MCu记忆合金与MCu375两种宫内节育器临床效果比较

目的:验证MCu记忆合金宫内节育器(IUD)的避孕效果。方法:在重庆市选择10个计划生育指导站对放置MCu记忆合金IUD(MCu组)与MCu375IUD(MCu375组)进行了随机对照研究。接受MCu组、MCu375组对象各500例,术后3、6、12个月门诊随访,随访率99.5%。结果:1年末MCu组累计续用率每百妇女99.20、MCu375组94.20,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。脱落率、副反应发生率MCu375组均高于MCu组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:MCu记忆合金IUD避孕效果和可接受性高于MCu375IUD,可供临床选用。     

人工流产术后即时放置两种宫内节育器的对比研究

目的:探讨人工流产术后即时放置左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统(LNG-IUS)和吉妮柔适宫内节育器(IUD)的临床效果、安全性和满意度。方法:随机选取人工流产术后自愿放置LNG-IUS(IUS组)85例和吉妮柔式IUD(IUD组)88例为研究对象,在放置后第1、3、6、12个月进行随访,并分析两组的临床效果和满意度。结果:IUD组和IUS组12个月后的总终止率分别为12.50和14.12每百妇女年(P0.05),两组因闭经取器的发生率分别为0和4.97每百妇女年(P0.05)。两组月经问题的比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其他副反应的比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),置器12个月后两组对象的满意度差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:人工流产术后即时放置LNG-IUS具有良好的临床效果及安全性,但对置器前后咨询指导及使用1年后的满意度一般,主要是因为妇女对LNG-IUS的认知较低,对置器后出现的月经问题较敏感,导致因症取出率较高,因此应做好LNG-IUS放置前后的咨询指导工作,加强置器女性对LNG-IUS的认识,提高其满意度。     

One-year continuation of postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device: findings from a retrospective cohort study in India

Objective

To evaluate outcomes of a national postpartum (within 48?h of delivery) copper intrauterine device placement (PPCuIUD) program in six “high-focus states” with high unmet family planning need in India.

Outcome of intrauterine pregnancies with intrauterine device in place and effects of device location on prognosis

Objectives

This study aimed to compare the outcome of pregnancies with retained or removed intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the effect of IUD location on pregnancy outcome.

Study design

In a retrospective cohort study, we searched 27,578 records of women who had CuT380 IUD inserted, and 144 pregnancies with IUD were analyzed. IUDs were removed from 114 patients and retained for 30 patients.

Results

The combined risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (miscarriage, intrauterine fetal death, intrauterine growth retardation, preterm birth and preterm premature rupture of membranes) was 36.8% in the IUD-removed group and 63.3% in the IUD-retained group [p<.01; relative risk (RR)=2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–3.3]. Newborns of the IUD-retained women had significantly lower Apgar scores and significantly higher admission rate to the neonatal intensive care unit (p=.01; RR=10.8; 95% CI 1.04–111.6 and p<.01; RR=4.5; 95% CI 1.5–12.9, respectively). There were more miscarriages and adverse pregnancy outcome when the IUD was retained (16.9% vs. 66.7%) in patients with an IUD in low-lying position (p<.01; RR=3.9; 95% CI 1.8–8.6).

Conclusion

Women who conceived with an IUD in place and chose to continue the pregnancy without removing the IUD need close follow-up, as there appears to be higher risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcome. Furthermore, when the IUD is retained in the low-lying position, there is increased risk of miscarriage and adverse pregnancy outcome compared to removal of the IUD. Future randomized controlled studies are needed to determine the outcome of pregnancies with retained or removed IUD.

Implications

In this study, we have evaluated the IUD location and its effect on pregnancy outcome in women with a retained or removed IUD. This study is the first to investigate the relationship between IUD location and pregnancy outcome in women who conceived with an IUD. We need evidence from a collaborative multicenter randomized trial to answer the question of whether the IUD should be removed in case of pregnancy.     

