NOX2基因缺陷对rd1小鼠感光细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的 观察NADPH氧化酶2(NOX2)基因缺陷对遗传性视网膜变性小鼠1(rd1)感光细胞的保护作用。设计 实验研究。研究对象 出生后14天的NOX2基因缺陷rd1小鼠(实验组)6只及同龄NOX2基因缺陷的C57BL/6N小鼠(对照组1)、无NOX2基因缺陷的rd1小鼠(对照组2)、C57BL/6N野生正常小鼠(对照组3)各6只(共24只)。方法 对照组1与对照组2小鼠多次交配获得实验组小鼠并进行基因型鉴定。取该实验鼠及对照组小鼠眼球,对视网膜进行HE染色并测量视网膜外核层厚度,TUNEL染色并计算凋亡细胞占外核层细胞总数百分比、免疫荧光法CD1 1b抗体标记小胶质细胞并检测NOX2主要亚单位gp91^pbox蛋白的表达。主要指标 视网膜外核层厚度,感光凋亡细胞百分比,gp91^pbox蛋白的表达量,小胶质细胞活化情况。结果 与同龄对照组2相比,实验组小鼠视网膜内外核层排列整齐,其外核层厚度(36.18±2.59)μm明显大于对照组2小鼠(21.45±1.33)μm(t=8.77,P=0.001)。实验组小鼠视网膜凋亡细胞主要出现于外核层,但数量...     

rd12小鼠短波长敏感的视锥细胞变性过程研究

背景 视网膜色素变性是先天性盲的重要原因之一,由于视网膜色素变性患者视杆细胞为原发性变性,因此无法了解视细胞变性的机制和过程.研究发现Leber先天性黑矇(LCA)自发突变小鼠具有与视网膜色素变性类似的自然过程,有助于深入探讨视网膜色素变性的发病机制及确定疾病基因治疗靶点.目的研究视网膜色素变性模型LCA自发突变小鼠视网膜短波长敏感的视锥细胞自然变性过程. 方法 按出生后天数(P)取P14、P21、P35、P90的遗传性视网膜疾病LCA的自发突变动物模型Rpe65rd12(B6[A]-Rpe65 rd1 2/J,rd12)小鼠各5只,同时选择鼠龄匹配的野生型C57BL/6J(B6)小鼠作为对照.采用RolandQ450SC UV视觉电生理检测仪行小鼠视网膜电图(ERG)检查,采用单次白色发光二极管(LED)闪光刺激记录总视锥细胞反应,刺激强度分别为1.00 cds/m2和1.96 cds/m2;采用紫外光闪光刺激记录短波长紫外光(UV)敏感的视锥细胞反应,刺激波长为(363±6)nm,刺激强度分别为2.0 mWs/m2和3.0 mWs/m2.ERG记录后次日处死小鼠并制备视网膜铺片,分别采用FITC荧光标记的花生凝集素(FITC-PNA)和Cy3荧光染色法检测2个组不同鼠龄小鼠视网膜中总视锥细胞和UV敏感的视锥细胞的分布和数量变化. 结果 P14 rd12小鼠明适应ERG反应为负波型,各波潜伏期延长,UV敏感的视锥细胞ERG各波记录不到.P21 rd12小鼠视锥细胞ERG b波振幅较野生型B6小鼠下降了约75％,b波潜伏期为(102.80±11.39)ms,较B6小鼠的(43.40±5.60) ms明显延长,差异有统计学意义(t=-8.106,P=0.001);P21、P35和P90野生型B6小鼠UV敏感的视锥细胞ERG b波振幅分别为(59.60±36.00)、(82.40±12.22)和(68.43±17.63) μV,P21、P35和P90 rd12小鼠UV敏感的视锥细胞反应均记录不到.免疫荧光检测显示,P14野生型B6小鼠视网膜视锥细胞较多,呈绿色荧光,大量的视蛋白主要分布在视网膜腹部鼻侧象限UV敏感的视锥细胞中,呈红色荧光,P14、P21、P35 rd12小鼠视网膜中视锥细胞逐渐减少,绿色荧光逐渐减弱,UV敏感的视锥细胞呈散在表达.结论 rd12小鼠出生后早期即出现视锥细胞的数量减少和功能异常,短波长敏感的视锥细胞的丢失和功能异常更早于中长波长的视锥细胞.     

