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1.
Vanderhasselt MA De Raedt R 《Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry》2012,43(3):910-914
Background and Objectives
Dysfunctional attitudes and a ruminative thinking style are of utmost clinical importance because they are found to be crucially implicated in depression vulnerability. In this study, based on the Diathesis-Stress model (Beck, 1967) and the Differential Activation Hypothesis (Teasdale, 1988), we investigated whether inter-individual differences in a ruminative thinking style would be related to the development of depressive symptoms, leading to the activation of dysfunctional attitudes under stress.Methods
Seventy-six never depressed undergraduate students completed internet questionnaires measuring rumination, depressive symptoms and dysfunctional attitudes at 4 fixed moments in time (T1, T2, T3, T4): T1 was performed six weeks before their exams (considered as a low stress period); T2, T3 and T4 were performed during three consecutive weeks in their final exams (considered as life stress event).Results
As expected, results revealed that the relationship between rumination, measured both out of (T1) and in (T2) a stressful period, and dysfunctional attitudes (measured at T4) was mediated by increased depressive symptoms (measured at T3).Limitations
Because the questionnaire for rumination was developed in the context of understanding responses to depressive symptoms, there might be a construct overlap between the predictor and the mediator of the models that were tested. Moreover, because only healthy undergraduates were included, our results demonstrate a decreased generalizability.Conclusions
These findings indicate that rumination can be conceived as a stable and underlying mechanism leading to depressed mood and dysfunctional attitudes under stress. Moreover, our findings highlight that clinical interventions should not only target dysfunctional schemas and attitudes, but might also benefit from the use of procedures aimed at changing processes such as a ruminative thinking style. 相似文献2.
Ömer Şenormancı Özge Saraçlı Nuray Atasoy Güliz Şenormancı Fürüzan Koktürk Levent Atik 《Comprehensive psychiatry》2014
Background
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship of dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, personality, and depression with Internet addiction in university students.Methods
A total of 720 university students participated in the study in Bülent Ecevit University English Preparatory School which offers intensive English courses. Students were evaluated with a sociodemographic data form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale form A (DAS-A), Internet Addiction Scale (IAS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised/Abbreviated Form (EPQR-A).Results
The results indicated that 52 (7.2%) of the students had Internet addiction. There were 37 (71.2%) men, 15 (28.8%) women in the addicted group. While the addicted groups' BDI, DAS-A perfectionistic attitude, need for approval, RSES, EPQR-A neuroticism, and psychoticism scores were significantly higher, EPQR-A lie scores were significantly lower than those of the non addicted group. According to the multiple binary logistic regression analysis, being male, duration of Internet usage, depression, and perfectionistic attitude have been found as predictors for Internet addiction. It has been found that perfectionistic attitude is a predictor for Internet addiction even when depression, sex, duration of Internet were controlled.Conclusions
To the knowledge of the researchers, this study is the first study to show the dysfunctional attitudes in Internet addiction. It can be important to evaluate dysfunctional attitudes, personality, self-esteem and depression in people with Internet addiction. These variables should be targeted for effective treatment of people with Internet addiction in cognitive behavioral therapy. 相似文献3.
Koichi Otani Akihito SuzukiYoshihiko Matsumoto Ryoichi SadahiroMasanori Enokido 《Comprehensive psychiatry》2014
Background
The affectionless control parenting has been associated with depression in recipients. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of this parenting style on dysfunctional attitudes predisposing to depression.Methods
The subjects were 666 Japanese volunteers. Perceived parental rearing was evaluated by the Parental Bonding Instrument, which has the care and protection subscales. Parental rearing was classified into four types, i.e., optimal parenting (high care/low protection), affectionate constraint (high care/high protection), neglectful parenting (low care/low protection), and affectionless control (low care/high protection). Dysfunctional attitudes were evaluated by the 24-item Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, which has the achievement, dependency and self-control subscales.Results
Males with paternal affectionless control had higher achievement scores than those with paternal optimal parenting (P = .016). Similarly, females with maternal affectionless control had higher achievement scores than those with maternal optimal parenting (P = .016).Conclusion
The present study suggests that affectionless control by the same-sex parents increases dysfunctional attitudes about achievement. 相似文献4.
