食管胸中段癌三维适形放疗中呼吸运动导致靶区移位的研究

目的 测量食管胸中段癌三维适形放疗中因呼吸运动而导致的靶区移位大小,为临床医师选择食管胸中段癌靶区外扩范围提供参考。方法 对10例食管胸中段癌患者行三维适形放疗定位时,分别于自由呼吸(FB)、自由吸气末屏气(IBH)及自由呼气末屏气(EBH)3个时相行相同范围的CT定位扫描。3套图像传输到计划系统并按照相同标准进行靶区的勾画。测量3种不同呼吸状态之间的大体肿瘤靶区(GTV)中心点移位、GTV每层中心点移位、感兴趣层面的GTV边缘形变移位,得到包含全部数值的综合值。并根据GTV移位的95%置信区间推断合适的内边界(IM)值。结果 1测量GTV中心点为左右方向(0.19±0.16)cm,头脚方向(0.54±0.19)cm,前后方向(0.16±0.14)cm;每层中心点分别为(0.19±0.15)cm、(0.54±0.16)cm和(0.16±0.13)cm;边缘分别为(0.26±0.19)cm、(0.54±0.18)cm和(0.24±0.19)cm;各方向含全部数值的综合值分别为(0.23±0.17)cm、(0.54±0.17)cm和(0.21±0.17)cm。其95%置信区间,左右、头脚和前后方向分别为0.21~0.25 cm、 0.53~0.56 cm和0.19~0.22 cm。2以EBH为基准,在IBH时左右方向,未发生移位的占8.2%,向右移位的占73.3%,向左移位的占18.5%;在头脚方向均向脚侧移位［(0.54±0.17) cm］;在前后方向,未发生移位的占8.2%,向后移位的占16.6%,向前移位的占75.2%。3GTV移位与IBH-EBH之间双肺体积变化值呈正相关(r=0.683,P=0.032),与GTV体积及长度均无相关。结论 在食管胸中段癌的三维适形放疗中,呼吸运动可导致GTV移位,IBH较EBH时趋于向脚侧、向前、向右移位。     

食管胸中段癌三维适形放疗中呼吸运动导致靶区移位的研究

Objective To evaluate the respiration-induced target volume motion in 3D-CRT for mid-thoracic esophageal carcinoma in order to guide the radiation oncologist to choose the expansion margin for ITV.Methods Ten patients with mid-thoracic esophageal carcinoma were scanned by multi-spiral CT simulator respectively in free breathing(FB),breath.hold after normal inspiration and expiration(IBH and EBH)with the same scanning range.Then the CT images of three series were transfefred to the treatment planning system.The target volume was outlined following the same standard.The motion of the center point of GTV,the center point of each slice of GTV and the edge of the GTV in selected slice were measured respectively to obtain the comprehensive value of GTV motion。in order to find the appropriate IM value according to the 95％confidence interval of the GTV motion.Results ①The GTV motion between IBH and EBH was(0.19±0.16)cm in the left.right direction,(0.54±0.19)cm in the cranial and caudal irection.and(0.16±0.14)cm in anterior.posterior directions for the center of GTV,.For the center point of each slice of GTV.they ere(0.19±0.15)cm,(0.54±0.16)cm,(0.16±0.13)cm in three directions above.respectively.For the edge of the GTV in selected slice.they were(0.26±0.19)cm,(0.54±0.18)cm,(0.24±0.19)cm,respectively.The comprehensive value of GTV motion between IBH and EBH was(0.23±0.17)cm,(0.54±0.17)cm,(0.21±0.17)cm.respectively.The 95％confidence interval was 0.21-0.25 cm.0.53-0.56 cm and 0.19-0.22 cm in three directions.②The direction of GTV motion：No motion was noticed in 8.2％.while 73.3％to the right side and 18.5％to the left side in the left-right direction when IBH were compared with EBH.100％were moved to caudal in the the cranial and caudal direction[(0.54±0.17)cm].In the anterior-posterior direction,no motion was noticed in 8.2％,while 16.6％to the posterior and 75.2％to the anterior when IBH were compared with EBH.③The GTV motion was correlated with the vafiance of 1ung volumes in IBH-EBH(r=0.683,P=0.032)and not with GTV volume and length.Conclusions Respiration can induce target volume motion in 3 DCRT for mid-thoracic esophageal carcinoma.Compared to EBH.the GTV tends to move to the caudal,the anterior and the ight side in IBH.     