宫腔镜、腹腔镜在节育环异位诊治中的作用

目的:探讨宫腔镜、腹腔镜在诊治IUD异位中的价值。方法:回顾性分析121例IUD异位患者临床资料并对IUD异位的部位、类型及其取出方式进行分析。结果:IUD宫内异位110例,其中104例(94.5%)通过宫腔镜、腹腔镜取出,3例(2.7%)经剖腹探查取出,1例(0.9%)经阴道行宫颈切开取出,2例(1.8%)取环失败;宫外异位11例,其中6例(54.5%)经腹腔镜取出,5例(45.5%)经剖腹探查取出。结论:宫腔镜和腹腔镜有助于异位IUD的准确定位,是有效治疗IUD异位的重要手段。     

High resolution age-structured mapping of childhood vaccination coverage in low and middle income countries

BackgroundThe expansion of childhood vaccination programs in low and middle income countries has been a substantial public health success story. Indicators of the performance of intervention programmes such as coverage levels and numbers covered are typically measured through national statistics or at the scale of large regions due to survey design, administrative convenience or operational limitations. These mask heterogeneities and ‘coldspots’ of low coverage that may allow diseases to persist, even if overall coverage is high. Hence, to decrease inequities and accelerate progress towards disease elimination goals, fine-scale variation in coverage should be better characterized.MethodsUsing measles as an example, cluster-level Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data were used to map vaccination coverage at 1 km spatial resolution in Cambodia, Mozambique and Nigeria for varying age-group categories of children under five years, using Bayesian geostatistical techniques built on a suite of publicly available geospatial covariates and implemented via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods.ResultsMeasles vaccination coverage was found to be strongly predicted by just 4–5 covariates in geostatistical models, with remoteness consistently selected as a key variable. The output 1 × 1 km maps revealed significant heterogeneities within the three countries that were not captured using province-level summaries. Integration with population data showed that at the time of the surveys, few districts attained the 80% coverage, that is one component of the WHO Global Vaccine Action Plan 2020 targets.ConclusionThe elimination of vaccine-preventable diseases requires a strong evidence base to guide strategies and inform efficient use of limited resources. The approaches outlined here provide a route to moving beyond large area summaries of vaccination coverage that mask epidemiologically-important heterogeneities to detailed maps that capture subnational vulnerabilities. The output datasets are built on open data and methods, and in flexible format that can be aggregated to more operationally-relevant administrative unit levels.     

绝经后妇女宫内节育器取出方法探讨

目的:探讨绝经后妇女取器的有效方法。方法:回顾分析按取器术前准备和麻醉方法分成3组的绝经后妇女的取器效果。A组于术前3d顿服米非司酮150mg,服药前后2h空腹,48h后手术,术前2h阴道后穹隆置米索前列醇400μg,术中采用丙泊酚静脉麻醉;B组于术前2h阴道后穹隆置米索前列醇400μg,术中采用利多卡因局部麻醉;C组不做术前准备和术中麻醉,按常规方法取器。结果:A组取器成功率和完全无痛率均100%;B组取器成功率91.70%,完全无痛率4.80%;C组取器成功率89.30%,均有轻度至明显疼痛。取器成功率、疼痛程度A组与B组、C组比较,B组与C组比较均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:术前应用米非司酮、米索前列醇,术中采用丙泊酚静脉麻醉,可提高手术成功率,避免受术者痛苦。     

江苏省部分农村地区宫内节育器使用状况及避孕效果调查

目的:了解宫内节育器(IUD)的使用状况及其避孕效果与安全性,为提高计划生育服务水平提供依据。方法:在参加2005年国家人口计生委科技司组织的12万例IUD避孕效果抽样调查的江苏省金坛市薛埠镇、高邮市车逻镇、建湖县颜单镇3个样本点,对2005年7月～2008年12月间有放置IUD手术记录的妇女进行IUD放置与使用情况的随访调查。结果:3个样本点育龄妇女使用IUD种类居前5位为TCu220C、元宫型220、TCu380A、宫腔形含铜200和母体乐375IUD,不同地区使用种类存在差异(P<0.01);2005～2008年间放置IUD的3年累计不良停用率较国家人口计生委科技司调查的2000～2005年间的不良停用率增加了5.41%;活性γ型IUD3年续用率为85.74%,高于TCu220C、元宫型220、TCu380A、宫腔形含铜200、母体乐375IUD,3年累计因症取出率低于其他5种IUD(P<0.01),无带器妊娠发生,3年累计脱落率为2.27%。结论:计划生育技术服务机构要重点关注本地区使用较为广泛的IUD可能发生的不良事件,做好IUD不良事件监测与防治;推广应用有效性与安全性较高的活性γ型IUD,并进一步研究其在人群中的使用效果;进一步分析放置IUD因症取出率有所增加的原因。     