Marco Innamorati Maurizio Pompili Martina Fiorillo Noemi Lala Andrea Negro S. Diletta Del Bono David Lester Paolo Girardi Paolo Martelletti 《Clinical neurology and neurosurgery》2013
Objectives
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess whether stagnation dimensions and depression were associated with perceived disability in chronic migraineurs.Methods
Participants were 69 consecutive adult outpatients admitted to the Regional Referral Headache Centre of the Sant’Andrea Hospital in Rome, Italy. Patients were administered the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Stagnation Scale, and the Italian Perceived Disability Scale. They also compiled a headache diary to compute headache frequency.Results
Patients with higher perceived disability (compared to patients with lower perceived disability) reported higher depression and higher symptoms of stagnation. The effect of Overattachment, a dimension of the Stagnation Scale, on perceived disability was only in part mediated by the severity of depressive symptoms.Conclusion
Our results confirm that many patients with chronic migraine report symptoms of stagnation, and that investigating the presence of the stagnation syndrome may be useful for understanding the psychology of chronic migraineurs. 相似文献5.
Fei-Hsiu Hsiao Yu-Ming Lai Yu-Ting Chen Tsung-Tsair Yang Shih-Cheng Liao Rainbow T.H. Ho Siu-Man Ng Cecilia L.W. Chan Guey-Mei Jow 《General hospital psychiatry》2014
Aims
The aims were to examine the effects of psychotherapy on depressive and anxiety symptoms, the occurrence of suicidal ideations and diurnal cortisol patterns in patients with adjustment disorder (AD) with depressed mood.Methods
Participants recruited from an outpatient department of psychiatry at a general hospital were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 34 in psychotherapy group and 37 in control group. The control group consisted of one-session psychoeducation. Psychotherapy included the eight-weekly body–mind–spirit (BMS) group psychotherapy. Measures included Beck Depression Inventory-II and State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Salivary cortisol samples were collected from the patients at their homes on awakening; 30 and 45min after awakening; and at 1200, 1700 and 2100 h. Measurements were taken at baseline and at months 2 (end of intervention), 5, 8 and 14.Results
There was no differential change over time between the BMS and control groups in self-reported depression or anxiety symptoms. However, suicidal ideation appeared to be reduced in the psychotherapy group. Changes in diurnal cortisol patterns were also significantly different in group × time interactions, in favor of BMS group.Conclusions
Psychotherapy likely provides improvements in psychobiological stress responses and decreases the occurrence of suicidal ideation in patients with AD. 相似文献6.
Background
Cognitive distortion is a central feature of depression, encompassing negative thinking, dysfunctional personality styles and dysfunctional attitudes. It has been hypothesized that ACEs could increase the vulnerability to depression by contributing to the development of a stable negative cognitive style. Nevertheless, little research has been carried out on possible associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and cognitive distortion, and whether any gender differences exist.Aim
The aim of this study was to examine the association between ACEs and cognitive distortions and possible differences between genders in a sample of patients affected by bipolar disorder.Method
130 patients with bipolar disorder (BD) (46 men and 84 females), completed the Risky Family Questionnaire to assess ACEs and the Cognition Questionnaire (CQ) to assess cognitive distortions.Results
A positive association was found between ACE and the CQ total score. Investigating the 5 dimensions assessed through the CQ, only the dimension “generalization across situations” was significantly associated to ACE. An interaction between ACE and gender was found for “generalization across situations”, while no differential effect among females and males was found for CQ total score.Conclusion
This is the first study to report a relationship between negative past experiences and depressive cognitive distortions in subjects affected by BD. Growing in a family environment affected by harsh parenting seems to a cognitive vulnerability to depression; this effect is especially strong in females. 相似文献7.
