GGTⅡ、GPC3、AFP在乙型肝炎肝硬化与肝癌鉴别诊断的临床价值

目的探讨血清γ-谷氨酰转肽酶同工酶Ⅱ(GGTⅡ)、磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3(GPC-3)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平对乙型肝炎肝硬化和原发性肝癌(HCC)鉴别诊断的临床应用价值。方法选择北华大学附属医院HCC患者46例,乙型肝炎肝硬化患者61例,分别采用化学发光法和酶联免疫吸附法测定AFP、GPC3浓度,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳分离法检测GGTⅡ。结果 HCC组GGTⅡ、GPC-3、AFP水平分别为(21.65±11.05)U/L、165.00(118.37-503.92)ng/ml、63.26(15.3-279.54)μg/L,均高于乙型肝炎肝硬化患者(2.83±1.96)U/L、96.37(61.19-261.29)ng/ml、10.37(4.89-17.63)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。根据ROC曲线确定GGTⅡ、GPC3、AFP诊断肝癌的临界值分别为5.8U/L,180.10ng/ml,79.36μg/L,ROC曲线下面积分别为0.858、0.776、0.817。在单项检测中GGTⅡ的敏感度为86.9%,高于GPC-3、AFP(54.3%、52.1%),AFP的特异度最高为93.4%,GPC-3和GGTⅡ的特异度分别为83.6%、90.2%。联合检测中AFP/GGTⅡ诊断肝癌的准确率91.6%,特异度为88.5%。AFP/GPC3/GGTⅡ诊断的敏感度100%,特异度75.4%。结论 GGTⅡ、GPC3、AFP能有效鉴别乙型肝炎肝硬化和肝癌患者,联合检测能弥补单项血清标志物的不足,提高肝癌诊断的敏感度和准确度,具有一定的临床推广价值。     

联合检测血清AFP、AFU和ALP对原发性肝癌诊断的价值

目的探讨肿瘤标志物甲胎蛋白(AFP)、α-L-岩藻糖苷酶(AFU)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)对原发性肝癌(PHC)联合检测的诊断价值。方法收集本院消化内科2014年2月至2016年2月期间住院的67例PHC患者、56例良性肝病以及同期60例健康体检者血清,常规方法检测其血清AFP、AFU和ALP含量。分析联合检测AFP、AFU、ALP对PHC的诊断价值。结果 PHC组的AFP平均水平为(328.6±198.5)ng/mL、AFU为(68.3±7.4)U/L、ALP为(256.3±77.2)U/L,明显高于良性肝病组和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。对于PHC患者,AFP、AFU和ALP的检测阳性率分别为67.16%、73.13%和71.64%,其中AFU的敏感度最高,而AFP的特异度最高,3项指标联合检测其敏感度可达88.06%,阴性预测值提高至89.74%。结论联合检测血清AFP、AFU和ALP可以提高PHC诊断敏感度,对于PHC的诊断和病情监测具有较大的临床价值。     

原发性肝癌患者血清HCY、AFU、CA199联合检测的临床价值

目的探讨同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、а-L-岩藻糖苷酶(AFU)、糖类抗原CA199在原发性肝癌(PHC)患者血清中的含量及其联合检测对PHC的早期诊断价值。方法纳入50例PHC患者(A组)、52例慢性肝病患者(B组)、60名健康志愿者(C组),采用循环酶法检测血清HCY,生化法检测血清AFU、电化学发光法检测血清CA199,应用Logistic回归分析以及ROC曲线分析各项指标,探寻血清HCY、AFU、CA199、HCY+AFU+CA199在PHC早期诊断的价值。结果A组HCY、AFU、CA199指标分别为(21.3±6.9)μmol/L、(61.2±10.4)μg/L、(123.5±96.7)KU/L显著高于其他组(均P0.05),B组患者CA199血清指标(45.3±26.8)KU/L显著高于C组(9.6±5.1)KU/L,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);HCY、AFU、CA199单独诊断PHC时,AFU具有较高的特异度(100%),HCY+AFU+CA199三者联合诊断灵敏度(83.5%)、特异度(92.5%)、准确度(93%)均高于单独诊断;Logistic回归分析HCY+AFU+CA199指标OR=6.35(95%CI:1.26~15.26)是PHC的独立预测因子;HCY、AFU、CA199、HCY+AFU+CA199的ROC线下面积分别为0.632、0.715、0.732、0.901。结论单项指标中CA199的诊断价值最高,联合HCY+AFU+CA199检测可提高PHC的阳性诊断率。     