宫腔镜电切术后置环加人工周期预防宫腔粘连的疗效

目的:比较人工周期或节育器留置治疗及预防宫腔粘连(intrauterine adhesion,IUA)的疗效。方法:选择2008年3月～2011年3月做宫腔粘连电切术(TCRA)、子宫黏膜下肌瘤电切术(TCRM)和子宫内膜多发性息肉电切术(TCRP)的患者,比较无处理组(A组)、置环组(B组)及置环加人工周期组(C组)的月经量恢复及宫腔镜下宫腔情况和妊娠情况。结果:置环及置环加人工周期A组出现不孕及月经量过少、单纯月经过少和闭经以及周期性腹痛的患者多于B组和C组,而C组最少(P<0.05);B组、C组宫腔粘连的发生率小于A组(P<0.05),而C组更低(P<0.05);术后半年随访A组妊娠率低于B组和C组(P<0.05),而C组高于B组(P<0.05)。结论:置环加人工周期对宫腔电切术后宫腔粘连治疗效果明显。     

Actinomyces in cervical smears of women using the intrauterine device in Singapore

OBJECTIVES: Reproductive tract actinomyces have been associated with the use of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). Thus, there is a need to evaluate the prevalence of colonization with Actinomyces israelii in a cohort of Singaporean women using an IUCD. Second, the occurrence of actinomycosis in colonized women and the clinical need to remove the IUCD and/or possibly the need to treat asymptomatic carriers with antibiotics were evaluated. METHODS: The study population consisted of 1,108 IUCD users attending the Fertility Control Clinic, National University Hospital, Singapore. RESULTS: In our study, the prevalence of actinomyces-positive cervical smears among IUCD users was 13.7%; the incidence of actinomyces-positive smears was similar with Copper T (34.2%), Multiload (32.9%) and Nova T (32.9%) IUCDs. We found no association with the duration of use of IUCD and actinomyces infection. In our study, 150 out of 152 (98.7%) IUCD users with actinomyces-positive smears were asymptomatic, and only 2 out of 152 (1.3%) who had actinomyces-positive cervical smears developed pelvic inflammatory disease at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that removal of the IUCD in asymptomatic women with actinomyces-positive cervical smear is not necessary. Moreover, we suggest that asymptomatic carriers of actinomyces do not require preemptive antibiotic treatment.     

深圳未育妇女放置宫内节育器社会特征的调查分析

目的:对深圳未育妇女放置宫内节育器的社会特征调查,分析导致这种社会现象的因素。方法:收集未生育要求放置宫内节育器妇女共2 017例进行问卷调查分析。置器前对年龄、文化程度、孕次、曾有性伴个数、初次性生活年龄、曾用避孕方法、选择IUD避孕的原因进行问卷调查。结果:未婚组<20岁的置器妇女占27.1%,已婚组仅为0.1%,两组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。曾用避孕方法中,避孕套和口服避孕药是最为常用的避孕方法。在此次选用IUD而不用其它避孕方法的原因中,未婚组以性伴不愿使用避孕套为首要原因,占46.9%,而已婚组仅占17.0%,两组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。在紧急避孕药的使用中,46.3%的未婚妇女使用过紧急避孕药,而在已婚妇女组中,仅25.9%的妇女曾有使用。两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:深圳未婚未育妇女选择宫内节育器作为避孕方法的原因与该群体初次性生活年龄提前而结婚生育年龄较晚有关,主要依从于男性的意愿。     