Cornelis Johannes Hoogewerf Margriet Elisabeth van Baar Esther Middelkoop Nancy Elisa van Loey 《General hospital psychiatry》2014
Objective
This study assessed the role of self-reported facial scar severity as a possible influencing factor on self-esteem and depressive symptoms in patients with facial burns.Method
A prospective multicentre cohort study with a 6 months follow-up was conducted including 132 patients with facial burns. Patients completed the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relations between depressive symptoms, self-esteem and scar severity.Results
The model showed that patient-rated facial scar severity was not predictive for self-esteem and depressive symptoms six months post-burn. There was, however, a significant relationship between early depressive symptoms and both patient-rated facial scar severity and subsequent self-esteem. The variables in the model accounted for 37% of the variance in depressive symptoms six months post-burn and the model provided a moderately well-fitting representation of the data.Conclusion
The study suggests that self-esteem and depressive symptoms were not affected by self-reported facial scar severity but that earlier depressive symptoms were indicative for a more severe self-reported facial scar rating. Therefore, routine psychological screening during hospitalisation is recommended in order to identify patients at risk and to optimise their treatment. 相似文献8.
Lonneke A. van Tuijl Peter J. de Jong B. Esther Sportel Eva de Hullu Maaike H. Nauta 《Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry》2014
Background and Objectives
A negative self-view is a prominent factor in most cognitive vulnerability models of depression and anxiety. Recently, there has been increased attention to differentiate between the implicit (automatic) and the explicit (reflective) processing of self-related evaluations. This longitudinal study aimed to test the association between implicit and explicit self-esteem and symptoms of adolescent depression and social anxiety disorder. Two complementary models were tested: the vulnerability model and the scarring effect model.Method
Participants were 1641 first and second year pupils of secondary schools in the Netherlands. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, self-esteem Implicit Association Test and Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale were completed to measure explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem and symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), respectively, at baseline and two-year follow-up.Results
Explicit self-esteem at baseline was associated with symptoms of MDD and SAD at follow-up. Symptomatology at baseline was not associated with explicit self-esteem at follow-up. Implicit self-esteem was not associated with symptoms of MDD or SAD in either direction.Limitations
We relied on self-report measures of MDD and SAD symptomatology. Also, findings are based on a non-clinical sample.Conclusions
Our findings support the vulnerability model, and not the scarring effect model. The implications of these findings suggest support of an explicit self-esteem intervention to prevent increases in MDD and SAD symptomatology in non-clinical adolescents. 相似文献9.
Daniela Gremaud-Heitz Anke Riemenschneider Marc Walter Daniel Sollberger Joachim Küchenhoff Gerhard Dammann 《Comprehensive psychiatry》2014
Background
The core features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) are affective instability, unstable relationships and identity disturbance. Axis I comorbidities are frequent, in particular affective disorders. The concept of atypical depression is complex and often underestimated. The purpose of the study was to investigate the comorbidity of atypical depression in borderline patients regarding anxiety-related psychopathology and interpersonal problems.Methods
Sixty patients with BPD were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV Axis I and II Disorders (SCID I, SCID II) as well as the Atypical Depression Diagnostic Scale (ADDS). Additionally, patients completed a questionnaire (SCL-90-R, BDI, STAI, STAXI, IIP-C).Results
Forty-five BPD patients (81.8%) had a comorbid affective disorder of which 15 (27.3%) were diagnosed with an atypical depression.In comparison to patients with major depressive disorder or no comorbid depression, patients with atypical depression showed significant higher scores in psychopathological symptoms regarding anxiety and global severity as well as interpersonal problems.Conclusions
The presence of atypical depression in borderline patients is correlated with psychopathology, anxiety, and interpersonal problems and seems to be of clinical importance for personalized treatment decisions. 相似文献10.
Objectives
To determine nationally representative estimates of the prevalence of depressive symptoms and factors associated with treatment among those with moderate to severe symptoms.Methods
A cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of adults age ≥ 18 years in the 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data who responded to the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was conducted (n= 13,320). Depressive symptoms and severity were defined by PHQ-9 scores. Depression treatment was defined as either receiving antidepressants or seeing a mental health professional. Multivariable logistic regression analyses using population weights identified factors associated with having depressive symptoms and receipt of any treatment.Results
The prevalence of depressive symptoms increased from 20.92% to 25.66% over 6 years. Among patients with moderate to severe depression, 38.66% received treatment. Multivariable analyses found that being female, other Hispanic, younger age, having certain chronic comorbidities or previous hospitalization, no health insurance and in poverty status were associated with having depressive symptoms (P< .05). Among patients with moderate to severe depression, being female, white, younger age, having comorbidities (arthritis and hypertension) or previous hospitalization were associated with receipt of treatment (P< .05).Conclusions
The prevalence of depressive symptoms is high, and only a small portion of patients with moderate to severe depression received treatments. Treatment disparities exist and need improvement. 相似文献11.
