胫骨干骨折髓内钉治疗术后膝关节痛的临床观察

目的通过对胫骨干骨折髓内钉内固定治疗后膝关节痛的临床观察,探讨膝关节痛的发生和病因。方法回顾研究1996年5月～2006年4月应用交锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨干骨折685例,所有病例在骨折愈合后均有1次以上的随访,平均随访时间为24.2个月。结果共有165例术后发生膝关节痛,经髌韧带入路组膝关节痛发生率为34.5%,髌韧带内侧入路组为14.6%,两组有显著性差异。结论髌韧带旁入路能减少胫骨干骨折髓内钉治疗术后膝关节痛的发生,建议使用髌韧带周围入路,髓内钉固定后膝关节痛的原因尚需进一步研究。     

带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨干骨折术后膝关节疼痛

目的通过对胫骨干骨折带锁髓内钉内固定术后膝关节疼痛的临床分析,探讨带锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨干骨折术后引起膝关节疼痛的发生原因。方法我院自2001年5月至2006年3月应用带锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨干骨折202例病人。结果对所有病人在骨折愈合后均进行2次以上随访,平均随访时间为24个月,共有58例胫骨干骨折术后发生膝关节疼痛,经髌韧带入路手术例数为105例,发生膝关节疼痛的例数为31例,疼痛发生率为29.5%。经髌韧带旁入路手术例数为97例,发生膝关节疼痛的例数为27例,疼痛发生率27.8%。结果经髌韧带旁入路进行胫骨带锁髓内钉内固定胫骨干骨折不能减少术后膝关节疼痛的发生率。     

胫骨干骨折髓内钉治疗后膝关节痛的临床研究

目的 通过对胫骨干骨折髓内钉内固定治疗后膝关节痛的临床观察，探讨膝关节痛的发生和病因。方法 回顾性研究我院1997年1月～2002年12月应用髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨干骨折的1332例病例。所有病例在骨折愈合后均有一次以上随访，平均随访时间为27个月。结果 共有409例胫骨干骨折术后发生患侧膝关节痛；经髌韧带入路组膝关节痛发生率为31.9％，髌韧带旁入路组为28.9％。结论 髌韧带旁入路不能减少胫骨干骨折髓内钉治疗术后膝关节痛的发生。     

半伸膝位髌旁外侧入路专家型髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨干骨折疗效观察

目的观察半伸膝位髌旁外侧入路专家型髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨干骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2017-01—2019-12采用髌旁外侧入路专家型髓内钉内固定治疗的15例胫骨干骨折,取抬脚垫垫于患肢小腿下方,维持膝关节屈曲15°～30°(膝关节处于半伸膝位),以髌骨外侧缘中点下1 cm沿髌韧带外侧缘至胫骨结节外侧作长约5 cm切口,切开髌腱外侧支持带,骨折复位后置入合适直径和长度的专家型髓内钉固定。结果 15例均获随访,随访时间平均18(8～24)个月。骨折愈合时间平均6(3～12)个月。术后1个月所有患者膝关节屈曲可达到120°,膝关节功能与活动度恢复良好。末次随访时根据Johner-Wruhs评分标准评定疗效:优12例,良2例,可1例。术后切口愈合良好,随访期间未出现膝前疼痛、感染、骨折不愈合、内固定失效等并发症。结论半伸膝位髌旁外侧入路专家型髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨干骨折手术操作简单,不进入膝关节腔,不损伤髌韧带和髌前隐神经,胫骨骨折复位固定可靠,保留了膝关节正常功能,可促进患者更快、更好康复,有效降低了术后膝前疼痛、骨折不愈合、骨折畸形愈合等并发症发生率。     

两种入路髓内钉固定治疗胫骨骨折的疗效比较

目的 比较髌下入路与半伸膝位外侧髌旁入路髓内钉固定治疗胫骨骨折的临床疗效.方法 将60例胫骨骨折患者根据手术入路方式的不同分为髌下入路组(30例,行髌下入路髓内钉固定)和髌旁入路组(30例,行半伸膝位外侧髌旁入路髓内钉固定).记录两组手术情况,比较两组手术疗效.结果 患者均获得随访,时间14～20个月.手术时间、术中出...     

