立体定向CT扫描与术中电刺激结合行丘脑腹外侧核毁损术治疗帕金森病

目的：研究CT扫描定位与术中电生理刺激结合确定丘脑腹外侧核（VLN）在治疗帕金森病（PD）中的作用。方法：对21例PD患者先进CT扫描确定影像学位置后,再用术中电生理刺激的方法验证和纠偏进行VLN射频毁损术,结果：术中发现单纯CT影像定位准确率只有21％,电生理刺激纠偏率达795,结论CT扫描定位需要术中电生理刺激验证和纠偏后才能更有效地确定丘脑VLN的位置。     

两种(核团)毁损术治疗帕金森病的疗效比较

目的 研究丘脑腹中间核（Vim核）毁损术与苍白球腹后内侧核（PVP）毁损术在治疗帕金森病（PD）的临床效果、术后反应及并发症。方法 回顾性分析我院从2000～2005年完成立体定向毁损术220例，行单侧Vim核毁损术125例（一组），PVP毁损术（二组）95例，对其两组临床效果、术后反应、并发症及头颅MRI扫描进行比较研究。结果两组术式手术有效率：Vim核124例（99．2％），PVP93例（97．9％）；术后反应：Vim核19例（15．2％），PVP7例（7．4％）；手术并发症：Vim核22例（17．6％），PVP2例（2．1％）。结论 帕金森病（PD）定向毁损术应根据震颤型、僵直型和运动不能型选择丘脑或／和苍白球毁损术，苍白球毁损术术后反应及并发症较丘脑毁损术明显减少，有显著差异。     

丘脑腹中间核毁损术治疗帕金森病的长期疗效观察

目的探讨丘脑腹中间核（Vim）毁损术治疗帕金森病（PD）的临床疗效及手术并发症。方法PD患者151例在采用MRI丘脑长度比例法定位Vim后行射频热凝毁损Vim治疗。术前、术后1周、1年、3年、6年在未服药状态下行统一PD评定量表Ⅲ（UPDRSⅢ）评分评估疗效。结果不同Hoehn-Yahr分级患者术后1周UPDRSⅢ评分较术前均明显下降（P〈0．05）。术后1周不同级别Hoehn-Yahr分级UPDRSⅢ评分改善率均差异显著术后6年,震颤型和震颤僵直型PD患者UPDRAS评分分别为（35．75±2．30）％和（27．27＋2．02）％;震颤型近期及远期疗效较震颤僵直型好（P〈0．05）。随着Hoehn-Yahr分级的增加和术后时间的延长UPDRSⅢ评分改善率下降。术后并发症包括术后毁损灶少量出血6例,构音功能障碍8例,手术同侧口周及对侧肢体麻木7例。结论经MRI丘脑长度比例法定位后行丘脑Vim毁损术治疗PD近期疗效显著,有较好的远期疗效,并发症较低。     

治疗震颤麻痹丘脑破坏灶位置及大小的研究

本文对60例震颤麻痹患者行立体定向丘脑腹外侧核破坏术,在术后3天内,10天和10天以上用CT扫描分别观察破坏灶形态变化。CT扫描上呈现3～10mm圆形低密度区,周围有—20～30mm水肿区,占30％左右。以丘脑腹外侧核为中心的一片低密度占64％。其中有17例凝固灶中心有斑点状高密度区,可能为出血灶。破坏灶大小、位置与临床关系密切,而以破坏灶6～9mm临床效果最佳。     

微电极导向VL核和PVP核联合毁损治疗帕金森病

目的：对震颤、僵硬及运动迟缓帕金森病（ＰＤ）患者的立体定向手术方法学进行探讨。方法：应用微电极导向技术,对４３例ＰＤ患者,同侧丘脑腹外侧核（Ｖim/Vop)及苍白球腹后部（PVP）进行联合毁损术。结果：43例PD患者的肢体震颤、僵硬及运动迟缓均得到明显改善。术前术后Motor UPDRS积分,开状态及关状态均显著改善（P＜0．01）,无永久并发症。结论：应用微电极导向立体定向技术对伴有肢体震颤、强直及运动迟缓的ＰＤ患者,行同侧Ｖim核和PVP核联合毁损手术,能全面改善PD患者的症状,是一种安全有效的手术方法。     