Bengu Yucens Erkan Kuru Yasir Safak Mehmet Emrah Karadere Mehmet Hakan Turkcapar 《Comprehensive psychiatry》2014
Introduction
According to the cognitive model, the common mechanism underlying all psychological disorders is distorted or dysfunctional thoughts that affect mood and behaviors. Dysfunctional thoughts predispose an individual to depression and are among the processes that form the basis of personality traits. Elucidating the personality beliefs associated with depression and dysfunctional thoughts is important to understanding and treating depression. The aim of the present study is to determine whether depressed patients exhibited pathological personality beliefs compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, we investigated which personality beliefs were more common among such depressed patients.Methods
A total of 70 patients who were admitted to the Department of Psychiatry at Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital (Ankara, Turkey) and diagnosed with major depressive disorder according to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria were included in the study. Additionally, 70 healthy controls matched for age, marital status, and education were included in the study. The Sociodemographic Data Form and Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short form (PBQ-SF) were administered to the participants.Results
A comparison of the depression group with the healthy controls revealed higher scores in dependent, passive–aggressive, obsessive–compulsive, antisocial, histrionic, paranoid, borderline, and avoidant personality subscales in the depressive group.Conclusions
These results suggest that personality beliefs at the pathological level are more common in depressive patients and that the detection of these beliefs would be useful for predicting the prognosis of the disease and determining appropriate treatment methods. 相似文献12.
Bryan S. Cobb William H. Coryell Joseph Cavanaugh Martin Keller David A. Solomon Jean Endicott James B. Potash Jess G. Fiedorowicz 《Comprehensive psychiatry》2014
Objectives
Retrospective and cross-sectional studies of seasonal variation of depressive symptoms in unipolar major depression have yielded conflicting results. We examined seasonal variation of mood symptoms in a long-term prospective cohort – the Collaborative Depression Study (CDS).Methods
The sample included 298 CDS participants from five academic centers with a prospectively derived diagnosis of unipolar major depression who were followed for at least ten years of annual or semi-annual assessments. Generalized linear mixed models were utilized to investigate the presence of seasonal patterns. In a subset of 271 participants followed for at least 20 years, the stability of a winter depressive pattern was assessed across the first two decades of follow-up.Results
A small increase in proportion of time depressed was found in the months surrounding the winter solstice, although the greatest symptom burden was seen in December through April with a peak in March. The relative burden of winter depressive symptoms in the first decade demonstrated no relationship to that of the second decade. The onset of new episodes was highest October through January, peaking in January.Conclusions
There exists a small but statistically significant peak in depressive symptoms from the month of the winter solstice to the month of the spring equinox. However, the predominance of winter depressive symptoms did not appear stable over the long-term course of illness. 相似文献13.
Background
The aims of this study were to examine the associations of the severity of Internet addiction symptoms with various dimensions of anxiety (physical anxiety symptoms, harm avoidance, social anxiety, and separation/panic) and depression symptoms (depressed affect, somatic symptoms, interpersonal problems, and positive affect) and self-esteem among adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Taiwan.Method
A total of 287 adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years who had been diagnosed with ADHD participated in this study. Their severity of Internet addiction symptoms was assessed using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale. Anxiety and depression symptoms and self-esteem were assessed using the Taiwanese version of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC-T), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), respectively. The association between the severity of Internet addiction symptoms and anxiety and depression symptoms and self-esteem were examined using multiple regression analyses.Results
The results indicated that higher physical symptoms and lower harm avoidance scores on the MASC-T, higher somatic discomfort/retarded activity scores on the CES-D, and lower self-esteem scores on the RSES were significantly associated with more severe Internet addiction symptoms.Conclusions
Prevention and intervention programs for Internet addiction in adolescents with ADHD should take anxiety, depression, and self-esteem into consideration. 相似文献14.