应用经髌上入路交锁髓内钉技术治疗胫骨骨折

目的:探讨应用经髌上入路交锁髓内钉技术治疗胫骨骨折的短期疗效.方法:2016年1月至2018年6月采用交锁髓内钉手术治疗80例胫骨骨折患者,根据手术入路不同分为观察组(经髌上入路)和对照组(经髌韧带入路).其中观察组40例,男28例,女12例,年龄28～67(46.70±10.34)岁;对照组40例,男30例,女10例...     

胫骨髓内钉术后膝关节痛的临床观察

目的通过胫骨髓内钉术后膝关节痛的临床观察,探讨膝关节痛的病因.方法回顾在我院应用闭合复位交锁髓内钉治疗新鲜胫骨干骨折129个(126例病人).结果膝关节痛的共有17例,其中4例是由于钉尾突出胫骨近段,引起局部疼痛.另13例疼痛原因不详;所有病人膝关节活动均>110°,其中7例<110°时有痛(包括4例钉突出的),10例在极度屈膝活动时自觉有膝关节痛;除4例钉尾突出外,13例中在非扩髓组6/55例,扩髓组7/70例,统计学分析无差异;膝关节痛与髓内钉的品牌无统计学差异;经髌韧带入路关节痛发生率(11/44)明显高于髌韧带内侧入路(2/72),统计学上有显著差异.结论建议使用髌韧带周围入路;胫骨交锁髓内钉后出现的膝关节痛虽然比较少,其原因还需进一步观察与研究.     

髌上与髌下旁入路髓内钉固定胫骨干骨折的比较

[目的]比较髌上旁入路和髌下旁入路髓内钉固定胫骨干骨折的临床结果.[方法] 2012年6月-2019年6月采用闭合复位髓内钉固定胫骨干骨折62例.其中30例取髌上旁入路(髌上组),32例取髌下旁入路(髌下组).比较两组围手术期、随访和影像学资料.[结果]髌上组的手术时间、术中透视次数和切口长度均显著优于髌下组(P＜0....     

不同手术入路对胫骨干骨折髓内钉固定术的疗效影响

目的:比较髌上入路、髌下正中和髌下旁入路髓内钉治疗胫骨干骨折的临床疗效.方法:自2012年6月至2018年6月,采用髓内钉治疗胫骨干骨折36例,按照手术入路不同分为髌上入路组、髌下正中入路组和髌下旁入路组.髌上入路组12例,男7例,女5例;年龄25～53(37.8±11.4)岁;AO分型A型4例,B型4例,C型4例.髌...     

髌上入路锁定型胫骨Meta髓内钉内固定治疗复杂胫骨骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨髌上入路锁定型胫骨Meta髓内钉内固定治疗复杂胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法笔者自2012-06—2015-12采用髌上入路锁定型胫骨Meta髓内钉内固定治疗38例复杂胫骨骨折。采用美国特种外科医院(HSS)膝关节功能评分系统及Olerud-Molander踝关节评分系统评定术后膝和踝关节功能。结果所有患者手术时间平均78(65~120)min,术中出血量平均90(60~160)ml,术中透视时间平均39.5(30~60)s,住院时间平均11(8~18)d。38例术后均获平均15.5(8~24)个月随访,术后平均8周见骨痂出现,骨折全部愈合,无感染、骨髓炎及膝关节疼痛等并发症发生。末次随访时疗效按膝关节功能HSS评分为平均92(78~98)分,其中优32例,良6例;末次随访疗效按Olerud-Molander踝关节评分为平均93.5(85~100)分,其中优28例,良10例。结论髌上入路闭合复位锁定型胫骨Meta髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨骨折具有复位固定操作简单、术中透视方便和术后并发症少等优点,尤其适用于近远干骺端、多节段、小腿软组织条件差及合并同侧股骨骨折等特殊类型胫骨骨折的手术治疗。     

