水蛭注射液的安全性检查

目的研制的水蛭注射液并进行安全性检查。方法用家兔进行热源实验;用豚鼠进行过敏性实验;用小鼠进行异常毒性实验;观察红细胞混悬液进行溶血与凝血试验。结果本注射液符合药典安全性检查要求。结论本方法生产的水蛭注射液有一定的应用价值。     

祛痘新肤乳的皮肤毒性实验

目的 考察祛痘新肤乳的安全性. 方法 对健康SD大鼠皮肤进行急性毒性实验; 对健康新西兰兔进行皮肤刺激实验; 用健康豚鼠进行皮肤变态反应实验. 结果祛痘新肤乳对健康大鼠完整皮肤和破损皮肤均未引起急性毒性反应, 对家兔完整皮肤无刺激性, 对破损皮肤有轻微刺激性; 且对豚鼠皮肤无致敏作用. 结论祛痘新肤乳外用安全、无毒.     

碳糊电极阳极吸附伏安法测定雷贝拉唑

目的:考察乳癖消巴布膏皮肤用药的安全性.方法:用健康家兔分别进行完整与破损皮肤的皮肤刺激性试验;用健康豚鼠进行皮肤过敏试验;用健康大鼠进行慢性经皮毒性试验.结果与结论:乳癖消巴布膏对家兔无皮肤刺激性.对豚鼠无致敏性,对大鼠无经皮毒性.     

双氯芬酸二乙胺盐凝胶皮肤毒性实验

目的观察双氯芬酸二乙胺盐凝胶经皮用药的安全性。方法对家兔进行皮肤急性毒性实验、皮肤刺激性实验；对豚鼠进行皮肤变态反应实验。结果双氯芬酸二乙胺盐凝胶均未引起家兔毒性反应；对家兔完整皮肤无刺激作用，但对破损皮肤有轻度刺激作用；对豚鼠皮肤无致变态反应作用。结论双氯芬酸二乙胺盐凝胶经皮给药安全。     

羊毛防虫蛀剂的急性毒性及刺激实验

为了研究羊毛防虫蛀剂对人的毒性及安全性,作者用小鼠进行了毒性实验。用80％乙醇溶液,在豚鼠完整皮肤及破损皮肤上进行了皮肤刺激性实验。用10％生理盐水混悬液对家兔眼结膜进行了刺激性实验。结果表明：小鼠口服羊毛防虫蛀剂的半敷致死量为9.2g/kg。对豚鼠完整皮肤及破损皮肤均无明显的刺激性,对家兔眼结膜可产生轻度刺激。研究证明：该羊毛防虫蛀剂对人体是安全的。     

魔芋止血剂的止血作用及局部用药的安全性评价

目的考察魔芋止血剂局部用药的有效性和安全性。方法通过对小鼠的断尾出血、家兔股动脉出血及家兔肝、脾出血的止血试验,评价魔芋止血剂的止血效果。通过对健康家兔进行皮肤刺激性试验,对豚鼠进行皮肤过敏反应试验及对大鼠进行经皮渗透毒性试验,评价魔芋止血剂局部用药的安全性。结果魔芋止血剂对小鼠的断尾出血、家兔股动脉出血及家兔肝、脾出血均有明显的止血效果。对大鼠、家兔完整皮肤和破损皮肤无刺激性;不引起豚鼠过敏反应;对大鼠无经皮毒性反应,不影响伤口会愈合。结论魔芋止血剂具有明显的止血效果,皮肤局部用药对实验动物安全性良好。     

胆木注射液的部分毒理观察

目的:评价胆木注射液的安全性。方法:对胆木注射液进行急性毒性、异常毒性、溶血性、血管刺激性、过敏性试验的毒理学研究。结果:胆木注射液小鼠静脉注射的LD_(50)为49.27 mg·kg~(-1),LD_(50)95%可信限为44.16～55.42 mg·kg~(-1);异常毒性实验显示注射给药后观察48h,未见小鼠死亡;对兔红细胞没有致溶血和凝集作用;血管刺激性试验显示该药给药后给药部位可见轻微充血,未见其他明显异常;该药亦未致豚鼠出现过敏反应。结论:胆木注射液具有较好的安全性。     

维通静脉注射乳剂制备工艺研究

目的制备维通静脉注射乳剂(WIE),并考察其理化性质和溶血性。方法采用高压匀质法制备WIE;采用正交试验考察最佳处方和制备工艺因素对乳剂的影响,考察WIE的粒径和ζ-电位及制剂含量;采用紫外分光光度法判断有无溶血发生。结果 WIE的平均粒径为191.03 nm,平均ζ-电位为-38.83 mV,药物含量达90%以上,试管溶血试验阴性。结论维通静脉注射乳剂可提高脂溶性成分的溶解度和制剂的稳定性。     

