上颌骨翻转径路手术在鼻咽癌治疗中的应用

目的探讨上颌骨翻转径路手术在鼻咽癌治疗中的临床应用和价值。方法回顾性分析20例应用上颌骨翻转径路手术治疗的鼻咽癌患者,其中15例为放疗后复发（4例为再程放疗后）,3例为放疗后未控,2例为首诊行手术治疗。总结其临床病理资料、手术方法、治疗及随访结果。采用Kaplan-Meier法行生存分析,并绘制生存曲线。结果全组患者均手术顺利,肿瘤根治性切除,无术中并发症。术后2例患者出现明显的张口困难,5例出现腭瘘,1例出现分泌性中耳炎,1例出现上颌骨坏死行再次手术,另11例患者无明显术后并发症。术后随访4-80个月,3例出现局部复发,1例颈部复发,1例远处转移,11例患者无瘤生存,1例带瘤生存,8例死亡。总的中位生存期为35个月,2年累积生存率为66．1％。结论经上颔骨翻转径路切除鼻咽部肿瘤术野暴露良好,直视下可操作性强,手术切除彻底,是鼻咽癌手术径路的一种理想选择。     

鼻咽癌根治性放疗后颈淋巴结残留的手术治疗

目的 探讨鼻咽癌根治性放疗后单纯颈部淋巴结残留手术的适应证及疗效.方法 32例患者根据肿瘤的大小、残留淋巴结活动度及个数行局部肿瘤切除或颈淋巴结清扫术.用SPSS 11.0统计软件包Kaplan-Meier法分析生存率,Log-Rank法行差异显著性检验,Cox模型对影响生存率的有关因素进行分析.结果 3年和5年总生存率分别为56.3%和37.5%,单因素分析表明：残留淋巴结大小、淋巴结个数、活动度、放疗结束后3个月内肿瘤消退快慢、淋巴结包膜浸润、术后化疗明显影响预后（P＜0.05）.多因素回归分析表明：残留淋巴结大小（≥2cm）,残留淋巴结活动度,放疗结束后3个月内肿瘤消退快慢,淋巴结包膜浸润为影响总生存率的独立预后因素（P＜0.001）.结论 鼻咽癌根治性放疗后3个月单纯颈部淋巴结残留可首选手术治疗,术后患者总生存率明显提高.但需掌握手术适应证.残留淋巴结小、淋巴结活动、放疗后3个月内肿瘤消退快,则预后较好,淋巴结包膜浸润者,则术后预后差.     

上颌窦腺样囊性癌14例临床分析

目的：探讨上颌窦腺样囊性癌(ACC)的诊断及手术加术后放疗的治疗效果，并分析与预后有关的因素。方法：回顾性分析1992～1999年14例上颌窦ACC患者的临床资料，用Kaplan-Meier法计算5年及10年无瘤生存率。结果：随访3～10年，平均67．2个月。T2N0M0 2例，健在，无复发及转移；T3N0M0 4例，其中1例术后57个月复发，3例健在，无复发及转移；T4N0M0 8例，其中2例术后分别于36个月、40个月因局部复发、颅内侵犯死亡，1例术后39个月复发，1例术后96个月全身转移，4例健在，无复发及转移。5年无瘤生存率为72．5％，10年无瘤生存率为54．4％。结论：上颌窦ACC早期症状不典型，容易误诊和漏诊；彻底的手术切除加术后放疗可以降低术后复发的机会，提高治愈率。肿瘤临床分期及手术切缘情况与预后有关。     