NADPH氧化酶在rd小鼠遗传性视网膜变性中的活化表达

背景研究表明,小胶质细胞中烟酰胺二磷酸腺苷（NADPH）氧化酶的活化在中枢神经系统神经元损伤及神经变性疾病中发挥重要作用。已有研究证实NADPH氧化酶在rd小鼠视锥细胞退行性改变中的作用,但关于其在rd小鼠视网膜变性早期视杆细胞病变过程中的作用研究较少。目的研究NADPH氧化酶在rd小鼠感光细胞凋亡过程中的活化表达,探讨其在遗传性视网膜变性中的致病作用。方法取出生后8、10、12、14、16、18d的rd小鼠各18只,过量麻醉法处死后提取视网膜总RNA和总蛋白,并制备视网膜切片,分别用实时荧光定量PCR及Western blot法测定在rd小鼠感光细胞凋亡过程中视网膜中NADPH氧化酶亚单位gp91phox mRNA及蛋白的定量表达变化;采用免疫组织化学及gp91phox和CD11b免疫荧光双染法确定gp91phox在不同鼠龄rd小鼠视网膜中的表达及定位,并与其近交系C57BL／6N小鼠进行比较。结果实时荧光定量PCR研究证实,C57BL／6N小鼠视网膜中未见gp91phox mRNA的表达,而生后8d的rd小鼠视网膜中即有少量gp91phox mRNA的表达,随着鼠龄的增加,gp91phox mRNA表达量（gp91phox mRNA／β-actin）逐渐增加,生后14d达到高峰。不同鼠龄rd小鼠视网膜中gp91phox mRNA表达量差异有统计学意义（F=17．81,P=0．00）;生后10、12、14、16、18d的Td小鼠视网膜中gp91phox mRNA表达量均明显高于出生后8d小鼠,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）,以出生后14d表达量最高,为1．136±0．370。随着小鼠鼠龄的增加,视网膜中gp91phox蛋白表达量（A值）与其基因表达变化趋势一致,不同鼠龄及C57BL／6N对照小鼠间视网膜中gp91phox蛋白表达的差异有统计学意义（F=354．00,P〈0．01）,不同鼠龄rd小鼠出生后视网膜中gp91phox蛋白表达量均明显高于C57BL／6N对照小鼠,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。免疫组织化学法检测表明,rd小鼠出生后10d视网膜内层gp91phox阳性细胞开始增多,出生后14d达到高峰,外核层也可见到gp91phox阳性细胞。免疫荧光双染结果显示,gp91phox与小胶质细胞标志物CD11b共表达,呈现橙色荧光。结论NADPH氧化酶在rd小鼠视网膜中的表达随着鼠龄的增长而增多,其表达与小胶质细胞活化及感光细胞的凋亡相平行,提示NADPH氧化酶可能在小胶质细胞活化导致的感光细胞凋亡中发挥致病作用。     

快速退变性视网膜变性感光细胞超微结构变化分析

目的 了解快速退变性遗传性视网膜变性的感光细胞在出生后早期发生的形态学变化,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 取出生后不同时间的rd小鼠及正常对照小鼠各6只的视网膜,经光镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察感光细胞的形态发生发育和结构变化过程,比较二者的动态变化和形态学差异.结果 rd鼠生后1周开始出现感光细胞节段变短,内节段内线粒体变性改变多见;偶见感光细胞核旁胞浆内出现肿胀变形的线粒体.2周时节段层变薄,内节段结构已不完整,外节膜盘少见,变形且排列不整齐;外核层细胞层数明显减少,可见核固缩及染色质凝聚,偶见外丛状层部分神经突起内出现变性的线粒体.3周时节段层近消失,外核层只剩一层细胞,胞浆内可见髓样结构;外丛状层变薄.4周时内节段高度变形,视网膜色素上皮层与外核层之间出现大量不成形结构.外核层仅残存少许胞体,胞浆内出现多量不成形结构.外丛状层极薄,部分区域已消失.结论 rd鼠在出生后早期就发生感光细胞的变性改变,细胞内线粒体改变明显.其感光细胞变性发生早,进展快,呈快速退变特点.     

