Evaluation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against parasites

Green nanoparticle synthesis has been achieved using environmentally acceptable plant extract and eco-friendly reducing and capping agents. The present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activities to determine the efficacies of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Mimosa pudica Gaertn (Mimosaceae) against the larvae of malaria vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi, filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Canestrini (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasite larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous extract of M. pudica and synthesized AgNPs for 24 h. AgNPs were rapidly synthesized using the leaf extract of M. pudica and the formation of nanoparticles was observed within 6 h. The results recorded from UV–vis spectrum, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy support the biosynthesis and characterization of AgNPs. The maximum efficacy was observed in synthesized AgNPs against the larvae of A. subpictus, C. quinquefasciatus, and R. microplus (LC₅₀ = 13.90, 11.73, and 8.98 mg/L, r ² = 0.411, 0.286, and 0.479), respectively. This is the first report on antiparasitic activity of the plant extract and synthesized AgNPs.     

Efficacy of plant-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles against hematophagous parasites

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the acaricidal and larvicidal activity against the larvae of Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae) and larvae of hematophagous fly Hippobosca maculata Leach (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) and against the fourth-instar larvae of malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston, Japanese encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing aqueous leaf extract from Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae). The color of the extract changed to light brown within an hour, and later it changed to dark brown during the 30-min incubation period. AgNPs results were recorded from UV?Cvis spectrum at 426?nm; Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the bioreduction of Ag⁺ ions to silver nanoparticles are due to the reduction by capping material of plant extract, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns clearly illustrates that the nanoparticles formed in the present synthesis are crystalline in nature and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) support the biosynthesis and characterization of AgNPs with rod in shape and size of 60?C150?nm. After reaction, the XRD pattern of AgNPs showed diffraction peaks at 2???=?34.37°, 38.01°, 44.17°, 66.34° and 77.29° assigned to the (100), (111), (102), (110) and (120) planes, respectively, of a faced centre cubic (fcc) lattice of silver were obtained. For electron microscopic studies, a 25 ??l sample was sputter-coated on copper stub, and the images of nanoparticles were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The spot EDX analysis showed the complete chemical composition of the synthesized AgNPs. The parasite larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous extract of M. paradisiaca and synthesized AgNPs for 24?h. In the present study, the percent mortality of aqueous extract of M. paradisiaca were 82, 71, 46, 29, 11 and 78, 66, 38, 31and 16 observed in the concentrations of 50, 40, 30, 20, 10?mg/l for 24?h against the larvae of H. bispinosa and Hip. maculata, respectively. The maximum efficacy was observed in the aqueous extract of M. paradisiaca against the H. bispinosa, Hip. maculata, and the larvae of A. stephensi, C. tritaeniorhynchus with LC₅₀ values of 28.96, 31.02, 26.32, and 20.10?mg/lm, respectively (r ²?=?0.990, 0.968, 0.974, and 0.979, respectively). The synthesized AgNPs of M. paradisiaca showed the LC₅₀ and r ² values against H. bispinosa, (1.87?mg/l; 0.963), Hip. maculata (2.02?mg/l; 0.976), and larvae of A. stephensi (1.39; 0.900?mg/l), against C. tritaeniorhynchus (1.63?mg/l; 0.951), respectively. The ?? ² values were significant at p?<?0.05 level.     

Evaluation of plant-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles against vector mosquitoes

Diseases transmitted by blood-feeding mosquitoes, such as dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, and filariasis, are increasing in prevalence, particularly in tropical and subtropical zones. To control mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases, which have worldwide health and economic impacts, synthetic insecticide-based interventions are still necessary, particularly in situations of epidemic outbreak and sudden increases of adult mosquitoes. Green nanoparticle synthesis has been achieved using environmentally acceptable plant extract and eco-friendly reducing and capping agents. In view of the recently increased interest in developing plant origin insecticides as an alternative to chemical insecticide, in the present study, the adulticidal activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Heliotropium indicum plant leaf extract against adults of Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus was determined. Adult mosquitoes were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous extract of H. indicum and synthesized AgNPs for 24 h. AgNPs were rapidly synthesized using the leaf extract of H. indicum, and the formation of nanoparticles was observed within 6 h. The results recorded from UV–vis spectrum, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy support the biosynthesis and characterization of AgNPs. The maximum efficacy was observed in synthesized AgNPs against the adult of A. stephensi (lethal dose (LD)₅₀?=?26.712 μg/mL; LD₉₀?=?49.061 μg/mL), A. aegypti (LD₅₀?=?29.626 μg/mL; LD₉₀?=?54.269 μg/mL), and C. quinquefasciatus (LD₅₀?=?32.077 μg/mL; LD₉₀?=?58.426 μg/mL), respectively. No mortality was observed in the control. These results suggest that the leaf aqueous extracts of H.indicum and green synthesis of AgNPs have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the A. stephensi, A. aegypti, and C. quinquefasciatus. This is the first report on the adulticidal activity of the plant extracts and AgNPs.     

