人工肝支持系统治疗肝病出现并发症的循证护理

人工肝支持系统是重症肝炎、肝衰竭的重要治疗措施,包括血浆置换、血液灌流、血液滤过、血液透析、血浆吸附等方法单用或联合应用治疗肝炎[1].我院采用血浆置换(PE)治疗肝炎患者,疗效显著.但在治疗术中及治疗术后不同程度地发生并发症.笔者自2004年9月至2006年9月对98例施行PE治疗出现并发症的患者实施循证护理,取得了满意效果,现报告如下.     

非生物型人工肝支持研究进展

人工肝支持系统是借助体外机械、化学或生物性材料来暂时或部分替代肝脏功能的血液净化装置,目前人工肝已经成为肝衰竭治疗的重要手段之一。人工肝支持系统被分为生物型人工肝装置、非生物人工肝装置和混合型人工肝装置三类。以往非生物型人工肝应用的方法主要有血浆置换、血液透析、血液滤过、血液/血浆灌流。近年来,随着对肝衰竭机理认识的不断深化及医学工程学的进步,使非生物型人工肝设备有了很大进步,出现了连续性肾替代治疗、血浆置换联合持续血液透析滤过、血液透析吸附系统、分子吸附再循环系统,许多文献显示非生物型人工肝支持在提高重型肝炎生存率及作为肝脏移植的“桥梁”方面有重要作用。     

人工肝治疗重型肝炎中的常见护理问题及对策

目的：探讨人工肝支持治疗重型肝炎中的常见护理问题及对策。方法：对99例重型肝炎患者在常规综合治疗的基础上进行了186例次人工肝（血浆置换、血浆置换联合血液透析滤过）支持治疗。结果：常见并发症有低血压、过敏反应、低钙血症、出血、感染。结论：认为做好心理护理,消除患者的恐惧心理,术中密切观察病情变化,做好常见并发症的预防及处理是治疗成功的关键。     

人工肝支持系统治疗重型肝炎的护理30例

目的 探讨人工肝支持系统治疗重型肝炎的护理措施.方法 30例患者均采用股静脉穿刺置管建立体外血液循环通路,将血浆置换与血液透析器对联,同时进行血浆置换和血液透析.结果 患者经ALSS治疗后促进肝功能恢复,帮助重型肝炎病人度过肝炎衰竭急性期.结论 人工肝支持系统是治疗重型肝炎的手段之一,术中要密切观察,术后要精心护理,对护士提出了严格要求.     

人工肝治疗重型肝炎疗效观察与不良反应的预防

目的探讨人工肝血浆置换治疗重型肝炎的疗效对不良反应的预防和处置。方法住院的重型肝炎病例42人分成人工肝组和药物组,两组均应用常规保肝支持治疗,人工肝组22例加用血浆置换,平均每例次输血浆2000ml,平均每例治疗2·6次。两组治疗前后分别检测血总胆红素、直接胆红素、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、白蛋白、球蛋白、凝血酶元时间、凝血酶元活动度,记录不良反应及处理结果,进行统计学处理。结果人工肝组和药物组的显效率分别是61·9%和15%,有效率分别是14·3%和30%,无效率分别为23·8%和55%。人工肝治疗组的血清总胆红素降低明显,与对照组相比差异显著,P<0.05。人工肝组有4例过渡到肝移植。为肝移植术后胆汁淤积患者血液净化,渡过危险期。不良反应有一过性皮疹、瘙痒,静脉置管处渗血、皮下血肿,置管侧下肢静脉血栓形成,对症处理,解除症状。结论人工肝血浆置换是治疗重型肝炎及肝移植围手术期肝功能障碍的安全有效的方法。     