复方九节茶乳膏的抗炎镇痛及皮肤安全性的初步研究

目的初步评价复方九节茶乳膏的抗炎、镇痛作用及其使用安全性。方法采用醋酸扭体法和小鼠耳廓肿胀模型观察镇痛、抗炎作用,并进行家兔皮肤刺激实验和豚鼠皮肤过敏实验。结果复方九节茶乳膏能显著性减少冰醋酸引起的小鼠扭体次数;抑制由二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀。复方九节茶乳膏对家兔完整皮肤无刺激性,单次给药破损皮肤组1只家兔出现轻度水肿,24h后恢复正常;豚鼠实验未出现变态反应。结论复方九节茶乳膏具有明显的镇痛、抗炎作用;复方九节茶乳膏对家兔皮肤无明显刺激性作用,对豚鼠皮肤无明显致变态反应作用。     

雄黄注射液安全性研究I

目的评价雄黄注射液注射给药的安全性。方法利用小鼠对雄黄注射液进行异常毒性、急性毒性实验,鲎试剂法检测内毒素,利用家兔进行体外溶血实验。结果雄黄注射液异常毒性实验和急性毒性实验均未见小鼠死亡,且饮食、行为、运动等功能均正常。鲎试剂检查细菌内毒素结果呈阴性,对家兔红细胞无溶血和凝集作用。结论在实验条件下雄黄注射液安全性良好。     

儿童安全用药认知度调查

目的了解患儿家属对儿童安全用药及不良反应知识的认知程度，为提高儿童安全用药水平提供参考。方法制定统一的问卷调查表，对儿科门诊进行问卷调查。结果对儿童安全用药知识的认知程度普遍较低，且与被调查者的文化程度、职业存在一定关联性。结论儿童安全用药知识有待进一步提高，以改善安全用药态度，加强安全用药行为。     

Analysis of passive avoidance learning in a modified three-compartment setup

Passive avoidance conditioning is analyzed in a three-compartment apparatus comprising the central light compartment, the dark dangerous compartment in which the electric foot shock was delivered, and the dark safe compartment where the rats were not punished. The passive avoidance performance was characterized, in addition to the latent period duration, by the number of visits into the safe compartment. The experimental data indicate that the latency of the passive avoidance response and the safe compartment preference obey different laws. The latency depends linearly on the number of shocks, while neither the safe compartment preference nor its relation to the number of shocks was observed. Piracetam had no effect on the latency, but enhanced the number of visits into the safe compartment. It is concluded that this modified model may be useful in an analysis of nootropic effects of neuropsychotropic substances.     

Methodology and safety considerations in the production of an intravenous immunoglobulin preparation

Intravenous immunoglobulins are biologic substances and differ in many respects from chemical pharmaceuticals. To produce a safe and efficacious preparation, special points must be considered. Careful screening procedures and excluding high-risk donor populations reduce the risk of transmitting viral disease from the starting material. With plasma fractionation the immunoglobulins are purified, and safety is further improved by eliminating potentially remaining viruses. Cold ethanol-fractionation methods have proved to be safe and economical. Anticomplementary aggregates, responsible for anaphylactoid reactions in agammaglobulinemic patients, are removed to achieve intravenous tolerance. Enzymatic digestion or chemical modifications impair the efficacy of the preparation. Ion-exchange adsorption removes immunoglobulin subpopulations. Mild acid treatment at pH 4 yields a safe product with intact potency. Optimal stability is ensured by freeze-drying. A fine net of quality controls virtually guarantees a safe preparation.     

药品监管部门开展公众用药安全宣传活动的探讨

目的 提高我国安全用药宣传工作水平.方法 收集并整理我国30个省份2006～2010年开展公众用药安全宣传活动的信息,进行分析总结.结果 各省药品监督管理部门均把公众用药安全宣传作为自身的职责.结论 公众用药安全宣传工作仍然需要不断改进和完善.     

临床用药安全的影响因素与风险防范

目的:分析影响用药安全的主要因素,总结规避用药风险的防范措施.方法:通过文献复习,分析归纳影响用药安全的主要因素,提炼汇总防范用药风险的有效措施.结果:影响用药安全的主要风险因素及其发生特点为:药品自身作用表现为散发的药品不良反应,药品质量问题、不合理用药与用药错误表现为群发、频发的药物不良事件.结论:深入开展药品不良反应监测工作、通过药品再评价强化药品质量监管、借助系统化改善措施防范用药错误发生,能够切实提高合理用药水平、规避用药风险.     