Filip Raes Jorien Smets Ineke Wessel Filip Van Den Eede Sabine Nelis Erik Franck Yves Jacquemyn Myriam Hanssens 《Journal of psychosomatic research》2014
Objective
Maladaptive response styles to negative affect have been shown to be associated with prospective (postpartum) depression. Whether maladaptive styles to positive affect are also critically involved is understudied, even though anhedonia (a correlate of low positive affectivity) is a cardinal symptom of depression. The present study is the first to investigate the predictive value of cognitive response styles to both negative (depressive rumination) and positive affect (dampening) for postpartum depressive symptoms.Methods
During the third trimester of pregnancy, 210 women completed self-report instruments assessing depression (symptom severity and current and/or past episodes) and scales gauging the presence of depressive rumination and dampening. Of these women, 187 were retained for postpartum follow-up, with depressive symptoms being reassessed at 12 (n = 171) and 24 (n = 176) weeks after delivery.Results
Regression analyses showed that higher levels of dampening of positive affect during pregnancy predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms at 12 and 24 weeks postpartum, irrespective of initial symptom severity, past history of depression and levels of rumination to negative affect. Prepartum trait levels of rumination, however, did not predict postpartum symptomatology when controlled for baseline symptoms and history of major depressive episode(s).Conclusions
The results of this investigation suggest that the way women cognitively respond to positive affect contributes perhaps even more to the development of postpartum depression than maladaptive response styles to negative affect. 相似文献15.
Harold G. Koenig Lee S. Berk Noha S. Daher Michelle J. Pearce Denise L. Bellinger Clive J. Robins Bruce Nelson Sally F. Shaw Harvey Jay Cohen Michael B. King 《Journal of psychosomatic research》2014
Objective
Religious involvement may help individuals with chronic medical illness cope better with physical disability and other life changes. We examine the relationships between religiosity, depressive symptoms, and positive emotions in persons with major depression and chronic illness.Methods
129 persons who were at least somewhat religious/spiritual were recruited into a clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of religious vs. secular cognitive behavioral therapy. Reported here are the relationships at baseline between religious involvement and depressive symptoms, purpose in life, optimism, generosity, and gratefulness using standard measures.Results
Although religiosity was unrelated to depressive symptoms (F = 0.96, p = 0.43) and did not buffer the disability–depression relationship (B = − 1.56, SE 2.90, p = 0.59), strong relationships were found between religious indicators and greater purpose, optimism, generosity, and gratefulness (F = 7.08, p < 0.0001).Conclusions
Although unrelated to depressive symptoms in the setting of major depression and chronic medical illness, higher religious involvement is associated with positive emotions, a finding which may influence the course of depression over time. 相似文献16.
Background
Previous studies suggest that temperament and character may impact depression and anxiety through dysfunctional cognition. This study targets the mediating role of meta-cognitive beliefs in the relationship between Cloninger’s temperament and character dimensions and symptoms of depression and anxiety.Method
One hundred and sixty-one healthy subjects filled out Cloninger’s Temperament Character Inventory (TCI), a Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Correlation and mediation analyses according to Baron and Kenny’s method were performed.Results
Harm avoidance (HA) and self-directedness (SD) were related to depression and anxiety. HA was related to negative beliefs about uncontrollability of thoughts and to beliefs about cognitive confidence. SD was associated with the same types of meta-cognitive beliefs and with general negative beliefs. Cooperativeness (CO) was related to positive beliefs about worry, beliefs about cognitive confidence and to general negative beliefs. Self-transcendence (ST) was related to all types of meta-cognitive beliefs. Mediation analysis revealed that the relationship between HA and depression and anxiety is partially mediated by certain types of meta-cognitive beliefs. The same results were obtained for the relationship between SD and depression and anxiety. General negative beliefs fully mediated the relationship between CO and depression and the relationship between ST and anxiety.Conclusions
Meta-cognitive beliefs mediate the relationship between temperament and character dimension and depressive and anxiety symptoms, thus providing further evidence for the meta-cognitive theory of emotional disorders as presented by Wells and Matthews (Behav Res Ther 1996;32:867-870). 相似文献17.
