感染性胰腺坏死和胰腺脓肿的治疗

感染性胰腺坏死（infected pancreatic necrosis，IPN）和胰腺脓肿（pancreatic abscess，PA）是急性胰腺炎最严重的并发症。现将近5年来12例IPN和3例PA诊治体会报告如下。     

重症急性胰腺炎继发胰腺脓肿的治疗

回顾性分析18例胰腺脓肿的临床资料。脓肿直径3．2～11．7cm，所有患者均行脓肿切开引流术。16例痊愈出院，2例术后因合并多器官衰竭死亡，2例并发胰瘘，5例脓肿复发再次手术(其中2例行3次脓肿引流术)。笔者认为诊断明确应：立即手术治疗，术中尽可能清除坏死组织并根据具体情况决定引流管的大小、数量及放置部位，保持充分有效的引流至关重要。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发胰腺感染坏死和胰腺脓肿的诊断和治疗

目的探讨胰腺感染坏死（IPN）和胰腺脓肿（PA）的诊断和治疗。方法对1990年1月至2003年4月收治的33例IPN和6例PA的诊断和治疗效果进行回顾性分析。结果33例IPN患者,28例行开腹清创引流,5例行经后腹膜途径清创引流,1例因为合并腹腔间隔室综合征和多脏器功能衰竭死亡,2例合并胰瘘、肠瘘,出血死亡,30例痊愈出院。6例PA患者,4例行经皮穿刺抽吸置管引流,后因引流不畅中转开腹,2例直接行脓肿切开引流,6例患者均痊愈出院。结论B超和CT联合检查和动态观察,对诊断IPN和PA有重要价值;对于IPN,应采取延迟手术干预的策略;对于PA,应行脓肿切开引流。     

21例胰腺脓肿的治疗

目的 探讨胰腺脓肿的外科治疗。方法 回顾性分析21例重症急性胰腺炎并发胰腺脓肿的临床治疗资料，脓肿数目1～7个，直径3．2～11．7cm，所有病人均经手术清除脓肿及胰腺坏死组织，并行引流及腹腔灌洗。结果 19例痊愈出院，2例合并多器官功能衰竭死亡，3例并发胰瘘，7例脓肿复发再次手术(其中1例行5次手术，2例行3次手术)。结论 胰腺脓肿是重症急性胰腺炎的严重并发症，明确诊断后应立即手术治疗，术中尽可能清除坏死组织并根据具体情况决定引流管的大小、数量及放置部位，保持充分有效的引流至关重要。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发深部真菌感染的病因分析和外科治疗

目的 分析重症急性胰腺炎患者并发深部真菌感染的主要易感因素并探讨防治措施。方法 回顾性分析1994年1月～2003年12月我院外科收治的10例重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发深部真菌感染患者的临床资料。结果 SAP并发深部真菌感染以念珠菌为主，病死率为50％。病情严重、病程长、全身性感染、长期使用抗生素和机体免疫力低下对真菌感染有重要影响。结论 深部真菌感染与SAP病情严重、全身性感染、长期使用抗生素密切相关。对SAP本身的综合治疗是防治深部真菌感染的关键。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发胰腺感染的防治

Pancreatic infection is an independent risk factor leading to death. Early prophylaxis, diagnosis and treat-ment are three keys to raise the survival rate. Strategies of prevention include prevention of bacteria translacation, fluid sequestration and antibiotic prophylaxis usage. The principal methods to decrease bacteria translocation are shortening of interval of intestinal iscbemia, decreasing of abdominal pressure, selective digestive decontamination and total enteral nutrition as early as possible. And strategy of controlling fluid resuscitation is the key point to decrease fluid sequestration. Early diagnostic criteria of pancreatic infection include at least 4 indexes of the following: white blood cell count, temperature, heart beat, intraabdominal pressure, procalcitonin, air bubble, blood pressure, prealbumin, total bilirubin and respiratory alkalosis, and addition of 2 weeks after the onset of the disease and exclusion of infection from other sites. If pancreatic infection has not been controlled by intensive nonoperative therapy for 48 hours, surgical intervention should be performed.     

重症胰腺炎术后胰腺（周）脓肿的治疗

胰腺及胰周脓肿（PA）系重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）及SAP术后严重并发症，病死率高。就我们29例SAP术后PA的处理经过，主要对治疗问题做一些讨论。IPA的定义在胰腺或其周边形成炎性包裹，其内容物为胰坏死组织合并感染、或胰外受累的结缔组织并发感染的坏死碎块及脓液，脓液稀薄、混浊或呈“阴沟水”样外观；脓肿边界不清，由胶原和肉芽组织形成，无明显脓腔壁。2发生率急性胰腺炎（AP）发生PA为1％～30％，在SAP则高至50％～70％；对AP行早期剖腹探查术后，轻型AP为1．6％～2．3％，SAP为24％～67％。笔者的一组SAP79例早期手术…     