Incision placement for intramedullary tibial nailing: an anatomic study

OBJECTIVES: For intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures, a recent study has determined that the entry site should be just medial to the lateral tibial spine at the anterior margin of the articular surface. Gaining access to this site is often through a medial parapatellar or transpatellar approach. Several studies have indicated that a transpatellar approach may contribute to anterior knee pain. Our study sought to use anatomic measurement to determine the ideal incision site for insertion of an intramedullary tibial nail. DESIGN Part I: survey of Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) members. Part II: anatomic study. SETTING: A Level I trauma center in Sacramento, California. PARTICIPANTS: Part I: OTA members. Part II: a group of 56 healthy volunteers. INTERVENTION: Part I: questionnaire sent to OTA members. Part II: clinical examination and radiographic analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Part I: responses to questionnaire. Part II: anatomic measurements. RESULTS: Part I: based on a questionnaire, OTA members use at least one or more approaches to access their preferred tibial nail entry site. Fifty-seven percent use only one type of approach in all cases. Part II: the authors performed a clinical and radiographic study in 56 volunteers (112 knees) to determine the relationship of the lateral tibial spine to the patellar tendon. On the basis of this information, the tendon was divided into thirds to account for the three most common surgical approaches. The entry site was in the lateral zone in 29 knees, the middle zone in 75 knees, and the medial zone in 8 knees. If divided equally into purely a medial or lateral zone to avoid a transpatellar approach, the starting point fell into the medial zone in 42 knees and the lateral zone in 70 knees. CONCLUSIONS: Individual variations in patellar tendon anatomy should be considered when choosing the proper entry site for tibial nailing. Based on the assumption that the ideal entry point for tibial nailing is just medial to the tibial spine at the anterior margin of the articular surface, a preoperative fluoroscopic measurement before incision can guide the surgeon as to whether a medial parapatellar, transpatellar, or lateral parapatellar approach provides the most direct access to this entry site. The routine use of a single approach for all tibial nails may no longer be justified.     

Intraarticular anatomic risks of tibial nailing.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the risks to intraarticular structures of the knee during tibial portal creation and to identify the safe zone for tibial nail placement. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaveric anatomic. LOCATION: University trauma center. METHODS: Forty fresh frozen cadaveric knees were studied to elaborate the risks of tibial portal creation and nail placement to the intraarticular structures of the knee. Nails were placed through medial and lateral parapatellar approaches, and the distance from the nail portal to the intraarticular structures of the knee was measured. A safe zone for portal placement was determined. RESULTS: The tibial portal location averaged 4.4+/-3 millimeters lateral to the midline of the plateau. Actual intraarticular structural damage occurred in 20 percent of the specimens; however, an additional 30 percent demonstrated the nail to be subjacent to one of the menisci. A lateral paratendinous approach placed the lateral articular surface at most risk, and a medial paratendinous approach placed the medial meniscus at most risk. The safe zone for nail placement was identified and is located 9.1+/-5 millimeters lateral to the midline of the plateau and three millimeters lateral to the center of the tibial tubercle. The width of the safe zone averaged 22.9 millimeters and was as narrow as 12.6 millimeters. CONCLUSION: Damage to the intraarticular structures of the knee is possible during tibial nailing with a superior portal. The safe zone for nail placement is small and can be exceeded if a reamed nail is used. The safest starting point for tibial nailing should be slightly lateral to the center of the tibial tubercle.     

Anterior knee pain following intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures: does bony portal point in the sagittal plane affect the outcome?

Forty-four consecutive diaphyseal extra-articular tibial fractures (43 patients) were treated with intramedullary interlocking nail. There were 35 men and eight women with a mean age of 38 years. Average follow-up was 25 months. Cases were divided into two groups: anterior-knee-pain group, 20 knees; and no-pain group, 24 knees. The lateral projection radiographs of their tibiae were scrutinised for precise bony portal point. The distance between articular surface and tibial tubercle was divided into three equal zones. In the superior zone, six had pain and six did not. In the central zone, eight had pain and 15 did not. In the inferior zone, six had pain and three did not. There was no significant difference between anterior knee pain and the three zones of the bony entry, age, gender, mechanism of injury, dynamisation, nail protrusion, approach and union time. We conclude that bony entry point in the sagittal plane is not a significant prognostic indicator for anterior knee pain following intramedullary tibial nailing.     