鼻咽癌放疗后未控患者挽救性手术治疗

目的 探讨鼻咽癌放疗后未控患者挽救性治疗方案,分析手术的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析1993-2009年治疗的鼻咽癌放疗后原发部位局部未控或复发挽救性手术患者84例.病理:鳞癌75例,黏液表皮样癌3例,腺样囊性癌2例,腺鳞癌2例,肌上皮癌1例,未分化癌1例.复发T分级rT1级34例,rT2级27例,rT3级12例,rT4级11例.84例患者中rN0级70例,rN1级9例,rN2级5例.鼻咽部术式:上颌骨外翻进入47例,下颌骨升支切除入路15例,下颌骨裂开入路6例,鼻侧壁切开入路7例,硬腭入路6例,上颌骨切除3例.结果 手术切除较彻底57例(67.9％),手术切除不满意27例(32.1％).鼻咽癌合并颈转移14例.总5年生存率43.6％.中位随访27个月.单因素分析显示患者rTNM分期、rT分级、手术是否切除干净、放疗疗程对比、是否合并淋巴转移与患者的预后有关(均P ＜0.01),而病理分化程度与患者预后无关(P＞0.05).Cox多因素回归分析显示是否合并颈转移、是否切除干净是独立的预后影响因素.术后发生局部再复发的病例为35例,远处转移5例,5年随访期内36例死亡,以复发为主要死因.结论 鼻咽癌放疗后未控,手术挽救可以获得较好的生存效果.     

鼻咽癌放疗后第二原发舌癌的临床分析

目的探讨鼻咽癌放疗后第二原发舌癌的临床特点及治疗效果，探索影响其预后的因素。方法1975年1月1日-2000年12月31日在中山大学肿瘤防治中心头颈科接受首治的舌癌患者共1263例，从中筛选此前有鼻咽癌放疗史者共53例，采用Kaplan—Meier法计算累积生存率，Cox回归方法进行多因素分析。结果53例中40例患者死亡，接受治疗的51例患者总的5年和10年生存率分别为41．64％、35．69％；舌癌发生在舌尖、侧缘、舌腹和舌背分别为0例、26例（49．06％）、8例（15．09％）和19例（35．85％）；舌癌临床检查颈淋巴转移6例（11．32％）后经病理证实为3例（5．66％）；第二原发舌癌治疗后18例复发（33．96％）。单因素分析提示原发灶大小（P=0．0005）、临床TNM分期（P=0．0017）影响预后；多因素分析显示临床与病理综合分期（P=0．000）、两癌发生的时间间隔（P=0．003）是影响预后的独立因素。结论鼻咽癌放疗后第二原发舌癌发生在舌背的比例较高，其淋巴转移率较低；临床和病理综合分期以及两癌发生的时间间隔是影响预后的独立因素；对鼻咽癌放疗后第二原发舌癌进行早期诊断，行手术或包含手术的综合治疗，可能会获得更好的疗效。     

鼻内镜下手术治疗鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽颅底肉瘤5例

目的探讨鼻内镜下手术治疗鼻咽癌放疗后诱发鼻咽颅底肉瘤的可行性，并分析其临床疗效。方法回顾性分析鼻内镜下手术治疗的鼻咽癌放疗后诱发鼻咽颅底肉瘤5例患者临床资料。结果5例患者均于气管插管全麻下行经鼻内镜下鼻咽颅底肿瘤切除术，所有患者术后相关症状均有不同程度改善，未出现并发症。其中2例术后影像学检查示肿瘤残留，1例海绵窦区肿瘤残留者，术后3个月脑侵犯死亡；另外1例存活16个月后死于肿瘤复发压迫脑干呼吸衰竭。3例术后影像学检查未见肿瘤残留，其中1例拒绝放化疗，先后4次内镜手术，9个月后死于全身重要器官衰竭；1例术后行放化疗，20个月后死于颅内侵犯；另外1例行根治量放疗，存活20个月，最后因严重放射性脑病致无法进食，呼吸困难，全身重要器官衰竭死亡。结论鼻咽癌放疗后诱发肉瘤恶性程度高，预后差，如具备手术指征，应首选外科手术治疗，内镜手术联合术后放化疗有可能改善预后。     