人工肝治疗重型肝炎疗效观察

目的:探讨人工肝血浆置换治疗重型肝炎的疗效以及不良反应的预防和处置方法。方法:住院的重型肝炎病例62人,分成人工肝组(32例)和药物组(30例),2组均应用常规保肝支持治疗,人工肝组加用血浆置换,平均每例次输新鲜冰冻血浆2000 ml。平均每例治疗2.7次。2组治疗前后分别检测血总胆红素(TB)、直接胆红素(DB)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、白蛋白、球蛋白(Glob)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)。记录不良反应及处理结果,并进行统计学处理。结果:人工肝组和药物组的显效率分别是31.2%和15.0%,有效率分别是47.7%和30.0%,无效率分别为21.1%和55.0%。人工肝治疗组的血清总胆红素明显降低,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。人工肝组有5例过渡到肝移植。不良反应有一过性低血压、皮疹、瘙痒、静脉置管处渗血渗液、皮下血肿、置管侧下肢静脉血栓形成等,经对症处理,均能解除症状。结论:人工肝血浆置换是治疗重型肝炎及肝移植围手术期肝功能障碍行之有效的方法。     

人工肝支持系统治疗重型肝炎的护理

人工肝支持系统(artificial liver support system,ALSS)是国内治疗重型肝炎较新的治疗手段之一.目前,国内应用的人工肝技术是联合应用血浆置换、血液透析、血液过滤,血液/血浆灌流、分子吸附循环系统、连续性血液净化治疗等方法治疗重型肝炎的技术和治疗方法.     

血浆置换治疗肝衰竭的护理体会

人工肝技术是单重血浆置换、双重血浆置换、血液透析、血液滤过、血液/血浆灌流、分子吸附循环分流等方法联合应用治疗重型肝炎及肝衰竭的技术,是一种有效的临床治疗手段.我科采用WLXGX-888型血液净化一人工肝支将系统进行单重血浆置换治疗.血浆置换是指将患者的血液引出体外,经过膜式血浆分离器将血浆从全血中分离出来,并弃去,清除代谢毒素和致病的因子,补充等量新鲜或冰冻血浆,替代已衰竭肝脏的某些功能,促进肝细胞再生和肝功能恢复,从而达到治疗的目的[1].     

持续缓慢血液透析滤过联合血浆置换治疗重型肝炎脑病的研究

目的：探讨人工肝辅助装置持续缓慢血液透析滤过(CHDF)联合血浆置换(PE)治疗中、晚期慢性重型肝炎肝性脑病的疗效及作用机制。方法：治疗组53例，中期25例，晚期28例；对照组48例，中期21例，晚期27例。两组病例均合并有不同程度的并发症。在相同内科治疗的基础上，治疗组加用日产KM—8800血浆交换仪并联用JUN—500血液透析滤过仪进行人工肝治疗，观察治疗的情况。结果：治疗组的53例患者中30例治愈或好转．另有7例经治疗后维持到接受肝移植手术，总有效率为69．8％．肝性脑病经治疗后清醒率为86。2％；对照组48例中11例治愈或好转，另有1例接受肝移植手术，有效率25．o％。结果显示CHDF PE治疗有效改善了中、晚期慢性重型肝炎患者的预后。在85例次治疗过程中发生不良反应13例次(15．3％)．经对症处理后不良反应均能缓解。结论：在内科综合治疗的基础上联合CHDF PE治疗对中、晚期慢性重型肝炎安全有效，能有效提高慢性重型肝炎患者的存活率。     

血浆置换联合持续性血液透析滤过治疗肝衰竭的疗效分析

目的回顾性分析人工肝血浆置换联合持续性血液透析滤过治疗肝衰竭的疗效及其影响因素。方法收集2008年1月至2012年12月于佛山市第一人民医院在内科综合治疗基础上接受血浆置换联合持续性血液透析滤过治疗的肝衰竭患者77例,观察人工肝治疗前后的临床症状、生化指标(转氨酶、胆红素、凝血功能、肾功能、电解质)和不良反应。结果人工肝治疗的肝衰竭患者,治疗后临床症状改善有效率为64.9%,转氨酶、总胆红素、凝血功能、肾功能、电解质均较治疗前有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其疗效与肝衰竭分期相关,以早期有效率最高(P0.05)。治疗过程中出现35例次不良反应,经对症处理后,所有不良反应均可缓解。结论在内科综合治疗基础之上,血浆置换联合持续性血液透析滤过治疗能有效治疗肝衰竭患者,不良反应少,可作为治疗肝衰竭的重要手段。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.