卡铂联合重组人白细胞介素-2治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液

目的　探讨卡铂联合重组人白细胞介素 - 2治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液的疗效及机制。方法　将 6 4例肺癌恶性胸腔积液患者随机分为观察组 (32例 )和对照组 (32例 )。观察组 32例患者抽尽胸水后经胸腔内注入卡铂加重组人白细胞介素 - 2进行治疗 ;对照组 32例患者抽尽胸水后经胸腔内注入卡铂进行治疗。结果　观察组有效率 (84 .4 % )高于对照组 (5 0 .0 % ) ,差别有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　卡铂联合重组人白细胞介素 -2治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液有确切疗效。明显提高化疗药敏感性 ,延长患者生存期 ,提高生活质量。     

白细胞介素-2联合顺铂胸腔灌注治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液的疗效和护理

目的探讨胸腔置管引流并灌注白细胞介素-2联合顺铂治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液的近期疗效、副反应及护理。方法 76例肺癌伴恶性胸腔积液患者,先用中心静脉导管行胸腔置管和引流胸水,后给予胸腔内注药。观察组(n=40)白细胞介素-2200万U/次联合顺铂50mg/次胸腔内灌注,对照组(n=36)单用顺铂50mg/次胸腔内灌注,每5天注射一次,连续注射3次。1个月后观察两组的疗效、生活质量评分及副反应。结果白细胞介素-2联合顺铂对肺癌恶性胸腔积液的有效率为82.5%,明显优于单用顺铂组50.0%(P<0.05)。结论胸腔置管引流并灌注白细胞介素-2联合顺铂治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液疗效肯定,良好的护理是治疗成功的关键因素。     

胸腔置管顺铂联合白细胞介素-2治疗恶性胸腔积液

目的探讨胸腔置管引流并灌注顺铂联合白细胞介素一2治疗恶性胸腔积液的近期疗效和不良反应。方法43例恶性胸腔积液患者,采用一次性中心静脉导管行胸腔置管和闭式引流胸水后给予胸腔内灌注顺铂联合白细胞介素-2。顺铂每次注入40～60mg,白细胞介素-2每次注入100万U,每5—7d注射1次,连续2—3周,1月后观察疗效及不良反应。结果本组CR11例,PR26例,有效率为85．6％,不良反应较轻。结论胸腔置管引流并灌注顺铂联合白细胞介素-2治疗恶性胸腔积液效果肯定,是控制恶性胸腔积液的有效办法。     

草酸铂联合白细胞介素Ⅱ治疗恶性胸腔积液疗效观察

目的探讨草酸的联合白细胞介素Ⅱ治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床疗效。方法对40例恶性肿瘤伴恶性胸腔积液患者行胸腔置管并沿导管向胸腔内注入草酸铂150mg及白细胞介素Ⅱ400万单位,据胸水量治疗2-4次,观察积液量的变化及不良反应。结果在40例病例中,CR 23例,占57.5%;PR 13例,占32.5%。总有效率(CR+PR)达90%,NC 4例,占10%。其中胸腔内治疗2次达到CR12例,治疗4次达到CR11例,且无明显不良反应。结论草酸铂可以联合白细胞介素Ⅱ腔内置药用于临床恶性胸腔积液的治疗。     

艾迪注射液联合注射用重组人白细胞介素-2治疗肺腺癌胸腔积液30例

目的 观察艾迪注射液联合注射用重组人白细胞介素-2胸腔内注射治疗肺腺癌胸腔积液的疗效. 方法将60例肺腺癌恶性胸腔积液患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例,治疗组将艾迪注射液60 mL、注射用重组人白细胞介素-2 100万U注入胸腔后,再用2%利多卡因5 mL注入胸腔,每周1次,如胸腔积液再聚集,则重复上述治疗,最多4次. 对照组将顺铂60～100 mg溶于0.9%氯化钠注射液50 mL中注入胸腔,再用2%利多卡因5 mL注入胸腔,每周1次,如胸腔积液再积聚,则重复上述治疗,最多4次. 观察疗效及不良反应. 结果 治疗组总有效率(83.3%)显著高于对照组(56.7%,χ²=5.08,P<0.05). 治疗组出现胸痛、恶心呕吐、发热分别为4,2,2例,对照组分别为5,5,6例,治疗组与对照组不良反应发生率(分别为26.7%和53.3%)比较差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.59,P<0.05). 结论 艾迪联合注射用重组人白细胞介素-2治疗肺腺癌恶性胸腔积液疗效好,不良反应轻,患者易于接受.     