复发性鼻腔及鼻窦恶性肿瘤的挽救性治疗

目的探讨鼻腔及鼻窦恶性肿瘤复发后的临床表现、与复发有关的因素、再手术的意义及缺损组织的修复.方法排除原发性鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤,仅收集治疗后复发并且有再手术意义的病例.应用乘积极限法估计生存率,Stata 7.0统计软件进行统计运算.结果1993～2002年共有25例患者符合要求.男19例,女6例,年龄13～66岁,平均46.1岁.所有患者均有至少1次手术或放射治疗史.末次治疗至复发的时间2周～46个月,中位时间18个月,80%的患者肿瘤复发出现于末次治疗后2年内.术后随访1～65个月.再手术中无死亡病例.5例健在无肿瘤复发；局部复发2例,颈部淋巴结转移1例,经过γ刀或手术治疗后2例健在、1例带瘤生存；死于局部复发13例,死于肺转移1例,死于无关疾病1例,失访2例.1年生存率62.5％,2年生存率43.7％,3年生存率29.1％,中位生存时间18个月.术后发生脑脊液漏3例次,中枢性尿崩症1例次,皮瓣部分坏死1例次.手术修补脑脊液漏1例.结论鼻腔及鼻窦恶性肿瘤局部复发多发生于末次治疗后2年之内,主要症状是头痛及局部隆起.肿瘤的类型和分化程度与复发密切相关.合理、及时的综合治疗有助于减少复发.运用有效修复手段的再手术可改善晚期患者的生活质量,延长生命.并发症主要是脑脊液漏,多数可通过保守方法治愈.     

鼻咽癌放疗后颈转移淋巴结手术治疗及预后

为分析鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结残留和复发的手术治疗疗效及影响预后因素，对１４０例患者的治疗进行了回顾性分析。术后３年、５年颈部局部控制率为４８．３％和２７．３％，３年、５年无远处转移生存率为４４．５％和２５．６％，３年、５年总生存率为５０．１％和２７．３％。多因素分析结果表明：淋巴结大小、淋巴结包膜外侵犯是影响颈部局控率、总生存率的独立预后因素，影响无远处转移生存率的因素仅为淋巴结大小。死亡原因主要为远处转移（４８．９％），其次为原发灶复发（２６．７％）和颈部术后复发（１４．４％）。认为鼻咽癌放疗后颈转移灶的挽救性手术积极有效，能明显提高患者的颈部局控率、无远处转移生存率及总生存率。术后再放射治疗及辅助化学治疗例数较少，应加强和总结。     

复发性喉癌挽救性手术保留喉功能初步临床分析

目的 探讨复发性喉癌挽救性手术治疗保留喉功能的可行性.方法 通过对患者和肿瘤进行全面、细致的临床和影像学评估,合理选择手术方式及其适应证.对36例放疗、激光手术和开放式喉部分切除术后复发的喉癌患者,实施挽救性手术治疗同时保留喉功能.术后对所有患者进行正规随访,Kaplan-Meier法计算术后生存率.结果 实施经口激光二次肿瘤切除术4例,喉水平部分切除4例,喉垂直部分切除术13例,环状软骨上切除术(Majer-Piquet)手术15例,18例患者同时接受了颈清扫术.术后6例患者发生不同程度的并发症,其中主要是局部感染和咽瘘,没有院内死亡和其他严重并发症发生.5例术后近期并发症均经适当处理后治愈,1例接受喉垂直部分切除术的喉裂开肿瘤切除术后复发患者因切缘病理阳性接受术后放疗,导致喉狭窄及喉腔闭塞失去喉发音和呼吸功能.术后肿瘤局部复发5例,局部和颈部同时复发1例,肿瘤局部控制率为83.3％(30/36).术后3年生存率80.6％,死亡原因分别为肿瘤复发3例,远处转移3例,其他非肿瘤原因(心脏病)1例.结论 初步临床观察表明,对于喉癌治疗后早期和局限性复发的患者,在对肿瘤进行全面细致评估和严格把握手术适应证的基础上,可以选择性实施保留喉功能的挽救性外科手术,从而提高这类肿瘤患者的生存质量.     

头颈部韧带样瘤的治疗

目的 探讨头颈部韧带样瘤手术及放疗等治疗方法的效果.方法 回顾性分析复旦大学肿瘤医院头颈外科1987-2002年期间收治的44例头颈部韧带样瘤患者的临床资料和随访情况,评估外科治疗和放疗的疗效.结果 根据患者病情分为3组:单纯手术组15例,均为术后病理检查显微镜下证实切缘均为阴性者,随访12-156个月,局部复发率26.7%(4/15).手术+术后补充放疗12例,均为术后肿瘤残留患者,其中显微镜下病理检查切缘阳性5例,肉眼可见肿瘤残留7例,随访时间16～164个月,均无复发;外院手术后复发再放疗组17例,放疗后肿瘤残留率23.5%(4/17),随访时间15～136个月,局部复发率17.6%(3/17).所有患者未发现远处转移,也没有与此病相关的死亡.结论 对于头颈部韧带样瘤,外科手术难以切除彻底,应尽可能地保留患者的外形与功能,提高患者的生存质量.术后须补允放疗,能取得满意疗效.对于初次手术复发的患者,再行放疗,也能获得较佳预后.     