长时间单色光照射对豚鼠视网膜视锥细胞及其视蛋白表达的影响

背景面对视觉环境的不断变化,为获得稳定而有效的信息,动物的视觉系统均应根据需要进行必要的调整。色觉系统面临光谱环境的变化,也应该具有一定的可塑性。在长期单色光照射下,视锥细胞密度和视蛋白的表达是否出现相应的变化目前仍不明确。目的研究长时间单色光照射后豚鼠视网膜视锥细胞密度和视蛋白及其mRNA表达的变化。方法30只出生3d的豚鼠按随机数字表法平均分为绿光照射组、紫光照射组和白色7昆合光照射组,分别暴露于530nm的绿光、400nm的紫光及白色混合光照射环境下饲养8周后,制作视网膜铺片,按照对不同波长敏感的光敏视锥细胞在视网膜的分布特点将视网膜分为背侧、腹侧和混合部,分别行免疫细胞化学单标和双标检测,在荧光显微镜下检测不同光敏视锥细胞的密度变化,应用荧光实时定量聚合酶链反应（real-time PCR）法观察不同波长光照射后豚鼠视蛋白mRNA的变化,Western blot法对视蛋白的变化进行定量检测。结果视网膜背侧单标免疫细胞化学检测显示,3组绿敏视锥细胞密度的差异有统计学意义（F=234．28,P〈0．01）,与白色混合光照射组相比,绿光照射组绿敏视锥细胞密度明显增多（q=389．68,P〈0．01）,紫光照射组明显减少（q=67．11,P〈0．01）。视网膜腹侧单标免疫细胞化学检测显示,3组紫敏视锥细胞的差异无统计学意义（F=3．14,P〉0．05）;视网膜混合区双标免疫细胞化学检测显示,与白色混合光照射组比较,绿光照射组共表达视锥细胞密度明显增多（q=157．55,P〈0．01）,紫光照射组共表达视锥细胞密度明显减少（q=254．85,P〈0．01）。与白色混合光照射组相比,绿光照射组绿敏视蛋白及其mRNA的表达均明显增多（q=4．71,P〈0．05;q=184．45,P〈0．01）;紫光照射组长波长敏感视蛋白（L视蛋白）及其mRNA的表达均明显减少（q=346．66,P〈0．01;q=5．87,P〈0．05）;各组之间短波长敏感视蛋白（s蛋白）及其mRNA的表达差异均无统计学意义（F=3．27,P〉0．05;F=1．24,P〉0．05）。结论长时间单色光照射下,豚鼠视网膜视锥细胞及其视蛋白的表达表现出相应的变化,这可能是视锥细胞选择有利的空间视敏度而对单色光照射环境的一种代偿性反应,说明色觉系统的发育具有一定的可塑性。绿敏视锥细胞密度的升高可能是与过渡区共表达视锥细胞的分化有关。     

小胶质细胞活化与rd小鼠遗传性视网膜变性

目的研究小胶质细胞活化与rd小鼠遗传性视网膜变性的关系。方法对出生后8、10、12、14、16及18d的rd小鼠及对照小鼠视网膜进行感光细胞凋亡TUNEL法检测及形态计量学分析。CD11b免疫组织化学染色标记视网膜小胶质细胞。结果rd小鼠出生后10d视网膜感光细胞层开始出现TUNEL染色阳性细胞,第16d达到高峰。视网膜小胶质细胞在rd小鼠出生后10d开始活化,第14d达到高峰。小胶质细胞向感光细胞层的迁移与感光细胞凋亡之间存在紧密的时间和空间关系。结论rd小鼠视网膜变性以感光细胞凋亡为主。小胶质细胞活化可能在视网膜变性过程中发挥重要作用。     