食管胸中段癌三维适形放疗中呼吸运动导致靶区移位的研究

Objective To evaluate the respiration-induced target volume motion in 3D-CRT for mid-thoracic esophageal carcinoma in order to guide the radiation oncologist to choose the expansion margin for ITV.Methods Ten patients with mid-thoracic esophageal carcinoma were scanned by multi-spiral CT simulator respectively in free breathing(FB),breath.hold after normal inspiration and expiration(IBH and EBH)with the same scanning range.Then the CT images of three series were transfefred to the treatment planning system.The target volume was outlined following the same standard.The motion of the center point of GTV,the center point of each slice of GTV and the edge of the GTV in selected slice were measured respectively to obtain the comprehensive value of GTV motion。in order to find the appropriate IM value according to the 95％confidence interval of the GTV motion.Results ①The GTV motion between IBH and EBH was(0.19±0.16)cm in the left.right direction,(0.54±0.19)cm in the cranial and caudal irection.and(0.16±0.14)cm in anterior.posterior directions for the center of GTV,.For the center point of each slice of GTV.they ere(0.19±0.15)cm,(0.54±0.16)cm,(0.16±0.13)cm in three directions above.respectively.For the edge of the GTV in selected slice.they were(0.26±0.19)cm,(0.54±0.18)cm,(0.24±0.19)cm,respectively.The comprehensive value of GTV motion between IBH and EBH was(0.23±0.17)cm,(0.54±0.17)cm,(0.21±0.17)cm.respectively.The 95％confidence interval was 0.21-0.25 cm.0.53-0.56 cm and 0.19-0.22 cm in three directions.②The direction of GTV motion：No motion was noticed in 8.2％.while 73.3％to the right side and 18.5％to the left side in the left-right direction when IBH were compared with EBH.100％were moved to caudal in the the cranial and caudal direction[(0.54±0.17)cm].In the anterior-posterior direction,no motion was noticed in 8.2％,while 16.6％to the posterior and 75.2％to the anterior when IBH were compared with EBH.③The GTV motion was correlated with the vafiance of 1ung volumes in IBH-EBH(r=0.683,P=0.032)and not with GTV volume and length.Conclusions Respiration can induce target volume motion in 3 DCRT for mid-thoracic esophageal carcinoma.Compared to EBH.the GTV tends to move to the caudal,the anterior and the ight side in IBH.     

食道癌调强放疗与三维适形放疗的剂量学对比

目的比较食道癌在调强放疗与三维适形放疗中靶区剂量及正常组织照射量。方法从我院食道癌患者中抽取10例并由同一肿瘤医师在定位图像上勾画靶区及正常组织,在所勾画的靶区上分别作调强计划与三维适形计划,并以PTV95%、GTV95%、CI、HI、脊髓最大剂量以及左右肺V20来作为剂量评估指标,并进行统计学分析。结果统计学分析结果表明,三维适形放疗与调强放疗的各项指标之间的差异均有统计学意义。结论调强放疗在食道癌的治疗中无论是从靶区剂量的调控还是正常组织剂量的约束上都明显优于三维适形放疗,是食道癌放射治疗中的一种有效治疗方案。     

直肠癌术前放疗中三维适形放疗与调强适形放疗的剂量学比较分析

目的 比较三维适形放疗(3D-CRT)与5野、7野调强适形放疗(IMRT)的剂量分布,以探讨IMRT对直肠癌术前放疗的价值。方法 对10例术前新辅助放化疗直肠癌患者,分别设计3D- CRT、5野IMRT、7野IMRT计划,应用剂量体积直方图(DVH),比较3种治疗计划的靶区适形度指数(CI)、不均匀性指数(HI)和正常器官受量。结果 适形度指数(CI)7野IMRT计划＞5野IMRT＞3D- CRT,不均匀性指数(HI)5野IMRT计划＞7野IMRT＞3D- CRT。5野、7野IMRT计划比3D- CRT均可以减少高剂量照射小肠、膀胱、股骨头体积,7野IMRT计划比5野可以减少高剂量照射的骨髓和膀胱的体积。结论 直肠癌术前放疗中IMRT计划在靶区剂量适形度方面均优于3D- CRT计划,对正常组织的保护也存在明显的优势。7野IMRT计划较5野IMRT计划技术有更好的剂量适形度与剂量均匀性。     