宫铜300与不同类型宫内节育器使用相关终止比较的系统评估

目的系统比较宫铜300宫内节育器(intrauterine device,IUD)与不同类型IUD的使用相关终止情况。方法通过文献检索Pub Med、EMBASE、CENTRAL等9种数据库收集宫铜300与不同类型含铜IUD比较的相关文献,根据循证医学的纳入与排除标准筛选出符合要求的随机对照实验文献(randomized controlled trial,RCT)。采用Open Meta-analyst和Rev Man 5.3.3软件进行数据的分析与合并。结果共检索到6 062篇中英文文献,最终纳入涉及使用相关终止结局指标的20篇文献,分析结果显示宫铜300与使用相关终止方面:(1)1年随访时:宫铜300与使用相关终止率显著高于TCu 220C、活性γ型、MCu功能型;(2)2年随访时:宫铜300与使用相关终止率显著高于MCu功能型;(3)5年和10年随访时:宫铜300与使用相关终止率显著低于TCu 380A;(4)随着IUD使用年限的增加,与使用相关终止率呈逐年上升趋势,但在36个月以后这种趋势趋于稳定。结论宫铜300短期使用的相关终止率高于TCu 220C、活性γ型、MCu功能型,长期使用低于TCu 380A;随着使用年限的增加,与使用相关终止率也逐渐增加。     

Comparison of uterine artery blood flow with levonorgestrel intrauterine system and copper intrauterine device

Background

As a contraceptive method, we investigated whether the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) has any effect on uterine artery blood flow when compared with copper intrauterine device (IUD).

Study Design

Sixty women with copper IUD and 60 women with LNG-IUS were included in the study. The age, gravidity, parity, body mass index (BMI) and menstrual flow pattern using a pictorial chart were recorded. All women were assessed by ultrasonography at the preinsertion period and 1 year after insertion. The pulsatility and resistance indices (PI and RI, respectively) of the uterine artery and endometrial thickness were evaluated in the preinsertion and postinsertion periods.

Results

In copper IUD users, preinsertion and postinsertion ultrasonographic assessments were not significantly different. However, postinsertion RI was significantly higher compared with preinsertion RI in LNG-IUS users (p=.001). The PI was also increased 1 year after insertion, but it did not reach statistically significant levels (p=.08). Endometrial thickness was also significantly decreased in the postinsertion period in women with LNG-IUS (p=.04).

Conclusion

The significant increase in uterine artery RI in LNG-IUS users 1 year after insertion might be due to its local progestational effects. It might also indicate the mechanism of the LNG-IUS in reducing menstrual blood flow.     

尼尔雌醇在绝经后取宫内节育器中的应用

目的:探讨绝经后取宫内节育器前服用尼尔雌醇片的价值。方法:148例绝经后要求取出宫内节育器的妇女,随机分成两组,一组为直接取器组73例,按常规方法直接取出宫内节育器;另一组为服药组75例,顿服4 mg尼尔雌醇片1周后再取出宫内节育器,2组均在B超监测下取器。结果:直接取器组取器成功率为85%,用药组取器成功率为100%,两组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:对于绝经后妇女,直接取器易造成IUD取出困难及失败,通过术前服用尼尔雌醇改善宫颈条件,可以提高取环的成功率。     

花式IUD与GT300型含铜宫形IUD应用效果对比观察

目的:观察放置花式宫内节育器(HCu280IUD)与GT300型含铜宫形(GT300)IUD的临床使用效果。方法:分别放置HCu280和GT300IUD各500例,于放置后6,12和24个月进行随访,比较两种IUD的脱落率、带器妊娠率、续用率及各种副反应发生率。结果:HCu280与GT300IUD续用率均大于80%,带器妊娠率、因症取出率、脱落率和续用率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);HCu280组大部分副反应发生率低于GT300型组(P<0.01)。结论:HCu280和GT300型IUD均安全有效,HCu280IUD的副反应更少一些。     

Insertion of intrauterine contraceptives immediately following first- and second-trimester abortions

Background

The study was conducted to assess the continuation and patient satisfaction with intrauterine contraception (IUC) insertion immediately after elective abortion in the first and second trimesters in an urban, public hospital-based clinic.

Study Design

A cohort of 256 women who elected to have insertion of a copper-T IUC (CuT380a) or a levonorgestrel-releasing IUC (LNG-IUC) were followed postoperatively by phone calls or chart review to evaluate satisfaction and continuation with the method.