Clinicopathologic features, treatment, and prognosis of postirradiation osteosarcoma in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer

OBJECTIVES: Postirradiation osteosarcoma (PIOS) arising after radiation of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is rare and seldom reported. In this article, we report its clinicopathologic features, outcome, and prognostic factors. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Fifteen patients with NPC were determined to have PIOS after reviewing 426 patients with osteogenic sarcomas. Their clinical records, image and pathologic slides, and follow-up data after treatment were collected to perform analysis. RESULTS: The incidence rate of PIOS in NPC was approximately 0.037% (15/40,719), which occupied approximately 3.5% (15/426) among all kinds of osteogenic sarcomas. The latent time of PIOS after irradiation for NPC ranged from 4 to 27 years, with a mean of 13.3 years. The location where PIOS arose included 33.3% (5/15) from maxilla, 46.7% (7/15) from mandible, and 20% (3/15) from a mixture of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Radiologically, soft tissue mass, bone destruction, and tumor new bone formation were the main characteristics. Pathologic subtypes included 53.3% (8/15) of fibroblastic osteosarcoma, 33.3% (5/15) of chondroblastic osteosarcoma, and 13.3% (2/15) of mixed type osteosarcoma. Of 15 patients with PIOS, 12 patients were treated with curative intent, and the remaining 3 patients with palliative intent. For 12 patients who had undertaken ablative surgery, 1 patient had residual tumor, and 6 patients had tumor recurrence. The survival time after treatment for all patients ranged from 7 to 41 months, with a mean of 18 months. Kaplan-Meier estimates of 1 year and 2 year survival rates were 60% and 24%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that sex and tumor bone formation are significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: PIOS in NPC is a highly malignant disease with poorer prognosis than in other sites. Surgery combined with pre- and postoperative chemotherapy might be an effective way to improve survival.     

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the maxillary antrum

PURPOSE: To investigate characteristic clinical features and outcome for patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the maxillary antrum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients with ACC of the maxillary antrum were initially treated with surgery alone (3 patients), radiation alone (9 patients), or a combination of surgery and radiation (10 patients). Salvage treatment for initial failure was individualized. Patterns of failure, survival, and prognostic factors were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The most frequent site of failure was local recurrence at the primary site (72.7%). All patients treated with either surgery alone or radiation alone experienced one or more local recurrences, whereas patients who received planned combined surgery and radiation had a much lower local recurrence rate (40%). Neck node failure (4.6%) was an uncommon event, whereas distant metastases were clinically documented in seven patients (32%). Most of the treatment failures appeared within 5 years, but treatment failures after 5 years were not uncommon. The overall survival and disease-free survival rates at 10 years were 37.6% and 13.6%, respectively. Clinicopathological factors, such as location of primary tumor, tumor stage, and histological grade were of no value in predicting a favorable survival. The significant prognostic factors influencing 10-year survival were the pathological finding of perineural invasion and the initial mode of treatment. CONCLUSION: ACC of the maxillary antrum represented a unique natural history characterized by a more aggressive tumor behavior and an unfavorable prognosis. Combined surgery and radiotherapy is recommended for optimal local control and survival.     

Nasopharyngectomy for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a review of 53 patients and prognostic factors