重症急性胰腺炎并发胰瘘的高危因素和防治

我科自 1991年 12月至 2 0 0 1年 12月 ,手术治疗重症急性胰腺炎 86例 ,并发胰瘘 2 7例 ,发生率为 31 4 % ,现结合文献 ,就胰瘘的高危因素和防治探讨如下。1.一般资料 :2 7例病人中 ,男 2 3例 ,女 4例。年龄 2 8～ 70岁。术后发生胰瘘中早期手术组 19例 ,延期手术组 8例 ,发生胰瘘的时间为术后 1～8d ,平均 2d ,引流量 5 0～ 180 0ml/d ,其中引流量超过 2 0 0ml/d的高流量胰瘘 18例。全组引流液淀粉酶测定值为110 0～ 2 14 0U/L。2 .临床表现 :根据手术记录用文献所描述的方法〔1〕,对胰腺坏死程度按病理类型分为 3型 ,即局灶坏死型 (Ⅰ型…     

重症急性胰腺炎胰腺坏死组织感染开放手术要点

胰腺坏死组织感染(IPN)是目前重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)治疗的瓶颈问题。近年来,微创引流已成为IPN治疗的首选,但开放手术仍然是“step-up”治疗模式的重要组成部分。在新的治疗模式下,不仅开放手术的指征和时机应有新的认识和变化,开放手术的操作过程也应与时俱进。新的治疗模式下IPN开放手术建议遵循“三个尽量不”原则:(1)尽量不干扰结肠下区腹膜腔。(2)尽量不做附加手术,简化手术操作。(3)尽量不指望首次手术完全清除干净。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发感染处理的争议与对策

现代外科治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）并发感染以创伤递升式分阶段治疗理念为指导,呈现微创化、阶段化、多学科化、专业化和多元化5大新特点。创伤递升式分阶段治疗SAP并发感染遵循3D原则：外科干预应相对延迟至SAP发病后4周左右;首选引流;若引流效果不佳,则干预升级为清创。早期判断或筛选感染及疑似感染者应注重准确读片、综合分析,并考虑到其他系统感染的可能。对于确诊或疑似感染者,若病情稳定、无明显脓毒症或器官功能衰竭征象,可单纯予以抗生素治疗。影像学引导下经皮穿刺置管引流术（PCD）作为微创化的干预方式,可相对较早地开展。多器官功能衰竭及囊实混合性病灶是相对明确的外科清创必要性的独立危险因素。创伤递升式分阶段治疗SAP并发感染应根据病变位置及分布、术者的特长与偏好选择具体实施方案,其底线是尽量避免出血及肠瘘。创伤递升式分阶段治疗序列中的开放性清创应在合理的指征及时机下开展,其安全有效,也无法取代。当前SAP并发感染的治疗中凸显外科干预相对不足的问题,外科医师在多学科团队中应主动树立自身的主导性地位,勇于担当、敢于出手,努力为SAP并发感染病人争取良好预后。     

Endoscopic treatment of a pancreatic abscess originating from biliary pancreatitis

Summary We present a case report of a patient with two large pancreatic abscesses and an associated colonic fistula originating from acute gallstone pancreatitis, which we treated endoscopically. The common bile duct stones were extracted after a papillotomy. The abscess in the pancreatic head was drained into the duodenum and the one in the pancreatic tail irrigated through a nasopancreatic catheter using normal saline mixed with gentamycin. The colonic fistula was finally obliterated using a two-component fibrin glue.     

Endoscopic pancreatic duct drainage and stenting for acute pancreatitis and pancreatic cyst and abscess

Background/Purpose Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts using transpapillary and transmural approaches has been reported. In this study, endoscopic nasopancreatic drainage (ENPD) and pancreatic stenting were performed in patients with pseudocyst and abscess associated with acute pancreatitis, and the usefulness and problems of the procedures were investigated. Methods After endoscopic retrograde pancreatography was done, ENPD and/or pancreatic stenting were performed in 13 patients with pancreatitis and pseudocyst or abscess that communicated with the main pancreatic duct. Results ENPD was performed in seven patients, and was effective in all five patients with cysts: the cysts disappeared or shrank. However, the condition in the two patients with abscess was unchanged, and percutaneous drainage was performed. Stenting was carried out in six patients, and the cyst disappeared or pancreatitis was improved in all six. The stent was removed from two patients, but no recurrence has been noted so far. Conclusions ENPD and stenting are effective therapeutic choices for acute and chronic pancreatitis and pseudocysts, and they are superior to percutaneous drainage to avoid pancreatic fistula, but they may not be effective for pancreatic abscess. Selection of therapeutic methods corresponding to individual cases is important.     