Oncology medication safety: a 3D status report 2008

BACKGROUND: The safe use of medications is a major concern in oncology practice. Three organizations collaborated on a survey to determine if practitioners had implemented current recommended safe practices for IV vincristine administration, general oncology safe practices, and safe practices for oral chemotherapy. METHODS: A survey was distributed to members of the Hematology Oncology Pharmacy Association (HOPA) and the International Society of Pharmacy Practitioners (ISOPP) using Survey Monkey. The Institute of Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) also solicited readers of its Medication Safety Alert! to respond to the survey. A comparison to results from a survey conducted by ISMP in 2006 on safe practices for IV vincristine was also conducted. RESULTS: The majority of respondents were aware of the WHO recommendations for IV vincristine, although the rate of implementation of the guidelines ranged from 24.1 to 53.6%. When compared to the ISMP 2006 survey there was a 25.8-37.4% improvement in following many of the safe practice guidelines. Administering IV vincristine via a minibag showed the lowest rate of adoption (less than 40%). Of the 35 survey items on general chemotherapy safety strategies, 80% of respondents had implemented at least 21 items in the survey. Overall 32.4% of respondents did not consider oral chemotherapy as requiring the same safety concerns as parenteral therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this survey will provide a new baseline for the adoption rate of safe medication practice recommendations related to oncology. Further work on addressing barriers in adopting identified safe practice recommendations needs to be conducted.     

医护人员对磺胺过敏者慎用药物知晓度的调查分析

目的通过调查医护人员对磺胺过敏者慎用药物的知晓情况,为培训和规范医护人员对磺胺过敏者安全用药行为提供依据。方法采用随机抽样的方法,从我院临床科室的医护人员中,随机抽取医护人员52名为调查对象,应用自行设计的调查问卷,调查医护人员对磺胺过敏者慎用药物的知晓情况。结果我院医护人员对磺胺过敏者慎用药物的知晓率相对较低;不同学历及职称的医护人员对知识的掌握有差异。结论需对医护人员在磺胺过敏者慎用药物知识方面进行系统化培训。     

871例育龄妇女5种节育措施避孕效果的临床研究

目的了解分析5种常用避孕方式的避孕失败率和不良反应,为避孕节育方法的选择提供临床依据。方法对采用安全期、避孕套、宫内节育器、口服短效避孕药、口服紧急避孕药等5种常用避孕方式的871例育龄妇女进行调查,其中采用安全期避孕法105例,采用避孕套避孕法300例,采用宫内节育器203例。采用口服短效避孕药212例,采用口服紧急避孕药51例。结果使用安全期、避孕套、宫内节育器、口服短效避孕药、口服紧急避孕药等5种避孕方式的避孕失败率,以安全期避孕为最高（15．2％）,口服短效避孕药为最低（2-4％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。不良反应发生率由高到低依次为宫内节育器、口服紧急避孕药、口服短效避孕药、安全套、安全期避孕。宫内节育器不良反应以腰腹酸痛的发生为主,发生率为13．8％;口服紧急避孕药不良反应以不规则阴道流血的发生为主．发生率为7．8％;口服短效避孕药不良反应以胃肠道反应的发生为主,发生率为5．7％;10例采用避孕套避孕妇女曾有过敏情况,发生率为3．3％;安全期避孕法无精液过敏情况出现。结论5种常用避孕方法中,VI服短效避孕药有效性较高、不良反应较低。     

One-way avoidance learning and diazepam in female roman high-avoidance and low-avoidance rats

The goal of this experiment was to study the influence of the time spent in the safe compartment (30 vs. 1 s) and of an intraperitoneal injection of diazepam (1 mg/kg vs. vehicle) on one-way avoidance learning, in inbred female roman high-avoidance and roman low-avoidance rats. Rats learned to run from a danger compartment, where they received a warning signal (88 dB tone) followed by a 1 mA electric footshock, to a safe compartment, where these stimuli were not presented. The number of trials needed to reach 10 consecutive avoidance responses was the dependent variable. Roman low-avoidance rats exposed to 1 s in the safe compartment showed poorer performance than their roman high-avoidance counterparts. These differences were not observed in rats exposed to 30 s in the safe place, and were abolished by the injection of diazepam. These results suggest the importance of fear and reinforcement in one-way avoidance learning and its usefulness for studying emotional processes underlying genetic or pharmacological manipulations.