老年黄斑变性早期局部视锥细胞视杆细胞功能研究

目的：研究老年黄斑变性(age—related macular degeneration，ARIVK))早期患者眼底后极部视锥细胞视杆细胞功能变化。方法：在25例ARMD早期患者和16例正常老年人分别检测中央25^*81个位点暗视敏感度和明视敏感度，记录多焦视网膜电图(multifocal electroretinography，mfERG)和视杆细胞mfERG。比较两组暗视、明视敏感度和N1波、P1波的振幅和潜伏期。暗视敏感度检测是暗适应后用蓝光刺激(W47b，450nm)、无背景光；明视敏感度检测用白光刺激、背景光31．4asb。视杆细胞mfERG是暗适应后用低强度(最大亮度为0．85cd／m。)的蓝光刺激(W47b，450nm)，慢刺激频率(3个空白帧)。结果：ARMD组暗视和明视敏感度比正常老年对照组降低，暗视敏感度降低更明显。暗视敏感度降低随离心度增加而减少，在距中心凹2．5^*～5^*下降最明显。ARMD组视杆细胞mfERG1环N1和P1波振幅明显降低。结论:ARMD早期视杆细胞功能下降，中心凹旁下降最明显。进一步验证ARMD视杆细胞易感性假说。视杆细胞功能检测可作为ARMD早期诊断和病程监测一个有用的检查手段。     

老年性黄斑变性锥细胞运动觉功能的变化

目的　观察干性型老年性黄斑变性（ａｇｅ－ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ ｍ ａｃｕｌａｒｄｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ,ＡＭＤ）患者三种视锥细胞视觉运动觉的变化。　方法　通过随机点运动觉检查方法,分别应用蓝、绿、红视标显示在黄、紫及青色背景,保持视标与背景间等亮度以排除亮度因素的影响,从而分离检查２０只眼ＡＭＤ三种视锥细胞视觉运动觉功能的变化。　结果　ＡＭＤ三种视锥细胞的感觉位移和方向位移阈值,与正常人相比明显受损,发生了弥漫性的损害。　结论　视锥细胞的视觉运动觉,是能够反映干性型ＡＭＤ视功能损害的一个新的测试指标。     

MCP-1在rd小鼠视网膜变性过程中的表达

目的 探讨单核细胞趋化因子(MCP-1)在rd小鼠视网膜变性过程中的表达.方法 RT-PCR反应测定rd小鼠出生后8、10、12、14、16、18 d视网膜MCP-1 mRNA的表达.原位杂交及免疫组织化学检测高峰期MCP-1 mRNA及蛋白在视网膜的定位表达.结果 与正常对照鼠相比,MCP-1 mRNA在rd小鼠视网膜的表达水平于出生后第8 d开始升高,12 d达高峰.MCP-1 mRNA及蛋白的表达出现于视网膜内层,尤其在内核层细胞及节细胞核周围.结论 趋化因子MCP-1在rd小鼠视网膜变性过程中表达升高,提示MCP-1可能在rd小鼠感光细胞凋亡中发挥作用.     