血清DCP、AFP、AFU在原发性肝癌临床诊断中的价值

目的探讨血清异常凝血酶原(DCP)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、α-L-岩藻糖苷酶(AFU)检测诊断原发性肝癌(PHC)的价值。方法检测21例PHC患者(肝癌组)和22例良性肝病患者(良性肝病组)血清中的DCP、AFP、AFU,用SPSS19.0软件包进行数据处理。结果 PHC组血清DCP、AFP的含量明显高于良性肝病组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。PHC组AFU的含量与良性肝病组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。PHC组中,AFP400 ng/mL组AFU阳性率(55.6%)与≤400 ng/mL组(0.00%)比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),DCP阳性率(100%)与≤400 ng/mL组(83.3%)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。通过ROC曲线分析,在肝癌组-良性肝病组中,AUC(DCP)AUC(AFP)AUC(AFU),3种血清标志物联合检测的AUC值均高于3项单一血清标志物的AUC值。结论 PHC组中DCP、AFP的浓度显著高于良性肝病组;DCP、AFP及AFU联合检测有助于提高PHC的诊断效能,3项联合检测优于各指标单项检测。     

多种肿瘤标志物对发性肝癌的诊断价值

目的：探讨血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）、α－L－岩藻糖苷酶（AFU）、r-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）、血清糖抗原19－9（CA19－9）对原发性肝癌的诊断价值。方法对59例原发性肝癌（PHC）、47例良性肝病及41名正常人进行AFP、AFU、GGT、CA19－9的同步测定和对照。结果：AFP、AFU、GGT、CA19－9对PHC诊断的敏感性依次为76．3％、84．7％、66．1％和67．8％,特异性为85．2％、88．6％、56．8％和80．6％。联合检测对PHC诊断的敏感性可提高为94．9％。结论多种肿瘤标志物联合检测对诊断PHC具有重要价值。     

联合检测血清α-L-岩藻糖苷酶、甲胎蛋白对原发性肝癌患者的临床意义

探讨血清α-L-岩藻糖苷酶(AFU)和甲胎蛋白(AFP)的联合检测对原发性肝癌(PHC)诊断的临床意义.应用自动生化分析仪测定正常人,非PHC的其它恶性肿瘤组,PHC组患者血清AFU的含量,应用时间分辨荧光免疫分析测定血清AFP含量.PHC、肝转移癌、胰腺癌均高于正常对照组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),PHC阳性率高90.9%.AFU与AFP之间无相关性(P＞0.5).血清AFU在PHC中敏感性较高.联合检测AFU、AFP对明显提高PHC的诊断具有实用价值.     

血清高尔基蛋白73、甲胎蛋白异质体3、甲胎蛋白和α-L-岩藻糖苷酶水平诊断原发性肝癌的效能分析

目的探讨应用血清高尔基蛋白体73(GP73)、甲胎蛋白异质体3(AFP-L3)、AFP和α-L-岩藻糖苷酶(AFU)水平诊断原发性肝癌(PLC)患者的效能。方法 2015年1月～2017年3月我院诊治的PLC患者261例,乙型肝炎肝硬化患者201例,慢性乙型肝炎患者238例和体检健康人200例,采用酶联免疫吸附试验法检测血清GP73水平,采用亲和吸附离心管法检测血清AFP-L3,采用全自动化学发光仪检测血清AFP,采用商用试剂盒检测血清AFU水平。绘制血清GP73、AFP-L3、AFP和AFU诊断PLC的ROC曲线,确定截断点(cut-off-value),计算ROC曲线下面积(AUC),判断它们的诊断效能。结果肝癌组血清GP73水平显著低于慢性肝炎组和肝硬化组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),血清AFP-L3显著高于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),血清AFU水平显著高于健康人和肝硬化组,但低于慢性肝炎组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);以非肝癌人群为对照,血清GP73、AFP-L3、AFP和AFU诊断肝癌的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.564 (95%CI:0.485～0.636)、0.724 (95%CI:0.555～0.786)、0.745(95%CI:0.654～0.806)和0.571(95%CI:0.385～0.536),血清AFP-L3联合AFP诊断肝癌的截断点分别为8.25%和49.25 ng/ml,其灵敏度(Se)为55.5%,特异度(Sp)为85.0%,正确性(Ac)为80.1%,显著高于血清AFP-L3诊断的55.5%、85.0%和76.4%或AFP诊断的57.1%、82.7%和75.2%(P0.05);在261例肝癌患者中,血清AFP9.6 ng/ml者71例(27.2%),其中PG73106.5 ng/ml者30例(42.3%),提示GP73对AFP阴性肝癌有一定的诊断价值;在201例肝硬化患者中,血清AFP9.6 ng/ml者98例(48.8%),其中PG73106.5 ng/ml者52例(53.1%),提示血清GP73水平容易受到肝硬化的影响。结论应用血清AFP联合AFP-L3检测能够提高诊断肝癌的效能,但它们的灵敏度都还不够高,影响因素较多。临床医生需结合病史、影像学检查和动态血清学检测才能做出更为科学的结论。     

