Parenting Attitudes,Family Environments,Depression, and Anxiety in Caregivers of Maltreated Children

This study evaluated parenting attitudes, family environments, depression, and anxiety in a sample of primarily minority urban mothers to better understand maltreating mothers (n = 83), who retain custody of their children and how they are similar to and different from foster mothers (n = 50), kin caregivers (n = 52) of maltreated children, and comparison mothers (n = 100) from the same communities. Maltreating mothers were distinguished by their much higher levels of depression and anxiety from other mothers. In addition, like foster mothers, maltreating mothers were less likely to approve of corporal punishment. Foster mothers were higher in organization and lower in empathy than other groups. There were no differences by race/ethnicity on study dimensions. Higher education, however, was related to more favorable parenting attitudes and family environments. Practice implications related to appropriate services are suggested.     

Self-Reported Childhood Abuse Among Sex and Violent Offenders

Few prior studies have compared the childhood abuse experiences of different types of offenders. In this pilot study, the childhood abuse experiences of sex offenders (n = 16) and violent offenders (n = 16) were examined with retrospective structured interviews. The sex offenders reported significantly more psychological abuse, especially verbal abuse, and also tended to have experienced slightly more physical and sexual abuse than the violent offenders. In general, the sex offenders remembered their parents in a more negative light than the comparison group. The offender groups did not differ from each other in the total amount of self-reported early conduct disorder symptoms. The sex offenders appeared to come from more abusive childhood family environments, but the conclusions remain tentative due to the small sample and retrospective data collection.     

A Mediation Model of Interparental Collaboration,Parenting Practices,and Child Externalizing Behavior in a Clinical Sample

The present study examined maternal and paternal parenting practices as mediators of the link between interparental collaboration and children's externalizing behavior. Parent gender was tested as a moderator of the associations. A clinical sample consisting of 136 children with externalizing problems and their families participated in the study. Structural equation modeling was used to test the study hypotheses. Maternal and paternal parenting practices fully mediated the relation between interparental collaboration and externalizing behavior. When the mediated pathways were tested separately, paternal parenting practices functioned as a mediator, whereas maternal parenting practices did not, indicating that the relationship between interparental collaboration, parenting practices and externalizing behavior was moderated by parent gender. The findings suggest that treatments aimed at reducing child externalizing behavior may be strengthened by focusing on interparental collaboration in addition to parenting practices, while also underscoring the need to involve fathers in interventions.     

营养学教育对老年人营养知识的影响

目的　研究营养学教育对老年人营养知识的作用和营养行为的影响。方法　采用设计调查问卷的方法收集教育组和对照组对问题的正确回答率和膳食行为的改变率。结果　教育组对食物中常见营养成分含量多少的正确回答率除脂肪、维生素A、维生素C外均要高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;教育组对营养与常见疾病的正确回答率除贫血外均要高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;教育组对 1日 3餐膳食调配的正确回答率均高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;教育组的膳食行为改变率高于对照组。结论　进行营养学教育对老年人的营养知识和膳食行为有显著性影响。     

Parenting Interventions for Drug-Dependent Mothers and Their Young Children: The Case for an Attachment-Based Approach

Maternal substance abuse is the most common factor involved when children come to the attention of the child welfare system. Although there is a clear need for clinical trials to evaluate parenting interventions for drug-dependent women, few studies to date have systematically examined the efficacy of interventions for this population. We first review six published reports of outpatient interventions that aimed to enhance the caregiving skills of substance-abusing mothers caring for children between birth and 5 years of age. After discussing implications of these preliminary studies, we then describe an attachment-based intervention that addresses these implications and has demonstrated preliminary feasibility in a pilot trial.     

The Effects of Childhood Abuse on Relationship Quality: Gender Differences and Clinical Implications

This study examined the relationship between self‐reported childhood physical and sexual abuse, romantic relationship quality, possible gender differences, and clinical implications. Three hundred thirty‐eight women and 296 men who sought services at a university mental health clinic in the northeast region of the United States completed a 30‐minute self‐report assessment questionnaire before their first therapy session. Among the items in the questionnaire were measures of childhood physical and sexual abuse, relationship stability, problem areas in the relationship, and other demographic information. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that childhood physical abuse influenced relationship quality for both men and women whereas childhood sexual abuse did not have a significant impact on relationship quality for either gender. The results of the study indicated that there may be more gender similarities than differences in experiences of childhood abuse and relationship quality than previous research has shown.     