直肠癌术前放疗中三维适形放疗与调强适形放疗的剂量学比较分析

Objective To compare the dose distribution of the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3D-CRT)and 5-field or 7-field intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT), and to explore the value of IMRT in preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer.Methods Ten rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative combination radiotherapy and chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. 3D-CRT plan and the 5.field or 7-field IMRT plans were performed for each patient.The conformal index (CI),heterogeneity index(HI)of the planning target volume(PTV)and the dose of normal organs of 3D-CRT plan(3D-CRTp)and the 5-field or 7-field IMRT plans(IMRT5fp or IMRT7fp)were analyzed with the dose-volume histogram.Results The CI values of PTV were 0.91,0.87 and 0.78 in IMRT7fpIMRT5fp and 3D- CRT but with IMRT7fp>IMRT5fp>3D-CRTp(t=-5.69、-8.91,P<0.01),respectively.The HI values of PrV were 1.09,1.08 and 1.05 in IMRT5fp,IMRT7fp and 3D- CRTp but with IMRT5fp >IMRT7fp>3D- CRTp(t=3.41、-6.89,P<0.01),respectively.The ratio of dose volume were 0.08,0.10 and 0.19(t=2.79、3.52,P<0.05)in IMRT7fp,IMRT5fp and 3D- CRTp on the small intestine V50,with 0.07,0.10 and 0.19(t=2.58、3.40,P<0.05)in IMRT7fp,IMRT5fp and 3D-CRTp on the bladder V50 and 0.01,0.01 and 0.05(t=3.00、3.17,P<0.01)in IMRT7fp,IMRT5fp and 3D- CRTp on the fomoral head V45.The ratio of dose volume were 0.31 and 0.38(t=3.91,P<0.01)in IMRT7fp and IMRT5fp on the bone marrow V50,with 0.07 and 0.10 in IMRT7fp and IMRT5fp on bladder V45.Conclusions IMRT plan is superior to 3 D- CRT plan in dose conformal degrees of PTV with preoperative radiotherapy of rectal cancer and can significantly protect the normal tissues.The 7-field IMRT plan might be the optimal plan for dose conformal degree and dose uniformity compared with 5-field IMRT.     

直肠癌术前放疗中三维适形放疗与调强适形放疗的剂量学比较分析

Objective To compare the dose distribution of the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3D-CRT)and 5-field or 7-field intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT), and to explore the value of IMRT in preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer.Methods Ten rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative combination radiotherapy and chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. 3D-CRT plan and the 5.field or 7-field IMRT plans were performed for each patient.The conformal index (CI),heterogeneity index(HI)of the planning target volume(PTV)and the dose of normal organs of 3D-CRT plan(3D-CRTp)and the 5-field or 7-field IMRT plans(IMRT5fp or IMRT7fp)were analyzed with the dose-volume histogram.Results The CI values of PTV were 0.91,0.87 and 0.78 in IMRT7fpIMRT5fp and 3D- CRT but with IMRT7fp>IMRT5fp>3D-CRTp(t=-5.69、-8.91,P<0.01),respectively.The HI values of PrV were 1.09,1.08 and 1.05 in IMRT5fp,IMRT7fp and 3D- CRTp but with IMRT5fp >IMRT7fp>3D- CRTp(t=3.41、-6.89,P<0.01),respectively.The ratio of dose volume were 0.08,0.10 and 0.19(t=2.79、3.52,P<0.05)in IMRT7fp,IMRT5fp and 3D- CRTp on the small intestine V50,with 0.07,0.10 and 0.19(t=2.58、3.40,P<0.05)in IMRT7fp,IMRT5fp and 3D-CRTp on the bladder V50 and 0.01,0.01 and 0.05(t=3.00、3.17,P<0.01)in IMRT7fp,IMRT5fp and 3D- CRTp on the fomoral head V45.The ratio of dose volume were 0.31 and 0.38(t=3.91,P<0.01)in IMRT7fp and IMRT5fp on the bone marrow V50,with 0.07 and 0.10 in IMRT7fp and IMRT5fp on bladder V45.Conclusions IMRT plan is superior to 3 D- CRT plan in dose conformal degrees of PTV with preoperative radiotherapy of rectal cancer and can significantly protect the normal tissues.The 7-field IMRT plan might be the optimal plan for dose conformal degree and dose uniformity compared with 5-field IMRT.     