CT导向vim直观定位计划系统辅助治疗帕金森病研究

目的采用南京麦迪柯科技公司MD-2000型脑立体定向仪及计划系统，CT导向靶点直观定位，对65例帕金森病患者进行丘脑腹中间核团（Vim）毁损治疗。方法局麻下安装框架，行颅脑CT2n3rn层厚扫描，将丘脑层面扫描数据输入计划系统，选取腹侧层面，行丘脑边界勾画Vim直观定位，制造直径约6毫米的毁损灶。结果临床效果显著，随访3个月～2年，总有效率98．5％o，复发率6．2％。术后并发症发生率15．4％，其中呃逆2例，嗜睡3例，颅内少量出血3例，对侧肢体肌力下降2例，死亡率0。结论CT扫描靶点直观定位法，精确度高，手术效果显著，并发症少，优于以AC—PC线为参照定位法。手术计划系统坐标计算快捷、准确，可模拟毁损，便于校正。     

书写痉挛的外科治疗

目的：回顾书写痉挛的立体定向丘脑腹外侧核毁损术治疗方法及疗效。探讨书写痉挛的发生和治疗的机理。方法：运用微电极导向立体定向技术，对8例书写痉挛患者实施了丘脑腹外侧核毁损术，进行疗效分析。结果：8例患者术后书写功能即刻恢复正常，无手术并发症，1－2年的随访疗效稳定。结论：立体定向丘脑膜外侧核毁损术是治疗书写痉挛有效，安全的治疗手段，可能的治疗机制是阻断了基底节的异常爆发性电活动。     

分期双侧丘脑及苍白球毁损治疗帕金森病的手术策略及疗效分析

目的 总结分期双侧丘脑及苍白球核团毁损治疗原发性帕金森病(PD)的疗效,探讨其有效性及安全性. 方法 安徽医科大学附属省立医院神经外科自1998年2月至2008年5月对已行一侧核团毁损术的19例患者施行微电极导向立体定向对侧丘脑及苍白球核团毁损治疗,其中16例患者一期行丘脑腹中间核(Vim核)毁损,二期行对侧苍白球内侧部(Gpi核)毁损,同时加做Vim核小灶毁损.3例患者一期行Gpi核毁损,二期行对侧Gpi核毁损及Vim核小灶毁损.采用PD国际统一评分量表(UPDRS)对患者术前、术后1周“开”、“关”两种状态进行评分,分析术后症状改善情况及并发症的发生. 结果 所有患者的整体病情和典型症状(震颤、僵直、行动迟缓)均得到明显改善,二期Gpi核毁损术对缓解僵直明显,加做Vim核小灶毁损,震颤缓解满意.2例患者术后出现构音困难,其中1例伴吞咽困难.3个月后症状缓解. 结论 对双侧症状均较严重的PD患者,只要严格掌握适应征,选择合适的靶点,严格控制毁损灶大小,分期双侧丘脑及苍白球核团毁损治疗是一种安全有效的方法.     

丘脑腹外侧核与苍白球腹后内侧核毁损术治疗帕金森病的比较

我院于1998年对255例帕金森病行脑立体定向术,其中行丘脑腹外侧核毁损术189例,行苍白球腹后内侧核毁损术66例。对两组病例就手术效果,术后反应,术后并发症及头颅CT扫描提示颅内出血进行对比研究,以便进一步了解丘脑、苍白球的结构、功能。     

苍白球毁损术和丘脑毁损术对帕金森病病人发音的影响

目的研究帕金森病（PD）病人在单侧苍白球腹后部毁损术（PVP）、丘脑腹中间核（Vim）毁损术前后的发音状况。方法12位PD病人在手术前后分别发持续元音／a：/、／i：／、／u：/，记录发音，提取发音参数基频（F_0）及第1、2、3、4共振峰（F_1、F_2、F_3、F_4）。结果男性病人行Vim毁损术后，元音/i：/的第1共振峰升高，与术前有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。其他各参数无显著性差异。结论单侧PVP和Vim毁损术对PD病人近期发音无明显影响，长期影响仍需进一步观察。     

立体定向丘脑腹中间核毁损术治疗书写痉挛的疗效评估

目的探讨丘脑腹中间(Vim)核毁损术治疗书写痉挛的有效性和安全性。方法采用微电极引导下左侧丘脑Vim核毁损治疗书写痉挛(WC)患者47例,其中男32例,女15例;年龄15~64岁,平均(28.9±10.7)岁;病程2~21年。在术前和术后,采用书写痉挛评分量表(the writer's cramp rating scale,WCRS)对患者进行评分。结果全部患者毁损手术当时症状就明显改善,肘部、腕部和手指痉挛明显缓解,写字的流利程度和速度明显提升。其中2例患者(4.2%)出现一过性的右手指尖麻木;另有3例患者(6.4%)出现一过性言语不流利;上述并发症在3个月内完全恢复,没有永久性并发症发生。术后对患者进行电话随访,随访时间6~36个月,平均23个月;结果显示,患者的症状改善稳定;其中有3例患者失随访。另外,有1例患者因症状反复,再次行丘脑Vim核毁损术,术后症状改善明显。结论丘脑Vim核毁损术治疗书写痉挛是一种有效、安全的手术方式。     

Thalamic tremor: correlations with three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging data and pathophysiological mechanisms.