CONCLUSIONS: Salvage surgery is a justified treatment for primary recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Skull base surgery can play a role in rescuing patients with more advanced local recurrence of NPC. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to report the local control and overall survival outcome of patients with (NPC) with local failure who received salvage nasopharyngectomy and to identify prognostic factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-three consecutive patients who had primary recurrence of NPC and underwent salvage surgery with curative intention from July 1993 to December 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. The follow-up time ranged from 5.1 to 142.2 months. The numbers of cases of recurrent NPC stage were as follows: stage I, 26; stage II, 9; stage III, 10 and stage IV, 8. Fifty patients had one course of radiation therapy while 3 had two courses of radiation therapy before the salvage surgery. For the nasopharyngectomy, 2 patients underwent endoscopic approach and 33 underwent facial translocation, while 18 had craniofacial resection. Postoperative adjuvant treatment included radiation therapy, 4 cases; radiosurgery, 8 cases; concurrent chemoradiation therapy, 7 cases; and chemotherapy, 2 cases. RESULTS: The 5-year local control rates were T1, 58.3%; T2, 27.8%; T3, 53.3%; T4, 75.0%; and all stages, 53.6%. The 5-year overall survival rates were stage I, 64.8%; stage II, 38.1%; stage III, 25.9%; stage IV, 46.9%; and all stages, 48.7%. Multivariate analysis revealed that gender, margin status, adjuvant treatment type and parapharyngeal space involvement were significant impact factors of local control, whereas dura or brain involvement, local recurrence and adjuvant treatment type were significant impact factors of survival.     

鼻咽癌调强适形放疗137例远期疗效及预后因素分析

目的：回顾性分析137例鼻咽癌调强适形放射治疗的远期疗效及预后影响因素。方法：对确诊的初治的无远处转移的137例鼻咽癌患者,采用三维适形调强放射治疗技术。在放疗后1个月按WHO实体瘤疗效评价标准进行近期疗效评价。放疗结束后2年内每3个月复查一次,2年后每6～12个月复查一次,常规进行临床查体、鼻咽镜、CT、B超、MRI、胸片、骨扫描检查,了解鼻咽腔、颈部淋巴结及颅神经情况。采用寿命表法计算总生存率,Kaplan-Meier方法计算无复发生存率、无远处转移生存率、无瘤生存率,用Log—rank检验法对14项可能影响预后的临床因素进行单因素分析,采用Cox风险比例模型做多因素分析,P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果：①1、3、5年总生存率分别为98．5％、90．3％、74．6％,无复发生存率分别为97．0％、81．9％、66．7％无远处转移生存率分别为96．3％、80．5％、56．0％,元瘤生存率分别为95．6％、76．9％、43．8％;②单因素分析显示T分期、N分期、92福州临床分期、联合化疗、颅底骨质破坏、颅神经损伤、咽后淋巴结转移、疗终残留、总放疗时间等对预后的影响有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）;性别、族别、年龄、病理类型、贫血与否对预后的影响无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）;③将T分期、颅底骨质破坏、颅神经损伤、咽后淋巴结转移、N分期、联合化疗、疗终残留、总放疗时间、贫血与否引入Cox模型,结果表明N分期、联合化疗、颅神经损伤、疗终残留、总放疗时间是影响鼻咽癌预后的独立因素（均P〈0．05）。结论：鼻咽癌调强适形放射治疗较常规放疗有明显优势,在相关临床因素中N分期、颅神经损伤、联合化疗、疗终残留、总放疗时间是影响预后的最主要因素。     

Prognostic factors and outcome for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is a distinct form of cancer of the upper respiratory or digestive tract in which the epidemiologic features, origin, histopathologic types, treatment, and prognosis are different from those associated with other malignant neoplasms of this anatomical area. Recent publications have demonstrated the advantage of aggressive multimodality treatment for advanced NPC. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the results of standardized treatment of NPC during 11 years and to identify pertinent factors for clinical outcome. METHODS: Between January 1, 1989, and December 31, 2000, 173 patients with newly diagnosed NPC were treated at Instituto Nacional de Cancer. Clinical records and radiographic studies of the patients were retrospectively reviewed. Documented data of the initial presenting symptoms, head and neck examination, radiotherapy protocols, chemotherapy regimens, and surgical technique were analyzed. To determine important prognostic factors, we correlated survival rates with age, clinical stage, tumor extent, histopathological type, and therapeutic approach. The major end point used for assessment was relapse-free survival. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed rank and Cox proportional hazards regression tests. RESULTS: Most patients (88.5%) had locoregional advanced disease, mostly (53.4%) of the nonkeratinizing subtype. Forty-seven percent of patients had clinical cervical nodal metastases at first consultation. Gross extension of the primary tumor involving the facial bones and skull base was observed in 39.3% and 20.8%, respectively. Just under 75% of patients were treated with radiotherapy (median dose, 6600 cGy), and 25.4% underwent concomitant chemoradiotherapy with adjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil) (median dose, 6800 cGy). The 5-year disease-specific survival for the 173 patients was 32.3%. The disease-specific survival for the radiotherapy group was 22.5%, compared with 61.4% for the chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy group (P =.004). Factors associated with adverse outcomes were age older than 40 years at treatment (P =.001), advanced TNM stage (P =.002), skull base invasion (P =.004), and facial bone invasion (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with radiotherapy alone, concomitant chemoradiotherapy with adjuvant chemotherapy improved the treatment outcome of patients with NPC treated in our institution. Advanced age, local extension, and stage of the disease adversely affected the prognosis in our patients. Compared with reirradiation, salvage brachytherapy and radical neck dissection for local and regional residual or recurrent NPC were associated with increased rates of locoregional control and survival.     

Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the retromolar trigone

OBJECTIVES: Retromolar trigone (RMT) squamous cell carcinoma is uncommon but notorious for poor prognosis. We reviewed our experience in the management of RMT cancer to determine survival rates and to identify prognostic factors. METHODS: Fifty patients with RMT squamous cell carcinoma were treated with surgery and/or radiation or chemoradiation therapy between July 1993 and June 2004 at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan. Patients were followed up for 3 to 106 months (mean, 36 months). There were 6 stage I, 13 stage II, 4 stage II, and 27 stage N patients. RESULTS: The 5-year actuarial survival rate for stage I to N and all stages were 100%, 74.1%, 75%, 43.6%, and 60.6%, respectively. Seventeen (34%) patients had maxilla bone (11 [22%]) or mandible bone (9 [18%]) invasion. Eleven (22%) patients had masticator space involvement. Cervical metastasis rate was 26%. Multivariate analysis revealed that masticator space involvement, neck recurrence, and cervical metastasis were poor prognosticators of survival by order. The maxilla bone was more apt to be involved by RMT cancer than the mandible. Patients with masticator space involvement had a 5-year actuarial survival rate of 22.5% and the mean survival time was only 37.8 months. CONCLUSIONS: RMT squamous cell carcinomas are aggressive tumors. The maxilla is more apt to be involved than the mandible. Deep infiltration of the masticator space and invasion of the maxilla and mandible worsen the prognosis.     

原发性鼻黏膜及口腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤患者的预后因素分析

目的:总结手术治疗的原发性鼻黏膜及口腔黏膜恶性黑色素瘤患者的临床特点及生存状况,探讨影响其预后的主要因素。方法:回顾性分析1980-01-2005-01期间66例原发性鼻黏膜及口腔黏膜的恶性黑色素瘤患者的临床资料,复习病历并进行随访。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,多因素分析采用Cox模型。结果:66例患者中,37例行术后辅助治疗,包括化疗12例,生物治疗8例,化疗加生物治疗5例,放疗8例,放疗加化疗4例。15例(22.7%)首次治疗后6个月内原发灶复发或伴淋巴结转移或远处转移。10例(15.2%)出现远处转移。平均生存时间为77.9个月,中位生存时间为33.7个月,3年和5年累积生存率分别为41.4%和31.1%。多因素分析显示:肿瘤最长径、有无淋巴结转移、首次治疗效果是影响预后的独立因素。结论:原发性鼻黏膜及口腔黏膜的恶性黑色素瘤预后较差,生存率较低,局部复发率较高,且容易出现淋巴结转移及远处转移。影响预后的独立因素是肿瘤大小、有无淋巴结转移和首次治疗效果。关于术后辅助治疗的作用仍需进一步研究。     

Small cell carcinoma of the larynx: results of therapy

Primary small cell carcinoma of the larynx is a rare malignancy with a dismal prognosis. A survey of the long-term follow-up from reported cases of small cell carcinoma of the larynx and a review of the recent experience with this tumor at the University of Michigan Hospitals was undertaken to determine if newer treatment approaches incorporating adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with prolonged survival. Median survival for those patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy was 19 months compared to 11 months for patients treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy alone. Among patients treated initially with primary radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy median survival was 55 months, which was significantly longer than any other treatment regimen (P = 0.02). Systemic chemotherapy and therapeutic irradiation appears to offer the least disabling and most efficacious form of current therapy.