视网膜小胶质细胞参与糖尿病视网膜神经变性的分子机制研究进展

糖尿病视网膜神经变性(DRN)是由高血糖引起的视网膜神经血管单位破坏和血视网膜屏障功能障碍的一类疾病,神经元凋亡是该疾病的主要特征,可造成患者与视觉相关的生活质量下降。视网膜小胶质细胞(RMC)是视网膜胶质细胞的主要种群之一,主要参与视网膜神经元的发育,并维持视网膜神经元的功能。已有研究表明RMC的功能改变与DRN密切相关,靶向RMC可减少视网膜神经元损伤并减缓DRN的发生发展。本文就RMC参与DRN及其调控靶点和治疗药物展开综述,以期提供更多有效的防治策略。     

Availability of 11-cis retinal and opsins without chromophore as revealed by small bleaches of rhodopsin in excised albino mouse eyes

Small bleaches were used to study the rhodopsin regeneration process. At bleaches from 5.2% to 24.7%, the rhodopsin regenerations were consistent with a one-for-one recovery of bleached molecules. At response saturation rod photoreceptors exhibit a bleach level of only 5%. Major increases in rhodopsin regeneration were observed at bleach levels between 1.3% and 5.2%. The rhodopsin regenerations exhibited a linear relationship that was 4-times the bleach (dark adaptations of 0.75 and 1.5 h). The data show that the bleach initiates the availability, and possibly production, of 11-cis retinal in amounts that are 4-times the number of bleached molecules within the functional range of the rod photoreceptors. Rhodopsin regeneration also requires the presence of opsins without chromophore. Regenerations beyond the bleach indicate the presence of such opsins prior to the bleach. The opsin amounts were 8.1%, 8.6%, 3.1% and 0% of the total visual pigment at dark adaptation times of 0.75, 1.5, 24 and 48 h, respectively. Those opsins, as well as the ones produced by the bleach, may be regenerated to rhodopsin following a small bleach or with additional time in the dark.     

NADPH氧化酶抑制剂对遗传性视网膜色素变性感光细胞凋亡的抑制作用

背景 我们先前的研究表明,rd小鼠遗传性视网膜色素变性（RP）过程中小胶质细胞活化与感光细胞的凋亡密切相关.研究显示,小胶质细胞中烟酰胺二磷酸腺苷（NADPH）氧化酶的活化在小胶质细胞活化及神经元损伤中发挥重要作用,但NADPH氧化酶在RP过程中作用机制及其抑制剂的作用有待探讨.目的 探讨rd小鼠发生RP过程中NADPH氧化酶产生活性氧簇（ROS）的活化反应及其抑制剂对感光细胞的保护作用. 方法 按抛掷硬币法将60只SPF级rd小鼠随机分为香荚兰乙酮注射组和PBS对照组,香荚兰乙酮注射组小鼠于出生后9d（P9）腹腔内注射NADPH氧化酶抑制剂香荚兰乙酮10 mg/kg（0.01 ml/kg）,每日1次,连续5d（至P13）;PBS对照组rd小鼠以同样方式注射等容量的PBS;C57 BL/6N小鼠10只不注射任何药物作为rd小鼠的野生对照鼠.各组小鼠于出生后14 d（P14）处死并制备视网膜冰冻切片,采用二氢乙锭（DHE）荧光染色法检测3个组小鼠视网膜中ROS的表达;采用实时定量PCR（real-time PCR）法测定2个组rd小鼠视网膜感光细胞中视紫红质mRNA的定量表达;采用苏木精-伊红染色法检查2个组rd小鼠视网膜外核层厚度.结果 DHE荧光染色表明,小鼠视网膜中ROS表达呈红色荧光,注药组小鼠视网膜外核层中ROS的红色荧光明显强于C57BL/6N野生鼠,但明显弱于PBS对照组.Real-time PCR检测表明,香荚兰乙酮注射组小鼠感光细胞中视紫红质mRNA相对表达量为4.21 ±0.33,明显低于PBS对照组的0.93±0.24,差异有统计学意义（t=2.360,P=0.000）;香荚兰乙酮注射组小鼠视网膜外核层厚度为（35.95±1.63） μm,明显厚于PBS对照组的（23.17±1.38） μm,差异有统计学意义（t=3.850,P=0.016）.结论 在rd小鼠视网膜感光细胞变性过程中,NADPH氧化酶生成ROS的活化反应明显增强;香荚兰乙酮能够延缓rd小鼠感光细胞的凋亡过程.     