伴门静脉癌栓肝癌的不同靶区适形放疗临床分析

目的比较原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓不同肿瘤靶区三维适形放射治疗联合介入的临床疗效。方法30例原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓患者，采用三维适形放射治疗联合肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）进行治疗，根据肿瘤靶区分为2组：肿瘤靶区包括肝内原发肿瘤＋静脉癌栓者为A组（15例），肿瘤靶区只包括静脉癌栓而不包括肝原发灶者为B组（15例）。2组病例均于TACE 1～2次后开始放疗。结果A、B两组治疗有效率分别为33．3％和53．3％，1、2年生存率分别为26．7％、6．7％和40．0％、13．3％，两组差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。A组放射反应发生率明显高于B组（P〈0．05）。结论对于晚期肝癌伴门静脉癌栓，特别是肝内多发或大病灶、肝功能差的患者，在联合TACE有效治疗下，对静脉癌栓的局部放射治疗仍能取得较好疗效。     

三维适形放疗中组织密度校正的意义

组织密度校正在常规放疗中的应用，尤其是肺组织密度校正在中下段食管癌放疗中的价值已得到充分肯定。为探讨组织密度校正在三维适形放疗中的意义，特进行本研究。     

胸中段食管癌适形调强放疗和三维适形放疗方案的应用探讨

目的比较胸中段食管癌适形调强放疗(IMRT)和三维适形放疗(3D-CRT)两种不同技术中计划靶区(PTV)及正常组织的受量。方法对52例ⅡB-Ⅳ期胸中段食管癌患者用同一放疗计划系统分别设计IMRT和3D-CRT根治性放疗计划,应用剂量体积直方图(DVH)比较两种方法中计划靶区和正常组织受量并且计算计划靶区适形指数(CI)和剂量不均匀指数(HI)。结果 IMRT方法的PTV适形度优于3D-CRT;脊髓剂量的最大值低于3D-CRT,但无统计学差异;心脏接受V25和V40的体积百分比低于3D-CRT;IMRT显著降低了肺部V10和V20的有效体积,但其肺部的V5大于3D-CRT。结论在可接受的放射性损伤的基础上,IMRT技术较3D-CRT能够提高行根治性放疗的ⅡB-Ⅳ期胸中段食管癌患者靶区剂量,靶区适形度高,但可使肺组织受到更大容积的低剂量照射。     

68例食管癌三维适形放射治疗疗效观察

目的 探讨三维适形放射治疗(3D-CRT)食管癌的疗效.方法 采用3D-CRT治疗食管癌68例,常规分割2Gy/次,5次/周,总剂60～70Gy,6～7周.结果 1、3年局部控制率分别为80.9%和47.1%,1、3年生存率分别为76.4%和44.1%.毒副反应轻.结论 三维适形放射治疗食管癌能提高局部控制率和生存率,近期反应和远期反应均可耐受.     

三维适形放疗食管癌所致放射性肺炎相关因素分析

目的分析三维适形放疗食管癌患者的临床物理参数，为进一步优化食管癌适形放疗计划，减少放射性肺炎的发生提供参考标准。方法回顾性总结55例食管癌患者的三维适形治疗计划及临床资料，并对相关因素进行单因素、多因素的统计分析。结果55例中发生放射性肺炎12例，其中2级9例，3级3例。与放射性肺炎相关的因素有二程放疗、总剂量、后半程射野数、总射野数、肺V10、肺V15、肺V20、肺V25、肺D平均、食管GTVV50。Logistic多元回归分析显示二程放疗、后半程射野数、肺V25为放射性肺炎发生的独立影响因素。结论食管癌二程放疗、后半程射野数、肺V25系影响放射性肺炎发生的主要因素。     