香菇多糖注射液联合卡铂治疗恶性胸腔积液临床疗效观察

目的 探讨香菇多糖注射液联合卡铂治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床疗效.方法 63例恶性胸腔积液患者随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组采用香菇多糖注射液联合卡铂治疗,对照组单用卡铂.结果 治疗后5周观察组总有效率(CR+PR)为81.2%,对照组总有效率(CR+PR)为61.3%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组生存质量HPS评分提高率(54.8%)较对照组(39.1%)明显升高(P＜0.05).结论 香菇多糖注射液联合卡铂治疗恶性胸腔积液疗效优于单用卡铂.     

胸腔灌注白细胞介素-2与顺铂联合治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液的疗效与护理分析

目的 探讨胸腔灌注白细胞介素-2与顺铂联合治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液的疗效与护理方法.方法 择取2015年5月~2016年5月我院收治的100例肺癌恶性胸腔积液患者,将其均分为研究组与对照组各50例.对照组采用胸腔灌注顺铂治疗及常规护理干预,研究组采用胸腔灌注白细胞介素-2、顺铂治疗及针对性护理干预.结果 研究组近期总有效率为84.00%,高于对照组60.00%(P<0.05).研究组改善率60.00%,高于对照组40.00%(P<0.05).HT5"H结论 胸腔灌注白细胞介素-2与顺铂联合治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液疗效显著,且联合针对性护理干预有效提高了患者的生活质量,适于临床应用.     

白细胞介素-2与顺铂联合胸腔灌注治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液的效果观察与护理

目的：探讨白细胞介素-2与顺铂（ DDP）联合胸腔灌注治疗肺癌恶性胸腔积液的效果,以及护理方法。方法选择2014年4月～2016年4月我院收治的肺癌恶性胸腔积液患者共计72例。以随机数字表将72例患者平均分为两组,即研究组与对照组各36例。对照组单纯注入DDP治疗,研究组在此基础上联合白细胞介素-2治疗。结果研究组总有效率为88.89％,高于对照组66.67％（ P＜0.05）。两组治疗期间不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。结论肺癌恶性胸腔积液采取白细胞介素-2、顺铂胸腔灌注治疗与针对性护理,疗效肯定,安全性佳,适于临床推广。     

力尔凡联合卡铂胸腔注入治疗恶性胸腔积液16例

目的观察注射用甘露聚糖肽（力尔凡）联合卡铂注射液胸腔注入治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床疗效。方法采用力尔凡联合卡铂胸腔注入治疗恶性胸腔积液16例,并用卡铂胸腔注入治疗恶性胸腔积液16例作为对照。结果治疗组CR10例（62.5%）,PR5例,（31.3%）,SD1例（6.3%）,CR＋PR15例（93.8%）。对照组CR4例（25%）;PR4例（25%）;SD8例（50%）。CR＋PR8例（50%）。两组比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0.01）。结论力尔凡联合卡铂胸腔注入治疗恶性胸腔积液疗效满意,值得临床使用。     

顺铂加香菇多糖治疗恶性胸腔积液30例

目的　 观察顺铂联合香菇多糖治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床疗效。 方法　 治疗组 ( 3 0例 )患者引流尽胸水后胸腔内注入顺铂加香菇多糖 ;对照组 ( 3 0例 )引尽胸水后注入香菇多糖。 结果　 治疗组有效率 ( 83 3 % )高于对照组 ( 5 6 6% ) ,具有显著差异性 (P <0 0 5 )。 结论　 顺铂加香菇多糖治疗恶性胸腔积液有较好疗效 ,并能提高患者生存质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.