Efflux pump inhibitory activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates

This study was carried out to investigate the possible efflux pump inhibitory activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. In this study, the physicochemical characteristics of synthesized AgNPs were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) methods. Subsequently, MDR A. baumannii isolates were recovered from clinical samples and the phenotypic cartwheel efflux assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to elucidate the possible presence of efflux pump in MDR strains. After treatment of MDR strains with sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) concentration of AgNPs, the expression level of efflux pump genes was evaluated using a quantitative real-time PCR technique. The synthesized AgNPs had a spherical nanostructure, with mean size 38.89 nm, according to SEM and TEM data. XRD and FTIR results confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. The results of PCR revealed that among 50 strains, 12 A. baumannii strains had efflux pump genes and the expression level of AdeA, AdeC, AdeS, AdeR, AdeI, AdeJ, and AdeK efflux pump genes was downregulated significantly after the treatment with AgNPs. In addition, the inhibitory effect of AgNPs on efflux pumps can be detected when the MIC of ethidium bromide (EtBr) with AgNPs is lower than that of EtBr alone. According to the results, the biologically synthesized AgNPs exhibit efflux pumps inhibitory activity, which may be one of the possible mechanisms of their antibacterial activity against MDR A. baumannii strains.     

Biocatalytic and antibacterial visualization of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Hemidesmus indicus

In the present investigation, we described the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant leaf extract of Hemidesmus indicus. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). TEM images proved that the synthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape with an average particle size of 25.24 nm. To evaluate antibacterial efficacy, bacteria was isolated from poultry gut and subjected to 16S rRNA characterization and confirmed as Shigella sonnei. The in vitro antibacterial efficacy of synthesized silver nanoparticles was studied by agar bioassay, well diffusion and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) assay. The H. indicus mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles shows rapid synthesis and higher inhibitory activity (34 ± 0.2 mm) against isolated bacteria S. sonnei at 40 μg/ml.     

Lousicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles using Lawsonia inermis leaf aqueous extract against Pediculus humanus capitis and Bovicola ovis

In the present work, we describe inexpensive, nontoxic, unreported and simple procedure for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using leaf aqueous extract of Lawsonia inermis as eco-friendly reducing and capping agent. The aim of the present study was to assess the lousicidal activity of synthesized Ag NPs against human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), and sheep body louse, Bovicola ovis Schrank (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae). Direct contact method was conducted to determine the potential of pediculocidal activity and impregnated method was used with slight modifications to improve practicality and efficiency of tested materials of synthesized Ag NPs against B. ovis. The synthesized Ag NPs characterized with the UV showing peak at 426?nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra clearly shows that the diffraction peaks in the pattern indexed as the silver with lattice constants. XRD analysis showed intense peaks at 2θ values of 38.34°, 44.59°, 65.04°, and 77.77° corresponding to (111), (200), (220), and (311) Bragg's reflection based on the fcc structure of Ag NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of Ag NPs exhibited prominent peaks at 3,422.13, 2,924.12, 2,851.76, 1,631.41, 1,381.60, 1,087.11, and 789.55?cm(-1). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph showed mean size of 59.52?nm and aggregates of spherical shape Ag NPs. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed the complete chemical composition of the synthesized Ag NPs. In pediculocidal activity, the results showed that the optimal times for measuring percent mortality effects of synthesized Ag NPs were 26, 61, 84, and 100 at 5, 10, 15, and 20?min, respectively. The average percent mortality for synthesized Ag NPs was 33, 84, 91, and 100 at 10, 15, 20, and 35?min, respectively against B. ovis. The maximum activity was observed in the aqueous leaf extract of L. inermis, 1?mM AgNO(3) solution, and synthesized Ag NPs against P. humanus capitis with LC(50) values of 18.26, 7.77, and 1.33?mg?l(-1) and r (2) values of 0.863, 0.900, and 0.803 and against B. ovis showed with LC(50) values of 21.19, 8.49, and 1.41?mg?l(-1) and r (2) values of 0.920, 0.938 and 0.870, respectively. The findings revealed that synthesized Ag NPs possess excellent anti-lousicidal activity.     