Results

Of our 256 subjects, 123 had first-trimester abortions and 133 had second-trimester abortions (14 or more weeks). Median time to follow-up was 8 weeks (range 7-544 days). Nineteen discontinuations occurred: eight (6.5%, 95% CI 2.8-12.4%) following first-trimester and 11 (8.3%, 95% CI 4.2-14.3%) following second-trimester abortion (p=.6). Five women reported expulsion; one (0.8%, 95% CI 0.0-4.4%) in the first-trimester group and four (3.0%, 95% CI 0.8-7.5%) in the second-trimester group. (p=.4) Seven infections resulting in discontinuation occurred (2.7%, 95% CI 1.1-5.6%); none were positive for gonorrhea or chlamydia at time of insertion. No perforations occurred. Nearly all (93.8%) of the women were satisfied with IUC. Rates of satisfaction between women after first- and second-trimester abortions were equal.

Conclusion

In an urban clinic, IUC has high initial continuation and high patient satisfaction when inserted immediately following either first- or second-trimester abortions.     

已婚女性人工流产术后放置宫内节育器的影响因素分析

目的:调查分析已婚女性人工流产术后放置宫内节育器(IUD)的影响因素。方法:选取行人工流产手术的已婚育龄女性542例为研究对象,其中术后放置IUD 209例,未放置IUD 333例,分析影响其放置IUD的因素。结果:年龄、文化程度、孕产次数、对IUD知晓率、末次分娩时间、能够承担IUD放置费用、近3年无生育需求的已婚女性在人工流产术后更容易选择放置IUD。结论:影响已婚女性人工流产术后放置IUD的最主要因素是生育需求,其次是放置IUD的费用、产次、年龄以及对相关知识的知晓度。     

803例城乡育龄妇女宫内节育器不良反应及影响因素分析

目的:探讨IUD不良反应的主要危险因素和降低风险的主要措施,为降低IUD不良反应发生率提供依据。方法:应用IUD的育龄妇女803例采用结构式问卷进行访谈并行妇科临床及B超检查,记录IUD不良反应及可能影响因素。以是否发生不良反应Y作因变量,X1～X22作自变量进行Logistic回归分析。结果:IUD不良反应发生率为24.03%,其中下腹痛2.12%、下坠2.24%、腰酸腰痛3.11%、月经增多4.61%、经期延长5.73%、不规则阴道出血3.49%、白带增多2.74%;Lo-gistic回归分析,痛经、剖宫产史、上取环次数、带环时间、置环后用药及环上缘至宫底浆膜距离6个因素具有统计学关联(P<0.05)。痛经、上取环次数、环上缘至宫底浆膜距离为危险因素,带环时间越短不良反应发生越重,置环后合理用药为保护性因素。结论:治疗痛经、减少宫腔操作、置器后合理用药并定期复诊观察可以有效减少不良反应的发生。     

3种不同宫颈准备方法用于绝经后取宫内节育器术的临床效果比较

目的:观察米索前列醇、米非司酮、米索前列醇联合复方米非司酮分别对绝经后取宫内节育器术前宫颈准备效果.方法:选择126例绝经后健康妇女,随机分为A组(米索前列醇组)、B组(复方米非司酮组)、C组(米非司酮联合米索前列醇组).A组术前2h阴道后穹隆放置米索前列醇0.4mg.B组术前连服2天复方米非司酮,总量60mg.C组联合使用米索前列醇、复方米非司酮.观察比较3组的宫颈软化情况、术中疼痛程度及取器效果.结果:3组一般资料无统计学差异,具有可比性.C组的宫颈软化程度最佳,显著优于A、B两组(P＜0.01),A组与B组比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).A、B、C3组的手术时间分别是(5.23±1.27) min、(2.64 ±0.93) min、(2.13±0.76) min,两两之间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).C组术中疼痛程度最轻,B组次之,A组疼痛程度最重(P＜0.01).B、C两组取器成功率均为100％.C组取器效果最好,显著优于A、B组(P＜0.05).结论:应用米索前列醇联合复方米非司酮作为绝经后妇女取器术前用药,较两药单独使用,能更好地软化宫颈,减轻术中疼痛,优化取器效果,提高取器成功率.