三维适形、逆向调强和旋转调强放疗技术治疗胸段食管癌的剂量学比较

目的 比较胸段食管癌3种放疗技术( 3D-CRT、IMRT、RapidArc)的剂量学特点,并分析3种技术的优劣及应用特点.方法 15例胸段食管癌患者入组,依据CT图像,勾画靶区,针对患者的同一套CT图像的相同靶区分别制定3D-CRT、5野IMRT(IMRT5)、7野IMRT( IMRT7)、9野IMRT(IMRT9)、单弧Arc( Arc1)、双弧Arc( Arc2)共6套计划.PTV处方剂量为40 Gy分20次4周+19.6 Gy分14次7d.结果 3D-CRT计划各项靶区剂量学参数明显差于IMRT计划及RapidArc计划(t=5.77、3.52,P＜0.05),6套计划的PTV V95(％)分别为:3D-CRT (91.55 ±2.90),IMRT5(96.66±1.05),IMRT7 (96.87±1.23),IMRT (96.81±1.16),Arcl (94.98±1.41),Arc2 (95.93±1.32).RapidArc计划的靶区适形度(CI)最好(t=3.76,10.01,P＜0.05),IMRT计划的靶区均匀性(HI)最好(t =3.93、3.37,P＜0.05).危及器官参数RapidArc与IMRT各计划之间差异无统计学意义.3D-CRT和RapidArc计划的机器跳数明显少于IMRT计划,差异高达75％.结论 对于胸段食管癌患者,采用IMRT或RapidArc技术可以在保护正常组织的同时,涵盖临床必需的治疗靶区.3D-CRT计划对降低正常组织低剂量散射区方面优势明显.RapidArc计划靶区剂量学参数与IMRT计划比较未见明显优势.     

36例老年非小细胞肺癌患者三维适形放疗的疗效观察

目的 观察三维放射治疗(3D-CRT)治疗老年非小细胞肺癌患者的疗效和副反应.方法 2001年8月～2006年10月,应用3D-CRT技术治疗70岁以上非小细胞肺癌患者36例.以Leibinger三维放疗计划系统制订放疗计划,处方剂量为40～80Gy(中位剂量60Gy).其中采用低分割照射者24例,单次分割剂量5～8Gy,隔日照射,共8～12次照射;常规分割者12例,共30～40次照射.观察所有患者的肿瘤反应率,1、2年的生存率及治疗毒副作用.结果 33例患者治疗后临床症状获得改善,3例无变化.肿瘤获得完全缓解8例,部分缓解22例,肿瘤总反应率83.33%(30/36).全组生存时间为2～53个月,中位生存时间8个月,1年生存率66.67%,2年生存率36.11%.无严重并发症.结论 对于老年非小细胞肺癌患者,3D-CRT技术是一种安全有效的治疗手段,能够改善生存质量,提高生存率.     

食管癌放射治疗中对正常组织的防护

放射治疗在食管癌的治疗中占有相当重要的地位。随着科学技术的发展与进步,人们在关心肿瘤杀伤情况的同时,越来越关注机体健康组织的辐射损伤程度。现从辐射防护的角度出发,简述在食管癌的放射治疗中运用重离子束、三维适形放射治疗和影像学指导的放射治疗等技术对食管周围正常组织的防护所做出的贡献。     

三维适形、逆向调强及旋转调强放疗技术对部分乳腺外照射的剂量学比较

目的 比较三维适形(3 D-CRT)、逆向调强(IMRT)及旋转调强(V-MAT)3种部分乳腺外照射(EB-PBI)治疗计划的剂量学差异.方法 选择定位影像资料完整的12例保乳术后行EB-PBI患者,每例患者分别设计3D-CRT、IMRT、V-MAT 3种治疗计划,比较3种计划的靶区剂量分布、危及器官受照剂量及所需机器跳数(MU)和治疗时间.结果 3D-CRT计划的靶区适形度最差,V-MAT计划的处方剂量靶区覆盖率及靶区剂量均匀性最差.3D-CRT计划中患侧肺V5、V10和平均剂量低,而患侧肺V30高;计划间患侧肺V20差异无统计学意义;V-MAT计划中15、20和25 Gy剂量包绕的同侧正常乳腺体积少;对于心脏V5、平均剂量及最大剂量、对侧肺平均剂量、甲状腺平均和最大剂量,IMRT＞ V-MAT＞ 3D-CRT,计划间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(z=-2.94 ～ -2.09,P＜0.05).3D-CRT、IMRT和V-MAT计划所需MU值分别为417.6 ±34.4、772.8±54.4和631.0±109.0,计划间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(z=-2.93、-2.76、-2.93,P＜0.05);V-MAT计划施照时间短.结论 对于部分乳腺癌的放射治疗,旋转调强计划在降低患侧靶区外正常乳腺组织受照射剂量和减少治疗时间方面优势比较明显.