Remodeling of cone photoreceptor cells after rod degeneration in rd mice

We studied the survival of cone photoreceptors following the degeneration of rods in the rd mouse. Cones were visualized by selective expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) following transduction with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. As previously reported, many cones survive after the initial degeneration of the rods. Soon after the initial degeneration, they lose their outer segments and all but a vestigial inner segment; and they partially retract or lose their axon and synaptic pedicle. However, they retain many fundamental features of the cone phenotype, and for many weeks show a polarized morphology indicative of substantial regrowth of processes. The cells retain their laminar position, forming a cell row just distal to a much thinned outer plexiform layer. The somata subsequently enlarge. Most of the cells extend bipolar processes, recreating the original bipolar morphology of a photoreceptor cell - though now turned on its side relative to the native position. The cells express short- or middle-wavelength opsins, recoverin and connexin36. One or more of the polarized processes could often be shown to contain synaptic ribbons, as visualized by antibodies against RIBEYE. The cones do not express protein kinase C alpha, Go alpha, ChX10 or calbindin, markers of bipolar or horizontal cells. The partially differentiated cone morphology persists for at least several months, after which the processes begin to retract and there is slow loss of the cells. Thus, during the time following the loss of their rod-dominated microenvironment, the cones achieve a semi-stable state in which much of their normal phenotype is preserved. Cone photoreceptors in retinas of human RP donors appear from their morphology to undergo a similar progression. The therapeutic window for rescue of cone photoreceptors may be longer than would have been thought.     

Activation of retinal ganglion cells in wild-type and rd1 mice through electrical stimulation of the retinal neural network

We compared the thresholds and response properties of extracellularly recorded retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in wild-type and rd1 mouse retinas to electrical stimulation of the retinal neural network. Retinas were stimulated in vitro with biphasic current pulses (1 ms/phase) applied with a 400-microm diameter, subretinal electrode. Three types of responses were observed in both wild-type and rd1 RGCs. Type I cells elicited a single burst of spikes within 20 ms following application of the electrical stimulus, type II cells elicited a single burst of spikes with a latency greater than 37 ms, and type III cells elicited two and occasionally three bursts of spikes. For all ages examined, ranging from postnatal day (P) 25 to P186, the thresholds of RGCs were overall consistently higher in rd1 mice. Median threshold values were 14 and 50 muA in wild-type and rd1 mice, respectively. We propose that photoreceptors lower the thresholds for activation of RGCs whereas postreceptoral neurons determine the response properties of RGCs to electrical stimuli.     

Contribution of rod and cone pathways to the dark-adapted electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave following retinal degeneration in RCS rats

Although the RCS rat is widely used as a model of progressive photoreceptor loss, it is unclear how the relative rod and cone functions change with age. Rod and cone b-waves were isolated using a double flash ERG paradigm. In contrast to cones, rods never reached normal functional maturity levels, and the ERG b-wave changed from being predominantly rod-driven to being purely cone-driven by age 74 days, at which point, b-waves were progressively replaced by negative STR-like (scotopic threshold response) waves that persisted up to age 180 days. A double flash commonly abolished this wave and unveiled a b-wave.     

Absence of voltage-dependent calcium channels delays photoreceptor degeneration in rd mice

Retinal degeneration results from the apoptotic cell death of photoreceptors. While mutations in a large number of genes give rise to retinal degeneration, the specific mechanisms are not well understood. One hypothesis involves mediation of apoptosis by high concentrations of intracellular Ca(2+). We used a mouse line that carries the rd mutation but also lacks the major L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel at the photoreceptor synapse to examine whether this route of Ca(2+) entry plays a role in photoreceptor degeneration. In both experimental and control mice, the photoreceptors degenerate. However, at postnatal days 16, 18, and 21 there is a delay in photoreceptor cell loss in the experimental mice, which lack L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels, compared to controls. These data indicate that Ca(2+) entry via the L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel contributes to the mechanisms responsible for photoreceptor cell death in this mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa.