral calculi who could not be treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) because the stones could not be localized or focused for treatment, the patient had failed prior ESWL, the stones were impacted and in situ ESWL was likely to fail or the stones were proximal to a ureteral stricture. These patients underwent laser lithotripsy using the Candela pulsed dye laser. In 107 patients (88%) the calculi were completely fragmented with the laser alone, while 10 (8%) needed another procedure (ESWL in 8 and stone fragment extraction by basket in 2), and 5 (4%) had failed laser therapy and needed some other form of treatment (ESWL in 4 and percutaneous antegrade extraction in 1). At 3 months 116 of 122 patients (95%) were stone-free. There were 2 immediate complications (ureteral perforations) and 1 late complication (ureteral stricture). Laser lithotripsy is a safe and effective method of intracorporeal fragmentation, even of the difficult ureteral calculus, and it is a useful adjunct to ESWL.     

Improvement of stone comminution by slow delivery rate of shock waves in extracorporeal lithotripsy

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of delivery rate of shockwaves (SW) on stone comminution and treatment outcomes in patients with renal and ureteral stones. METHODS: Patients with radio-opaque stones in the upper urinary tract that were treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were divided into two groups according to delivery rate (120 or 60 SW/min). The effective fragmentation after one ESWL session and treatment success at 3 months after ESWL was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Of 134 patients (84 men and 50 women), 68 patients were treated at a fast rate and 66 were treated at a slow rate. Thirty and 38 patients in the fast rate group and 28 and 38 in the slow rate group had renal and ureteral stones, respectively. After one ESWL session, effective fragmentation was noted more often in the slow group (65.2%) than the fast group (47.1%) (P = 0.035), particularly for smaller stones (stone area <100 mm(2)) (P = 0.005) and renal stones (p = 0.005). However, there was no significant difference in treatment success at 3 months after ESWL between the two groups. In univariate logistic regression analysis, slow SW rate and smaller stones were significant factors for effective fragmentation after one ESWL session. In multivariate analysis, slow SW rate and smaller stones were also independent factors. CONCLUSIONS: Slow SW rate contributed to better stone comminution than fast rate, particularly for small stones and renal stones. ESWL treatment at a slow SW rate is recommended to obtain efficient stone fragmentation.     

ccccc逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾肾结石的疗效观察

目的 探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术在治疗孤立肾肾结石中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾分析本院使用奥林巴斯电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石处理的39例孤立肾肾结石患者的临床资料,其中肾盂肾盏多发性结石20例,孤立肾感染性结石4例,肾盏憩室内结石10例,肾盏嵌顿结石4例,多发性肾乳头黏膜下钙化1例.术中先行输尿管硬镜镜检,留置斑马导丝并放置F12～ 14输尿管扩张鞘后经鞘或直接沿斑马导丝入镜.软镜进入肾盂后首先镜下观察肾盂及上、中、下各盏并定位结石,根据结石位置选用365μm或200μm光纤,功率选择在0.5～1J、15～ 30Hz范围,以表面蚕蚀、周缘穿孔、中央穿孔等方法将结石完全粉碎2mm以内,若患者留置输尿管鞘,则以冲水引流、套石蓝取石等方法将结石取出或部分取出.所有患者常规留置DJ管2周,术后第1d拔除导尿管,术后2周拔除DJ管,术后4周常规复查泌尿系平片（KUB）或双肾CT平扫,评估结石排净率.残留结石≥4mm为有临床意义的结石残留.结果 本组39例患者34例成功置放输尿管鞘,输尿管镜鞘放置成功率87.2％,进镜成功率100％,术中寻找结石成功率100％.一期手术成功碎石33例,结石均排尽或残余结石＜4mm,无需进一步处理.另3例下盏憩室内结石,2例下盏结石,1例肾乳头黏膜下钙化结石/残石均≥4mm,辅助体外冲击波碎石或2期输尿管软镜手术.结论 输尿管软镜对比经皮肾镜,具有微创安全、手术并发症少的特点,而且几乎可以达到肾内集合系统所有位置,结合钬激光适合治疗各类孤立肾肾结石.     

逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾肾结石的疗效观察

目的:探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术在治疗孤立肾肾结石中的临床应用价值。方法：回顾分析本院使用奥林巴斯电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石处理的39例孤立肾肾结石患者,其中肾盂肾盏多发性结石20例,孤立肾感染性结石4例,肾盏憩室内结石10例,肾盏嵌顿结石4例,多发性肾乳头黏膜下钙化1例。术中先行输尿管硬镜镜检,留置斑马导丝并放置F12～14输尿管扩张鞘后经鞘或直接沿斑马导丝入镜。软镜进入肾盂后首先镜下观察肾盂及上、中、下各盏并定位结石,根据结石位置选用365μm或200μm光纤,功率选择在0.5～1J、15～30Hz范围,以表面蚕蚀、周缘穿孔、中央穿孔等方法将结石完全粉碎2mm以内,若患者留置输尿管鞘,则以冲水引流、套石蓝取石等方法将结石取出或部分取出。所有患者常规留置DJ管2周,术后第1天拔除导尿管,术后2周拔除DJ管,术后4周常规复查泌尿系平片(KUB)或双肾CT平扫,评估结石排净率。残留结石≥4mm为有临床意义的结石残留。结果：本组39例患者34例成功置放输尿管鞘,输尿管镜鞘放置成功率87.2%,进镜成功率100%,术中寻找结石成功率100%。一期手术成功碎石33例,结石均排尽或残余结石<4mm,无需进一步处理。另3例下盏憩室内结石,2例下盏结石,1例肾乳头黏膜下钙化结石/残石均≥4mm,辅助体外冲击波碎石或2期输尿管软镜手术。结论：输尿管软镜对比经皮肾镜,具有微创安全,手术并发症少的特点,而且几乎可以达到所有肾内集合系统所有位置,结合钬激光适合治疗各类孤立肾肾结石。     

输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾盏结石

目的：探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾盏结石的疗效。方法：采用输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾盏结石78例，结石大小0．8～1．8cm，平均1.1cm。经留置输尿管扩张鞘或沿导丝直接置入F7,9输尿管软镜抵达肾盂，寻及结石后以200μm光纤、10 W功率钬激光碎石。结果：78例共有结石81枚．其中上、中盏结石53枚，结石寻及率100％，单次碎石成功率96．2％(51/53)；下盏结石28枚，结石寻及率96．4％(27/78)，单次碎石成功率71．4％(20／28)。无严重并发症发生。结论：输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗肾盏结石安全、有效．尤其适用于结石体积较小、肾盏无明显积水，以及因解剖特点预期体外冲击波碎石效果不佳的患者。通过软镜能寻及绝大多数肾盏结石，中、上盏结石单次碎石成功率高于下盏结石，与置入钬激光光纤后镜体末端有效弯曲程度减小有关。     

经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜钬激光碎石结合ESWL治疗复杂性肾结石

目的：探讨经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜钬激光碎石结合ESWL治疗复杂性肾结石的效果。方法：对26例复杂性肾结石患者采用经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜钬激光碎石结合一次或多次ESWL碎石治疗。结果：经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜钬激光碎石结合一次ESWL治疗后结石清除率为73．1％,二次ESWL治疗后结石清除率为84．6％,三次ESWL治疗后结石清除率为88．5％。结论：经皮。肾微造瘘输尿管镜钬激光碎石结合一次或多次ESWL治疗复杂性肾结石是安全、有效的方法。     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石联合排石颗粒治疗肾结石的临床研究

目的 观察输尿管软镜钬激光碎石联合应用排石颗粒治疗肾结石的疗效.方法 将本科室2013年8月至2015年8月收治的192例行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石的肾结石患者随机分为观察组(101例)和对照组(91例).结石最大直径约<25 mm,术前均行泌尿系平片(KUB)+静脉尿路造影(IVU).对照组60例结石位于上盏、中盏或肾盂内,41例位于下盏或多个肾盏,采用输尿管软镜钬激光碎石.观察组60例结石位于上盏、中盏或肾盂内,31例位于下盏或者多个肾盏.采用输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术,术后联合排石颗粒治疗.术后4周KUB平片或者双肾CT平扫,评估结石清除率.结果 全部患者进镜顺利并成功碎石.观察组4周后总排石成功率为97.0% (98/101) ,下盏及多盏结石排净率为97.6%(40/41),肾中上盏及肾盂内结石的排石率为96.7%(58/60);对照组4周后总排石成功率为90.1% (82/91),下盏及多盏结石排净率为80.6%(25/31),肾中上盏及肾盂内结石的排石率为95.0%(57/60) .两组相比总排石率差异具有显著统计学意义(P<0.05),下盏及多盏结石排净率差异具有显著统计学意义(P<0.05),肾中上盏及肾盂内结石的排石率无明显差异(P>0.05).结论 输尿管软镜激光碎石治疗肾结石尤其是肾下盏结石术后联用排石颗粒可明显提高排石率.     