Comparison between suprapatellar and parapatellar approaches for intramedullary nailing of the tibia. Cadaveric study

Intramedullary nailing is one viable option for treating fractures of the tibia with a short, proximal segment. For a procedure being carried out with the knee in a semi-extended position, either a suprapatellar or parapatellar approach may be used. The objective of this study is to demonstrate whether the entry point for tibia nails is obtainable through suprapatellar or parapatellar approaches and to evaluate the most frequent injuries of the knee with these two approaches.Materials and methodsPaired legs from 10 fresh frozen cadavers were used. An arthroscopy was performed in each knee, documenting the status of the knee prior to the insertion of the tibia nail. In a random manner, the left or right leg underwent nailing with a suprapatellar or parapatellar approach in a semi-extended position. Fluoroscopy was utilized in each case to localize the entry point, and a tibia nail was inserted in all cases. A knee arthrotomy was then performed and the status of the following structures was assessed: patella and trochlea cartilage, tibia plateau cartilage, inter-meniscal ligament, lateral and medial meniscus, and the ACL.ResultsThe correct fluoroscopy entry point was achieved in all of the specimens (20). Three legs (3/10) with parapatellar approach had intra-articular disruption. In legs with a suprapatellar approach, patellar cartilage and trochlea cartilage damage was found in two of the specimens, respectively. There was one specimen with cartilage damage in the parapatellar approach. There were no meniscal injuries. Partial laceration of the intermeniscal ligament was found in three of the knees for each approach. One ACL injury was found in the suprapatellar group. Mean distance from the entry point to major structures is not significantly different with either approach. (p = 0.45).ConclusionsA good fluoroscopic entry point can be achieved using either the parapatellar or suprapatellar approach. The parapatellar approach for tibia nailing has similar rate of soft tissue damage compared to the suprapatellar approach. The suprapatellar approach damaged the cartilage in one-third of the cases and if cartilage injury occurs with the parapatellar approach, this is located in a low risk area.     

Proximal entry for intramedullary nailing of the tibia. The risk of unrecognised articular damage

The risk of articular penetration during tibial nailing is well known, but the incidence of unrecognised damage to joint cartilage has not been described. We have identified this complication in the treatment of tibial fractures, described the anatomical structures at risk and examined the most appropriate site of entry for tibial nailing in relation to the shape of the bone, the design of the nail and the surgical approach. We studied the relationship between the intra-articular structures of the knee and the entry point used for nailing in 54 tibiae from cadavers. The results showed that the safe zone in some bones is smaller than the size of standard reamers and the proximal part of some nails. The structures at risk are the anterior horns of the medial and lateral menisci, the anterior part of the medial and lateral plateaux and the ligamentum transversum. This was confirmed by observations made after nailing 12 pairs of cadaver knees. A retrospective radiological analysis of 30 patients who had undergone tibial nailing identified eight at risk according to the entry point and the size of the nail. Unrecognised articular penetration and damage during surgery were confirmed in four. Although intramedullary nailing has been shown to be a successful method for treating fractures of the tibia, one of the most common problems after bony union is pain in the knee. Unrecognised intra-articular injury of the knee may be one cause of this.     