Characteristics of Sexual Abuse in Childhood and Adolescence Influence Sexual Risk Behavior in Adulthood

Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse has been associated with subsequent (adult) sexual risk behavior, but the effects of force and type of sexual abuse on sexual behavior outcomes have been less well-studied. The present study investigated the associations between sexual abuse characteristics and later sexual risk behavior, and explored whether gender of the child/adolescent moderated these relations. Patients attending an STD clinic completed a computerized survey that assessed history of sexual abuse as well as lifetime and current sexual behavior. Participants were considered sexually abused if they reported a sexual experience (1) before age 13 with someone 5 or more years older, (2) between the ages of 13 and 16 with someone 10 or more years older, or (3) before the age of 17 involving force or coercion. Participants who were sexually abused were further categorized based on two abuse characteristics, namely, use of penetration and force. Analyses included 1177 participants (n=534 women; n=643 men). Those who reported sexual abuse involving penetration and/or force reported more adult sexual risk behavior, including the number of lifetime partners and number of previous STD diagnoses, than those who were not sexually abused and those who were abused without force or penetration. There were no significant differences in sexual risk behavior between nonabused participants and those who reported sexual abuse without force and without penetration. Gender of the child/adolescent moderated the association between sexual abuse characteristics and adult sexual risk behavior; for men, sexual abuse with force and penetration was associated with the greatest number of episodes of sex trading, whereas for women, those who were abused with penetration, regardless of whether the abuse involved force, reported the most episodes of sex trading. These findings indicate that more severe sexual abuse is associated with riskier adult sexual behavior.     

Factors Affecting Hospital Employees' Knowledge Sharing Intention and Behavior,and Innovation Behavior

Objectives

To investigate the factors affecting employees'' knowledge sharing intention, knowledge sharing behavior, and innovation behavior of the four top-ranked university hospitals in South Korea.

Methods

Data were collected from employees at three university hospitals in Seoul, Korea and one university hospital in Gyeonggi-Do, Korea through self-administered questionnaires. The survey was conducted from May 29, 2013 to July 17, 2013. A total of 779 questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS version 18.0 and AMOS version 18.0.

Results

Factors affecting hospital employees'' knowledge sharing intention, knowledge sharing behavior, and innovation behavior are reciprocity, behavioral control, and trust.

Conclusion

It is important to select employees who have a propensity for innovation and continuously educate them about knowledge management based on trust.     

糖尿病患者的知识、态度、行为及影响因素调查分析

目的 为开展糖尿病的综合防治提供基础资料。方法 由专门培训的医生担任调查员．采取面对面访谈的方式进行调查,对调查资料进行非参数检验,单因素及多因素logistic回归分析。结果相关知识、态度、行为（KAP）分别为56．9％、69．6％和63.3％,糖尿病KAP总分及格率为51．9％;KAP总得分与文化程度、职业及糖尿病家族史有关：知识得分与调查对象年龄和文化程度有关;态度得分与知识得分相关;行为得分与态度得分和家人关心程度有关。糖尿病知识主要来源是医疗单位（64．5％）;希望获得知识途径主要为电视、广播（68．3％）;了解的知识主要为治疗措施（82.3％）。结论有必要针对糖尿病开展综合防治为主的健康促进活动．     

The Institutionalised Abuse of Children in Australia: Past and Present

Institutionalised forms of child abuse have been committed by both government and non-government authorities including the police force, social service departments, the diplomatic service, schools and pre-schools, the judicial system and the church. This paper examines Australian examples and shows that leadership may mitigate or amplify abuse by authority. The precedence of the rights of adults over the rights of children is also viewed as a factor in child abuse. The recent creation in Australia, of another authority -- a 'Commissioner for Children' -- may go some way towards rectifying this imbalance of rights.     

Psychosocial Predictors of Sexual HIV Transmission Risk Behavior among HIV-Positive Adults with a Sexual Abuse History in Childhood

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with HIV sexual risk behavior. Although many psychosocial correlates of sexual risk among HIV-positive persons have been identified, studies predicting continued risk among HIV-positive adults with histories of CSA are limited. This cross-sectional study identified variables predictive of sexual transmission risk behavior among an ethnically diverse sample of 256 HIV-positive adults (women and men who have sex with men; MSM) with CSA histories. Participants were assessed for trauma symptoms, shame related to HIV and sexual trauma, substance use, coping style, and sexual risk behavior. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify variables predictive of unprotected sexual behavior in the past 4 months. Unprotected sex was significantly associated with substance use and trauma-related behavioral difficulties among women and men, and less spiritual coping among men. Unprotected sex with HIV negative or serostatus unknown partners was significantly associated with greater trauma-related behavioral difficulties, more HIV-related shame, and fewer active coping strategies. Thus, trauma symptoms, shame, coping style, and substance use were significantly associated with sexual risk behavior among HIV-positive adults with histories of CSA, with models of prediction differing by gender and partner serostatus. HIV prevention intervention for persons with HIV and CSA histories should address trauma-related behavioral difficulties and enhance coping skills to reduce sexual transmission risk behavior.     