Outcome of severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: The treatment of severe acute pancreatitis has been evolving from routine operative management to nonoperative care for patients without evidence of pancreatic infection. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients with severe acute pancreatitis at a single institution during a 9-year period. RESULTS: Sixty consecutive patients had severe pancreatitis. Forty-two had pancreatic necrosis on computed axial tomography (13 infected and 29 sterile). Patients with infected necrosis and 8 with sterile necrosis had operative debridement; the remaining patients were managed without operation (n = 39). The overall mortality was 15%. Mortality was directly related to the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Examination II and Marshall organ failure scores (P <0.001). Patients who died had a greater incidence of nosocomial infection. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with infected pancreatic necrosis require early operative debridement, whereas those with sterile necrosis or severe pancreatitis without necrosis can usually be managed safely without surgery.     

内镜联合腹腔镜治疗重症急性胰腺炎并发胰腺假性囊肿的临床疗效观察

目的：探讨内镜联合腹腔镜治疗重症急性炎（SAP）并发胰腺假性囊肿（PPC）的临床疗效。方法：选取2012年6月—2014年3月在手术治疗的52例SAP并发PPC患者临床资料,其中31例行内镜联合腹腔镜手术治疗（内镜-腹腔镜组）,21例行采用开腹手术治疗（开腹组）。比较两组患者术中治疗情况、术后疗效、恢复及并发症发生的情况。结果：内镜-腹腔镜组手术时间、术中出血量、术后排气时间及术后住院时间均明显少于开腹组（均P<0.05）;两组治疗有效率和术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;内镜-腹腔镜组术后疼痛、恶心、呕吐发生率均明显低于开腹组（均P<0.05）。随访半年后,两组患者均无PPC复发。结论：采用内镜联合腹腔镜治疗SAP并发PPC,疗效显著,安全性好,可根据患者具体情况形成个体化治疗策略,值得临床应用。

     

胆管壁坏死的手术处理

目的 探讨胆管壁坏死外科手术处理.方法 回顾性分析了1990年5月至2008年12月收治的94例胆管壁坏死病人的临床资料.结果 无手术病死、无胆瘘、大出血等严重并发症.结论 根据胆管壁坏死的特点采用相应的手术方式.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the surgical treatment of bile duct necrosis.Methods Clinical data of 94 cases of bile duct necrosis treated in this hospital from May1990 to December 2008 were retrospectively analyzed.Results There were no death or severe complications such as biliary fistula and massive hemorrhage in these patients.Conclusion Bile duct necrosis should be treated with a proper surgical approach based on its features.     

经皮穿刺负压冲洗引流术治疗重症急性胰腺炎坏死组织感染

Infected pancreatic necrosis is a fatal complication of severe acute pancreatitis ( SAP),while traditional laparotomy has many disadvantages,such as great trauma and many complications,in recent years,...     

胰管结石合并胰腺癌的诊断及外科治疗

目的提高胰管结石合并胰腺癌的术前诊断率及外科治疗水平。方法回顾性分析1989年1月至2009年1月经外科治疗的胰管结石合并胰腺癌患者16例的临床资料,总结临床特征、影像学诊断和手术方式。结果胰管结石合并胰腺癌时,癌肿均发生于含结石胰管处。术前影像学诊断确诊率不高,B超、CT、内镜胰胆管造影(ERCP)和磁共振成像/磁共振胰胆管成像(MRI/MPCP)对本病的确诊率分别为31.2%(5/16)、68.8%(11/16)、66.7%(4/6)及60.0%(3/5)。16例患者均行手术治疗,无一例死亡,术后均获得随访3个月至6.5年,其1、3、5年生存率分别为62.5%(10/16)、18.8%(3/16)及6.2%(1/16)。手术切除和肿瘤分化程度是影响预后重要因素。结论长期胰管结石反复发作是引起胰腺癌发生的重要原因;多种影像学联合检查及术中探查有助于提高胰管结石合并胰腺癌的确诊率;根治性手术是唯一可治Ⅹ本病的方法 。     

Surgical treatment of cerebral abscess with the use of a mobile ultralow-field MRI

Surgical intervention in cerebral abscess is indicated to confirm diagnosis, to identify pathogens for specific antibiotic therapy, or to reduce mass effect. Regarding long-term outcome, freehand or stereotactic aspiration are equally efficient compared to surgical resection. However, direct observation of relief of mass effect is not possible by either method. Six patients presenting with neurological symptoms and laboratory signs of infection and diagnosed with an intra-axial cystic lesion underwent frameless stereotactic aspiration of a cerebral abscess in our institution with the use of a mobile intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a field strength of 0.15 T. Images were acquired before and during the procedure and used for neuronavigation. In all six cases, complete evacuation of the abscess with collapse of the cyst could be achieved and documented intraoperatively. No complications were observed. All patients showed clinical improvement postoperatively. We highlight the advantages of using a mobile intraoperative MRI unit with an illustrative case of a patient who had already undergone abscess evacuation without alleviation of symptoms before using intraoperative MRI. Finally, we discuss surgical treatment options of cerebral abscesses.