Tremor associated with a single focal thalamic lesion has rarely been reported. Furthermore, the exact localization of the lesions is difficult to determine because of the imprecision of "conventional" radiology (computed tomography scan and/or "standard" magnetic resonance imaging). The aim of this study was to identify which thalamic structures are involved in tremor associated with a single focal thalamic lesion. We selected two patients who presented with unilateral postural and kinetic tremor of the upper limb related to a localized thalamic infarction. Three-dimensional T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequence (MP-RAGE sequence) was used to determine the precise topography of the lesions by stereotactic analysis using the atlas of Hassler. The lesions were located within the pulvinar, the sensory nuclei, the mediodorsal nucleus, and the ventral lateral posterior nucleus (according to the classification of Hirai and Jones), the latter including the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim according to the classification of Hassler). However, the Vim was spared. The subthalamic area, which can induce tremor, was not involved. After having compared the topography of the lesions with the clinical findings, we suggest that thalamic tremors may result from the interruption of the cerebellar outflow tract to the Vim within the thalamus.     

Verbal, visual and aural memory in the early postoperative period in patients treated by thalamotomy

Verbal memory and learning ability were determined before the operation and immediately 3-4 weeks after stereotactic surgery in 11 patients with extrapyramidal motor disturbances treated by ventrolateral (VL and Vim) thalamotomy. Preoperative examinations demonstrated disturbances of short-term verbal memory with narrowing of its extent and increased susceptibility of the trace to interference. Long-term memory was disturbed also, with presence of difficulties in recall and difficulties in memorization of verbal materials. Directly after the operation, in relation to the preoperative testing, increased disturbances were demonstrated in all stages of verbal memory, after damage to the border area of VL and Vim nuclei in the left as well as in the right thalamus. It was possible to detect some functional differentiation between thalamic lesions, with a tendency for increased disturbances of short-term verbal visual memory after right-sided thalamotomy and verbal auditory memory after left-sided thalamotomy.     

帕金森病患者丘脑腹外侧核的微电极定位技术

目的研究帕金森病患者丘脑腹外侧核(VL)神经元电活动的特点,指导手术靶点的精确定位。方法25例患者在接受立体定向丘脑手术时,应用微电极记录技术采集细胞的电活动资料,分析单细胞的电活动。结果共记录并甄别出258个神经元,44%的神经元簇状放电的节律与肢体震颤的节律高度相关(R=0.78),确认为震颤细胞,且多数位于Vim(n=75);11%的神经元放电对肢体运动有反应,确认为运动相关细胞。结论VL中的细胞电活动有明确的特点,特别是Vim存在着大量的震颤细胞,为手术靶点的定位提供了重要指征。     

119例小脑梗死的临床分析

目的探讨小脑梗死的中国缺血性脑卒中分型诊断(CISS)、受累血管区域、合并小脑外梗死病灶以及临床表现。方法回顾性分析自2012年1月至2015年12月119例急性小脑梗死住院患者的头颅MRI影像、病因学检查以及临床表现等资料。结果 119例小脑梗死患者中,单侧小脑梗死78例(UCI组),双侧小脑梗死41例(BCI组)。两组的CISS分型无明显差异。UCI组以小脑后下动脉区梗死发生率最高(35.9%),与BCI组比较,差异有显著统计学意义(P0.01);BCI组中小脑后下动脉+小脑上动脉区梗死发生率最高(39.0%),但两组间比较差异无显著性;其余区域的梗死发生率在两组中差异无显著性。63/119例(52.9%)同时合并小脑外梗死灶。BCI组合并小脑外后循环梗死的发生率(53.7%)较单侧UCI组高(P0.05),而UCI组合并前循环梗死较BCI组更多(P0.05)。主要症状、体征包括:头晕/眩晕、眼球震颤、眼倾斜反应、听觉减退、小脑性构音障碍、共济失调,浅感觉障碍、锥体束征以及意识障碍等。意识障碍在BCI组的发生率高于UCI组(P0.01),其余各项两组间比较差异无显著性。结论小脑梗死的主要病因为大动脉粥样硬化;小脑后下动脉区梗死在UCI中最常见,BCI常合并小脑外的后循环供血区梗死;UCI和BCI的受累小脑动脉以及合并小脑外梗死的区域有一定差异,提示两者病因机制存在不同;意识障碍等严重神经功能缺损表现在BCI更为常见。     