History of Sexual Abuse and Development of Sexual Risk Behavior in Low-Income,Urban African American Girls Seeking Mental Health Treatment

Objective: This study examined relationships between sexual abuse and patterns of sexual risk-taking among low-income, urban African American adolescent girls seeking mental health treatment. Method: Participants (N = 158) were 12- to 16-year-old African American girls recruited from outpatient mental health clinics serving urban, mostly low-socioeconomic status communities in Chicago, Illinois and followed for two years between 2003 and 2010. This study included self-reports of sexual abuse and four waves (T2–T5) of self-reported data on sexual experience and sexual risk-taking (number of partners, inconsistent condom use, and sex with a risky partner). Latent curve modeling was used to examine patterns of sexual behavior over the four time points with sexual abuse and mental health symptoms as covariates. Results: Sexual abuse was significantly associated with T2 sexual experience, T2–T4 number of partners, T3 inconsistent condom use, and T2–T3 having a risky partner. These relationships decreased when mental health symptoms were controlled. Conclusions: This longitudinal study revealed a complex relationship between sexual abuse and sexual risk that would be missed if sexual risk were assessed at a single time point. Findings supported early intervention to delay onset of sexual risk behavior among low-income African American girls with mental health concerns and histories of sexual abuse.     

Parenting knowledge and its role in the prediction of dysfunctional parenting and disruptive child behaviour

Background   There is a paucity of research on the relationship between parental knowledge, parenting and parenting self-efficacy, and some inconsistencies have been reported in the literature.
Method   Parent knowledge of effective parenting strategies was assessed among 68 parents from a non-clinic sample, who also completed questionnaires relating to parenting confidence, quality of parenting and child behaviour.
Results   Parents with greater knowledge tended to be less dysfunctional, and reported significantly higher education and income levels. Parenting confidence explained a significant proportion of the variance in reported frequency of disruptive child behaviour while knowledge did not independently contribute to the prediction. However, the relationship between parenting confidence and dysfunctional parenting was moderated by the level of knowledge. There was a stronger negative relationship between confidence and dysfunctional parenting when knowledge level was low than when it was high. Post hoc analyses indicated that the relationship between parenting knowledge and disruptive child behaviour was moderated by the level of parenting dysfunction. Parenting knowledge and reported frequency of disruptive behaviour were positively related when the level of dysfunction was low, but were unrelated when it was high.
Conclusions   Parents with low levels of knowledge and confidence in their parenting may be at greater risk of dysfunctional parenting and might benefit from interventions designed to enhance both knowledge and confidence. Results are interpreted in relation to inconsistencies with previous research and implications for future methodologies.     

天津市实小学生及其家长营养知识及饮食行为调查

目的：为了解目前小学生及其家长有关营养知识的现状及饮食行为中存在的主要问题。方法：采取问卷调查方式调查了实验小学部分学生及其家长的营养知识和饮食行为。结果：大多数学生及其家长缺乏必要的营养知识，不了解与合理配膳密切相关的营养素的食物来源和食物分类；同时在学生中存在着许多不良饮食行为，如不吃早餐（7．2％）、挑食和偏食（达50％）等。结论：学生家长对营养知识具有强烈的求知欲望，希望得到营养指导；为保证学龄儿童健康成长，对小学生及其家长进行营养知识的普及工作势在必行。     

The impact of childhood abuse history, domestic violence and mental health symptoms on parenting behaviour among mothers in Japan

Background To assess the impact of childhood abuse history, domestic violence experiences and mental health symptoms on the parenting behaviour of mothers in Japan who have separated from violent husbands or partners. Methods A self‐administered questionnaire survey was conducted on a sample of mothers (n= 304) and their children (n= 498) residing in 83 mother–child homes in Japan. The survey assessed the mothers' childhood abuse history (physical, psychological and sexual abuse and neglect history), domestic violence experiences, current mental health symptoms (dissociative, depressive and traumatic symptoms) and parenting behaviours after moving into the homes to separate from a violent husband or partner. Results The mothers' childhood abuse history and experience of domestic violence were not associated with their not playing with their children. In contrast, the mothers' dissociative and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with not playing with their children. Although there was no association between the mothers' total childhood abuse history and not praising their children, their childhood physical abuse history was significantly associated with their not praising their children. The dissociative and depressive symptoms were also associated with no praise. Interestingly, the experience of domestic violence showed an inverse association with no praise. Conclusions Mental health symptoms, more specifically dissociative and depressive symptoms, are associated with a decrease in parenting quality. Mothers who were physically abused as children are less likely to praise their own children, independent of maternal mental health symptoms. In contrast, mothers who experienced domestic violence but subsequently separated from their violent husbands or partners are more likely to praise their children. The treatment of mental health symptoms, particularly dissociative and depressive symptoms, therapy for childhood abuse history and separation from violent husbands or partners might be effective ways to enhance the quality of parenting in Japan.