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy of Lower Calyx Calculi: How Much Is Treatment Outcome Influenced by the Anatomy of the Collecting System?

OBJECTIVES: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of lower calyx stones has been criticized because of the high incidence of residual fragments. Controversial results have been reported regarding the stone-free rate after ESWL depending on the influence of the collecting system anatomy on stone clearance. Therefore we evaluated our stone-free rate after ESWL of lower calyx stones and searched for correlations to various anatomic parameters of the collecting system. METHODS: Ninety-six patients with isolated lower calyx stones treated exclusively with ESWL (Dornier HM3) were evaluated 3 mo postoperatively. The results were correlated with the following anatomic parameters of the collecting system as determined from the pretreatment intravenous urography: (1) lower infundibulum width, (2) lower infundibulum length, (3) infundibulopelvic angle, (4) volume of the collecting system. Follow-ups were performed 24 h after ESWL with an abdominal plain film and 3 mo postoperatively with a urography or abdominal plain X-ray together with renal ultrasound. RESULTS: Three months postoperatively, 68% of all patients were stone free, including 69% of the patients with stones initially < or =1 cm, and 67% of the patients with stones >1 cm. Stone-free patients compared with patients having residual fragments had no significant differences in infundibulum width, infundibulum length, infundibulopelvic angle, or collecting system volume. CONCLUSIONS: A stone-free rate 3 mo after ESWL of 68% overall justifies ESWL as a possible treatment option for lower calyx stones. Influence of the collecting system anatomy on disintegrate clearance from the lower calyx could not be demonstrated.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of impacted radiolucent stone at the right pyeloureteric junction and oral dissolution therapy in a patient with transplanted liver: a case report

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a safe, effective method to treat urinary lithiasis. The success rate in ESWL depends on stone location, size, number, and fragility as well as calceal anatomy and patency of the urinary tract. An association of calcineurin inhibitors and uric acid urolithiasis has been reported in renal allograft recipients, but the mechanism remains unknown. Herein we have reported the case of 68-year-old male patient who developed cryptogenic cirrhosis and underwent liver transplantation. Seven years after transplantation, the patient was admitted to the hospital with right renal colic. An 8.9-mm radiolucent stone at the pyeloureteric junction was associated with moderate consecutive hydronephrosis. The second stone was located in a lower renal calyx. After a failed attempt at retrograde ureteral stenting, we performed a percutaneous nephrostomy. Antegrade pyelography with following ESWL treatment resulted in disintegration of the obstructive stone at the pyeloureteric junction. Afterward, we performed antegrade placement of a double-J stent. Residual stones in the lower renal calyx were successfully treated with a 3-month course of oral intake of a dissolution agent-potassium sodium hydrogen citrate. In this case, we have discussed ESWL and oral dissolution therapy of radiolucent stones in a hydronephrotic right kidney, which resulted in stone-free disease after 3 months of combined therapy. There was neither clinical nor biochemical damage to the transplanted liver.     

ESWL与输尿管镜碎石联合处理上尿路结石

目的：探讨对部分上尿路结石采用ESWI．与输尿管镜碎石联合处理的方法。方法：对70例上尿路结石患者采用ESWI。与输尿管镜下钬激光碎石（URS）联合交替治疗。其中输尿管结石48例,。肾结石22例。结果：结石总排净率为91．4％00（64／70）,其中输尿管结石排净率为95．8％（46／48）,肾结石排净率为81．8％（18／22）。3例治疗失败,其中1例输尿管结石因输尿管狭窄无法入镜;另2例肾结石,1例因交替治疗次数过多中途停止治疗,1例因结石硬度过大ESWI,不佳,均改为PCNL术。结论：ESW[。与URS联合交替进行的疗法处理上尿路结石,避免了创伤性治疗,扩大了ESWI,治疗范围,降低了URS手术难度,缩短了URS操作时间,提高了结石排净率,患者创伤微小、恢复快、并发症少,是治疗上尿路结石,特别是部分复杂性上尿路结石较理想的方法之一。