Isolated horizontal positional nystagmus from a posterior fossa lesion

Isolated vertigo with horizontal positional nystagmus as an impending sign of a central lesion has rarely been reported. Here we present neuro‐otologic findings of patients with these clinical signs. Lesion overlays from 6 patients with ageotropic positional nystagmus revealed that the nodulus and vermis are common areas of injury. In contrast, 2 patients with geotropic positional nystagmus had cerebellar peduncle and lateral medullary lesions. These clinical findings suggest that vertigo with horizontal positional nystagmus, even in the absence of other initial neurological signs, may indicate a posterior fossa lesion, including that in the nodulus, vermis, and deep cerebellar structures. Ann Neurol 2014;76:905–910     

立体定向穿刺引流并X-刀治疗颅内囊性转移瘤 (附18例临床分析)

目的探讨立体定向穿刺引流加X刀对囊性脑转移瘤的治疗价值。方法对18例(21个脑囊性转移灶)采用立体定向穿刺引流囊液后再行X刀治疗,随访观察其影像学变化及临床疗效。结果所有病例术后均获得6个月以上随访,肿瘤完全消失10个病灶,明显缩小7个病灶,肿瘤实质增大1个病灶,另3个病灶术后3个月内囊腔再度增大,经抽吸1~3次后稳定,而肿瘤实质部分明显缩小。总体局部肿瘤控制率为95.2%,中位生存期12.3个月。结论立体定向穿刺引流加X刀是囊性脑转移瘤理想的微侵袭治疗组合。     

Ataxic arm movements after thalamotomy for Parkinsonian tremor

Voluntary finger-nose movements of the arm were analysed in six patients undergoing stereotaxic nucleus ventralis intermedius thalamotomy for relief of severe Parkinsonian tremor. In all cases thalamotomy acutely abolished tremor in the contralateral arm. In the early postoperative phase, ataxia of the arm contralateral to the operated side was also seen. Ataxia was transient, lasting between 7 and 21 days postoperatively. This observation suggests that a lesion of the Vim nucleus interrupts cerebellar input to the thalamus, and supports the concept that abnormal cerebellar activity is an important contributor to the generation of tremor in Parkinson's disease.     

Crossed cerebellar atrophy in patients with precocious destructive brain insults

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency and pathogenetic factors of crossed cerebellar atrophy (CCA) in adult patients with epilepsy secondary to destructive brain insults of early development. METHODS: We studied 51 adult patients with epilepsy and precocious destructive lesions. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the topographic distribution of their lesions on magnetic resonance imaging: group A, hemispheric (n = 9); group B, main arterial territory (n = 25); and group C, arterial border zone (n = 17). We evaluated the presence of CCA visually and with cerebellar volumetric measurement, correlating it with the clinical data. Other features shown on magnetic resonance imaging, such as the thalamus, brainstem, and middle cerebellar peduncle, were also carefully analyzed. RESULTS: Seven patients (13%) had CCA that was associated with the extent of the supratentorial lesion (6 from group A, 1 from group B, and none from group C; P<.001). Status epilepticus was present in 6 patients from group A and in none from the other groups. There was an association between the antecedent of status epilepticus and CCA (P<.001). All patients had atrophy of the cerebral peduncle ipsilateral to the supratentorial lesion and 4 had contralateral atrophy of the middle cerebellar peduncle. The duration of epilepsy was not associated with the presence of CCA (P =.20). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that in patients with epilepsy and destructive insults early in life, the extent of the supratentorial lesion as well as the antecedent of status epilepticus play a major role in the pathogenesis of CCA. Recurrent seizures do not seem to be relevant to the development of CCA.     

MRI立体定向活检术在颅内病变诊断中的应用

目的 探讨MRI引导下立体定向活检术在颅内病变诊断中的作用价值。方法 自2009年1月至2015年3月应用立体定向系统与手术计划软件对25例颅内病变诊断不明确的患者行MRI定位下立体定向活检术。结果 除1例活检阴性外,病理诊断与最后诊断（结合临床和其他检查结果）一致20例,不一致4例;最后诊断与术前MRI诊断相符合8例,不符合9例,影像未诊断6例;切除术后病理与影像相符合1例,无明确关系1例。术后6例病变内少量出血,保守治疗;1例左额叶出血30 ml,行开颅血肿清除+去骨瓣减压术。结论 MRI立体定向活检术对颅内多发、深部病变的诊断具有重要价值,其安全性较高,但仍需进一步避免脑出血的风险。