Three-dimensional knee motion before and after high tibial osteotomy for medial knee osteoarthritis

Background High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is an established surgical option for treating medial knee osteoarthritis. HTO moves the mechanical load on the knee joint from the medial compartment to the lateral compartment by changing the leg alignment, but the effects of the operation remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in three-dimensional knee motion before and after HTO, focusing on lateral thrust and screw home movement, and to investigate the relationship between the change in knee motion and the clinical results. Methods A series of 19 patients with medial knee osteoarthritis who had undergone HTO were evaluated. We performed a clinical assessment, radiological evaluation, and motion analysis at 2.4 years postoperatively. The clinical assessment was performed using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association knee score. Results The score was significantly improved in all patients after operation. Motion analysis revealed that lateral thrust, which was observed in 18 of the 20 knees before operation, was reduced to 7 knees after operation. Regarding active terminal extension of the knee, three patterns of rotational movement were observed before operation: screw home movement (external rotation), reverse screw home movement (internal rotation), and no rotation. By contrast, after operation, only reverse screw home movement and no rotation were observed; the screw home movement disappeared in all patients. In the knees with reverse screw home movement after operation, the preoperative score was significantly lower than those in the knees with no rotation after operation. Conclusions Kinetically, HTO was useful for suppressing lateral thrust in medial knee osteoarthritis, although the rotational movement of the knee joint was unchanged.     

A midvastus muscle-splitting approach for total knee arthroplasty

This study presents a modification of the medial parapatellar surgical approach for total knee arthroplasty. This approach separates the vastus mediatis muscle in the direction of its fibers beginning at the superior pole of the patella. One hundred eighteen consecutive total knee arthroplasty cases, performed by a single surgeon, were randomized prospectively to receive a medial parapatellar or midvastus muscle-splitting surgical approach. The frequency of lateral retinacular releases was recorded, patellar tilt and translation were measured, and quadriceps strength was tested. The midvastus muscle-splitting approach provided excellent exposure to all knees. Patellar stability and quadriceps strength were equivalent for the two approaches. It is concluded that the midvastus muscle-splitting approach is an efficacious alternative to the medial parapatellar approach for primary total knee arthroplasties.     

Patellofemoral Arthroplasty Surgical Technique: Lateral or Medial Parapatellar Approach

BackgroundPatellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA) is an emerging treatment for patients with isolated patellofemoral compartment osteoarthritis. The medial parapatellar approach is the standard arthrotomy but has been shown in total knee arthroplasty to damage the patellar blood supply and increase postoperative patellar instability. The lateral parapatellar approach is an alternative that may reduce the risk of these outcomes. The purpose of this study is to compare the radiographic measures of patellar tracking and patient-reported outcomes of the medial and lateral parapatellar approaches in PFA.MethodsBetween 2012 and 2019, a retrospective review was performed of 136 knees undergoing PFA at a single institution. Patients were separated by preoperative congruence angle and then surgical approach into 3 cohorts. Preoperative and postoperative patellar tilt and congruence angle were measured. Preoperative and minimum 6-month postoperative patient-reported outcomes scores were collected.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the mean postoperative congruence angle and postoperative patient-reported outcomes among the 3 cohorts. Mean postoperative patellar tilt was normalized only in the abnormal congruence angle/lateral approach group to 2.80° (standard error, 1.85).ConclusionCongruence angle was improved regardless of surgical approach. Patellar tilt was normalized only for the lateral approach in patients with abnormal preoperative congruence angle. There were no significant differences in preoperative and postoperative scores between groups except for preoperative 12-item Short Form Mental Health Survey scores. This study supports that the lateral approach offers improved postoperative patellar tilt compared to a medial approach for PFA while achieving similar patient-reported outcomes.     

Tibial portal placement: the radiographic correlate of the anatomic safe zone

OBJECTIVE: To identify the radiographic correlate of the anatomic safe zone for tibial portal placement. DESIGN: Cadaveric, anatomic, and radiographic study using twenty cadaveric knees. Kirschner wires were placed in the anatomic safe zone. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were taken to evaluate the portal placement. SETTING: Anatomy laboratory. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Radiographic measurements of Kirschner wires placed in the anatomic safe zone. RESULTS: The safe zone for tibial nail placement as seen on radiographs is just medial to the lateral tibial spine on the anteroposterior radiograph and immediately adjacent and anterior to the articular surface as visualized on the lateral radiograph. There is some variance on the anteroposterior radiograph but no variance on the lateral radiograph. CONCLUSIONS: The placement of tibial nails in the superior portion of the tibia in the documented position generates the least risk to the intraarticular structures of the knee.