Halis Ulaş Selma PolatBerna Binnur Akdede Köksal Alptekin 《Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry》2010
Objective
Schizophrenia patients had decreased levels of quality of life compared to normal population. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of panic attacks on quality of life in patients with schizophrenia.Methods
Eighty-eight patients with schizophrenia and 85 healthy subjects were included in the study.World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Short Form (WHOQOL-Bref) was given to patients and healthy subjects to assess quality of life. Panic module of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) was administered to patients for diagnosis of panic attacks and panic disorder. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for symptom severity and Calgary Depression Scale (CDS) for depressive symptoms were administered to the patients.Results
Patients with schizophrenia demonstrated significantly lower scores compared to healthy controls in all domains of WHOQOL-Bref. Twenty-five patients (28.4%) with schizophrenia had panic attacks (PA) and 10 patients (11.4%) met criteria for panic disorder (PD). Schizophrenia patients with PA had significantly lower scores on psychological domain of WHOQOL-Bref compared to the patients without PA. Schizophrenic patients with panic attacks had higher CDS scores than patients without PA.In the multivariate regression analyses the variance in psychological domain of WHOQOL-Bref was explained by depression rather than panic attack.Conclusion
In patients with schizophrenia comorbid panic attacks may have a negative impact on quality of life, which is associated with depression significantly. Panic attacks and depressive symptomatology must be examined comprehensively in order to improve quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. 相似文献18.
Bonnie Au Kimberley J. Smith Geneviève Gariépy Norbert Schmitz 《Journal of psychosomatic research》2014
Objectives
Raised levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory biomarker, and depressive symptoms are both independently linked to risk of diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the joint association of CRP and depressive symptomatology with diabetes incidence in a representative sample of English people ≥ 50 years old.Method
Data were from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, a prospective study of community-dwelling older adults. The sample was comprised of 4955 participants without self-reported doctor-diagnosed diabetes at baseline. High CRP level was dichotomized as > 3 mg/L. Elevated depressive symptomatology was defined as ≥ 4 using the 8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Incident diabetes was determined based on newly self-reported doctor-diagnosed diabetes. Cox proportional hazard regressions were used to examine the association between CRP and depressive symptoms with incidence of type 2 diabetes.Results
During approximately 63.2 months of follow-up, 194 participants reported diabetes diagnosis. After adjustment for socio-demographics, lifestyle behaviors, clinical factors, and BMI, the hazard ratio for diabetes was 1.63 (95% CI 0.88–3.01) for people with elevated depressive symptoms only, 1.43 (95% CI 0.99–2.07) for people with high CRP only, and 2.03 (95% CI 1.14–3.61) for people with both high CRP and elevated depressive symptoms.Conclusion
The presence of both high CRP levels and elevated depressive symptoms was associated with risk of diabetes. Further investigation into this relationship could aid in understanding the mechanisms underlying inflammation, depression, and diabetes. 相似文献19.
Background
The nine-item depression module from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is widely used as an open access screening instrument for depression in different health care and community settings; thus far, normative data from the general population are still scarce. The objectives of the study were to generate normative data and to further investigate the construct validity and factor structure of the PHQ-9 in the general population.Methods
Nationally representative face-to face household surveys were conducted in Germany between 2003 and 2008 (n= 5018). The survey questionnaires included the PHQ-9, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) for the measurement of health-related quality of life and demographic characteristics.Results
Normative data for the PHQ-9 were generated for both genders (53.6% female) and different age levels [mean age (S.D.) of 48.9 (18.1) years]. Women had significantly higher mean (S.D.) scores compared with men [3.1 (3.5) vs. 2.7 (3.5)]. A prevalence rate of moderate to high severity of depressive symptoms of 5.6% was identified. Intercorrelations with depression were highest for the Mental Component Scale of the SF-12, followed by the Physical Component Scale of health-related quality of life, and life satisfaction. Results supported a one-factor model of depression.Conclusions
The normative data provide a framework for the interpretation and comparisons of depression with other populations. Evidence supports reliability and validity of the unidimensional PHQ-9 as a measure of depression in the general population. 相似文献20.
Duru Gündoğar Sermin Kesebir Arda Kazım Demirkan Elif Tatlıdil Yaylacı 《Comprehensive psychiatry》2014