Synthesis of sericin-conjugated silver nanoparticles and their potential antimicrobial activity

Nanoparticles (NPs) are being recognized as antibacterial agents due to their rapidly increasing multidrug resistance in bacterial pathogens. Hence, there is an unmet need to identify the natural antibacterial agent. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of sericin-conjugated silver NPs synthesized by using sericin as a reducing and capping agent. Synthesized NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscope, nanolaser particle size analyzer (BT-90), Fourier-transform infrared analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray. The biogenic NPs significantly inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli (12–15 mm zone of inhibition), Staphylococcus aureus (14.6–15.4 mm zone of inhibition), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5–18 mm zone of inhibition). The stability of naturally synthesized NPs was examined at various temperatures (i.e., 4°C, 37°C, and 55°C) and pH (i.e., 3, 7, and 11). Temperature variability did not significantly affect the efficacy of NPs. However, NPs performed better at higher pH levels. This study suggested that the sericin-based silver NPs are not only effective against bacteria, but they also maintain the stability at different ranges of temperature and pH. We concluded that the sericin-conjugated silver NPs possess the remarkable antibacterial potential, which suggests their large-scale use as a cheap and stable antimicrobial agent in the future.     

Strain specificity in antimicrobial activity of silver and copper nanoparticles

The antimicrobial properties of silver and copper nanoparticles were investigated using Escherichia coli (four strains), Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (three strains). The average sizes of the silver and copper nanoparticles were 3 nm and 9 nm, respectively, as determined through transmission electron microscopy. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectra of silver and copper nanoparticles revealed that while silver was in its pure form, an oxide layer existed on the copper nanoparticles. The bactericidal effect of silver and copper nanoparticles were compared based on diameter of inhibition zone in disk diffusion tests and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of nanoparticles dispersed in batch cultures. Bacterial sensitivity to nanoparticles was found to vary depending on the microbial species. Disk diffusion studies with E. coli and S. aureus revealed greater effectiveness of the silver nanoparticles compared to the copper nanoparticles. B. subtilis depicted the highest sensitivity to nanoparticles compared to the other strains and was more adversely affected by the copper nanoparticles. Good correlation was observed between MIC and MBC (r² = 0.98) measured in liquid cultures. For copper nanoparticles a good negative correlation was observed between the inhibition zone observed in disk diffusion test and MIC/MBC determined based on liquid cultures with the various strains (r² = −0.75). Although strain-specific variation in MIC/MBC was negligible for S. aureus, some strain-specific variation was observed for E. coli.     

Larvicidal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Pergularia daemia plant latex against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi and nontarget fish Poecillia reticulata

In present study, the bioactivity of latex-producing plant Pergularia daemia as well as synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against the larval instars of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi mosquito larvae was determined. The range of concentrations of plant latex (1,000, 500, 250, 125, 62.25, and 31.25 ppm) and AgNPs (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, and 0.3125 ppm) were prepared. The LC(50) and LC(90) values for first, second, third, and fourth instars of synthesized AgNPs-treated first, second, third, and fourth instars of A. aegypti (LC(50)?=?4.39, 5.12, 5.66, 6.18; LC(90)?=?9.90, 11.13, 12.40, 12.95 ppm) and A. stephensi (LC(50)?=?4.41, 5.35, 5.91, 6.47; LC(90)?=?10.10, 12.04, 13.05, 14.08 ppm) were found many fold lower than crude latex-treated A. aegypti (LC(50)?=?55.13, 58.81, 75.66, 94.31; LC(90)?=?113.00, 118.25, 156.95, 175.71 ppm) and A. stephensi (LC(50)?=?81.47, 92.09, 96.07, 101.31; LC(90)?=?159.51, 175.97, 180.67, 190.42 ppm). The AgNPs did not exhibit any noticeable effects on Poecillia reticulata after either 24 or 48 h of exposure at their LC(50) and LC(90) values against fourth-instar larvae of A. aegypti and A. stephensi. The UV-visible analysis shows absorbance for AgNPs at 520 nm. TEM reveals spherical shape of synthesized AgNPs. Particle size analysis revealed that the size of particles ranges from 44 to 255 nm with average size of 123.50 nm. AgNPs were clearly negatively charged (zeta potential -27.4 mV). This is the first report on mosquito larvicidal activity P. daemia-synthesized AgNPs.     

Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles against Candida spp.

The antifungal activity of the silver nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by the modified Tollens process was evaluated for pathogenic Candida spp. by means of the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), and the time-dependency of yeasts growth inhibition. Simultaneously the cytotoxicity of the silver NPs to human fibroblasts was determined. The silver NPs exhibited inhibitory effect against the tested yeasts at the concentration as low as 0.21 mg/L of Ag. The inhibitory effect of silver NPs was enhanced through their stabilization and the lowest MIC equal to 0.05 mg/L was determined for silver NPs stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate against Candida albicans II. The obtained MICs of the silver NPs and especially of the stabilized silver NPs were comparable and in some cases even better than MICs of the conventional antifungal agents determined by E-test. The silver NPs effectively inhibited the growth of the tested yeasts at the concentrations below their cytotoxic limit against the tested human fibroblasts determined at a concentration equal to 30 mg/L of Ag. In contrast, ionic silver inhibited the growth of the tested yeasts at the concentrations comparable to the cytotoxic level (approx. 1 mg/L) of ionic silver against the tested human fibroblasts.     

Mode of action and anti-Candida activity of Artemisia annua mediated-synthesized silver nanoparticles

Candida albicans is a polymorphic opportunistic commensal that causes both superficial and systemic fungal infections especially in immunocompromised patients. Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as potential antifungal agents. The present work evaluates the antifungal activity of Artemisia annua synthesized AgNPs against three Candida species (C. albicans ATCC 90028, C. tropicalis ATCC 750 and C. glabrata ATCC 90030). The in vitro effect of AgNPs was investigated for fungal growth, sterol content, secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and yeast-to-hyphal transition. The green synthesized AgNPs were effective against all the three species with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the range 80–120 μgml⁻¹. Candida glabrata showed greater sensitivity for AgNPs followed by Candida tropicalis and C. albicans. AgNPs at 4MIC were as effective as fluconazole (FLC) and caused only 5% haemolysis while FLC caused 50% haemolysis at the same concentration. The secretion of hydrolytic enzymes was the lowest in case of AgNP exposed C. glabrata. Yeast-to-hyphal transition was significantly reduced in treated C. albicans cells and showed disfigured morphology in SEM images. The decrease in ergosterol content was slightly higher (94%) in both C. glabrata and C. tropicalis in comparison to C. albicans (69%). Green synthesized AgNPs thus have immense potential as an antifungal and can play a crucial role in the management of Candida infections especially those caused by C. glabrata.     

Enhancement of antibacterial activity of synthesized ligand-free CdS nanocrystals due to silver doping

Recently, different nanocrystals have been reported to be the alternative, optimistic, and novel antimicrobial agent against the many antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Here, ligand-free CdS and Ag-doped CdS (Ag/CdS) nanocrystals have been synthesized by chemical methods for the study of the antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by Kirby–Bauer diffusion method to see the effect against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These prepared nanocrystals have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TEM and SEM images confirm the spherical morphology of both the sample and the respective XRD patterns indicate polycrystalline nature having a cubic zinc blende structure. Antibacterial activities have been tested with CdS and Ag/CdS, considering concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 μg/ml. After 24 h of incubation, the zone of inhibition (ZOI) is measured for each concentration, which shows that both the nanocrystals are ineffective against E. coli but much effective against S. aureus at this low concentration range. Furthermore, Ag/CdS nanocrystals have been found to show much more ZOI than CdS. Differences in the antibacterial activity can be due to the presence of different cell wall in E. coli and S. aureus.     

Larvicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Leucas aspera leaf extracts against dengue vector Aedes aegypti

Vector-borne diseases caused by mosquitoes are one of the major economic and health problems in many countries. Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector of several diseases in humans like yellow fever and dengue. Vector control methods involving use of chemical insecticides are becoming less effective due to the development of insecticides resistance, biological magnification of toxic substances through the food chain, and adverse effects on environmental quality and nontarget organisms including human health. Application of active toxic agents from plant extracts as an alternative mosquito control strategy was available from ancient times. These are nontoxic, easily available at affordable prices, biodegradable, and show broad-spectrum target-specific activities against different species of vector mosquitoes. Today, nanotechnology is a promising research domain which has a wide ranging application in vector control programs. The present study investigates the larvicidal potential of solvent leaf extracts of Leucas aspera and synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract against fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti. Larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of plant extracts and synthesized AgNPs for 24 h. The results were recorded from UV–Vis spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and were used to characterize and support the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The formation of the synthesized AgNPs from the XRD spectrum compared with Bragg reflections can be indexed to the (111) orientations, respectively, confirmed the presence of AgNPs. The FTIR spectra of AgNPs exhibited prominent peaks at 3,447.77, 2,923.30, and 1,618.66 cm^?1. The spectra showed sharp and strong absorption band at 1,618.66 cm^?1 assigned to the stretching vibration of (NH) C═O group. The band 1,383 developed for C═C and C═N stretching, respectively, and was commonly found in the proteins. SEM analysis of the synthesized AgNPs clearly showed the clustered and irregular shapes, mostly aggregated and having the size of 25–80 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed the complete chemical composition of the synthesized AgNPs. In larvicidal activity, the results showed that the maximum efficacy was observed in synthesized AgNP from leaf extracts against the fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti with LC₅₀ values of 8.5632, 10.0361, 14.4689, 13.4579, 17.4108, and 27.4936 mg/l and LC₉₀ values of 21.5685, 93.03928, 39.6485, 42.2029, 31.3009, and 53.2576 mg/l respectively. These results suggest that the synthesized AgNP from leaf extracts have a higher larvicidal potential as compared to crude solvent extracts thus making them an effective combination for controlling A. aegypti.     

Larvicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Leucas aspera leaf extracts against dengue vector Aedes aegypti

Vector-borne diseases caused by mosquitoes are one of the major economic and health problems in many countries. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector of several diseases in humans like yellow fever and dengue. Vector control methods involving the use of chemical insecticides are becoming less effective due to development of insecticides resistance, biological magnification of toxic substances through the food chain, and adverse effects on environmental quality and non-target organisms including human health. Application of active toxic agents from plant extracts as an alternative mosquito control strategy was available from ancient times. These are nontoxic, easily available at affordable prices, biodegradable, and show broad-spectrum target-specific activities against different species of vector mosquitoes. Today, nanotechnology is a promising research domain which has wide-ranging application vector control programs. The present study investigates the larvicidal potential of solvent leaf extracts of Leucas aspera and synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of plant extracts and synthesized AgNPs for 24 h. The results were recorded from UV–Vis spectra, x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and were used to characterize and support the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The formation of the AgNPs synthesized from the XRD spectrum compared with Bragg reflections can be indexed to the (111) orientations, respectively, confirmed the presence of AgNPs. The FT-IR spectra of AgNPs exhibited prominent peaks at 3,447.77; 2,923.30; and 1,618.66 cm^?1. The spectra showed sharp and strong absorption band at 1,618.66 cm^?1 assigned to the stretching vibration of (NH) C═O group. The band 1,383 developed for C═C and C═N stretching, respectively, and was commonly found in the proteins. SEM analysis of the synthesized AgNPs clearly showed the clustered and irregular shapes, mostly aggregated, and having the size of 25–80 nm. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy showed the complete chemical composition of the synthesized AgNPs. In larvicidal activity, the results showed that the maximum efficacy was observed in synthesized AgNPs leaf extracts against the fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti (LC₅₀ values of 8.5632, 10.0361, 14.4689, 13.4579, 17.4108, and 27.4936 mg/l) and (LC₉₀ values of 21.5685, 93.03928, 39.6485, 42.2029, 31.3009, and 53.2576 mg/l), respectively. These results suggest that the synthesized AgNPs leaf extracts have a higher larvicidal potential as compared to crude solvent extracts thus making them an effective combination for controlling A. aegypti.