AFU、AFP、GGT、GPDA联合检测在原发性肝癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨α-L岩藻糖苷酶（AFU）、甲胎球蛋白（AFP）、谷氨酰氨基转移酶（GGT）、甘氨酰脯氨酸二肽氨基肽酶（GPDA）联合检测在原发性肝癌（PHC）诊断中的价值，提高PHC诊断的准确性。方法AFP采用酶联免疫法；AFU、GPDA采用酶法；GGT采用速率法。分别测定原发性肝癌组、良性肝病组、健康对照组各项目结果均采用统计学分析。结果原发性肝癌组AFU、AFP、GPDA与良性肝病组和正常对照组均差异有显著性（P＜0．05），良性肝病组AFU、GGT与正常对照组比较差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。结论AFU、AFP、GGT、GPDA联合检测可以明显提高对原发性肝癌诊断的准确性。     

乙肝相关性肝癌患者血清五项指标联合诊断价值

目的研究乙肝相关性原发性肝癌患者癌胚抗原(CEA)、α-L-岩藻糖苷酶(AFU)、恶性肿瘤特异性生长因子(TSGF)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶同工酶(GGT)与甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平联合诊断的价值。方法选取118例乙肝相关性肝癌患者设为肝癌组,另分别选取114例同期健康体检者、116例乙肝肝硬化患者作为正常组、肝硬化组,对比三组受试者AFP、TSGF、AFU、GGT、CEA水平,并对比各项指标单独诊断及联合诊断乙肝相关性原发性肝癌的结果。结果肝癌组AFP、TSGF、AFU、GGT、CEA含量均明显高于肝硬化组,且肝硬化组AFP、TSGF、AFU、GGT、CEA含量明显高于正常组(P0.05)。应用血清五项指标联合诊断乙肝相关性肝癌的灵敏度为88.1%,准确度为83.3%,特异度为80.9%,与AFP、TSGF、AFU、GGT、CEA等指标单项诊断结果比较明显增高(P0.05)。结论 AFP、TSGF、AFU、GGT及CEA指标联合应用于乙肝相关性肝癌患者早期诊断,诊断准确率较高,且检测方便。     

AFU、PIVKA-II和AFP联合检测原发性肝癌的价值

目的分析AFU、PIVKA-II和AFP联合检测原发性肝癌的临床价值。方法选择2013年1月至2018年1月我院收治的原发性肝癌(PHC)患者69例为原发性肝癌组,良性肝病患者75例为良性肝病组,同期选择来我院进行体检的健康者80名为健康对照组。分别检测三组的AFU、PIVKA-II、AFP水平,并对比各血清标志物单一及联合诊断PHC的阳性率。结果 PHC组患者的AFU、PIVKA-II、AFP水平均高于良性肝病组和健康对照组,且良性肝病组患者的上述指标水平均高于健康对照组(P0.05);PHC组患者的AFU、PIVKA-II、AFP检测阳性率均高于良性肝病组和健康对照组,且良性肝病组患者的各阳性率均高于健康对照组(P0.05);PHC组AFU+PIVKA-II+AFP检查阳性率高于良性肝病组和健康对照组,且良性肝病组高于健康对照组(P0.05);AFU+PIVKA-II+AFP联合诊断PHC的敏感度、特异性均高于单一指标。结论 AFU、PIVKA-II和AFP联合检测PHC的检出率较高,临床诊断价值较高。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.