乌鲁木齐地区257名维吾尔族妊娠期妇女营养状况调查

目的了解该地区维吾尔族妊娠期妇女膳食结构和营养摄入水平。方法以257名维吾尔族孕妇为调查对象,采用问卷调查法对其进行基本情况调查,采用24 h回顾法进行膳食营养状况调查。结果孕妇膳食三大产热营养素的热能供给比例适宜,维生素A摄入低于推荐量较为严重;钙、铁和锌的摄入量高于推荐摄入量;维生素D、维生素B12、叶酸的摄入量低于RNI30%,严重不足。结论叶酸、维生素A、维生素D、维生素B12为孕妇易缺乏的维生素;建议早期开展宣传工作,加强对孕妇的营养指导。     

郑州市某寄宿制幼儿园学龄前儿童营养状况调查

目的了解郑州市某寄宿制幼儿园儿童的膳食结构和营养状况,提出改进意见。方法采用5日连续称重记账法进行膳食调查,同时进行体格检查和营养生化指标的测定。结果郑州市某寄宿制幼儿园学龄前儿童热能和三大营养素的摄入量达到了相应供给量标准,钙、锌、视黄醇当量、硫胺素的摄入量分别是(RDA)52.7%、82.4%、51.4%、81.3%,铁的摄入量为供给量的135.8%,但来源于动物性食物的铁仅达到17%。营养过剩表现较突出,其发生率为17.4%;贫血的患病率为6.27%。结论调整膳食结构,增加副食摄入,增加钙、锌、视黄醇当量、硫胺素、铁的供给,减少动物性脂肪及胆固醇的摄入量,适当增加碳水化合物的摄入,增加来源于动物性食物的血色素铁的供给,增加幼儿的运动量,达到平衡膳食,合理营养。     

不同孕期妇女膳食营养状况调查及体成分测定分析

目的 探讨不同孕期妇女膳食营养状况及体成分测定分析，为孕期妇女饮食指导提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2020年8月至2021年10月定期来乌鲁木齐市妇幼保健院产检孕期妇女，收集近一周平均膳食摄入情况及体成分指标。结果 共收集1752名孕妇，孕早、中、晚期分别有200人、994人、558人。孕前体质量、当前体质量及体质量增加量在孕早、中、晚期均存在差异；孕早期对蔬菜、水果、鱼禽肉蛋、大豆/坚果类摄入缺乏；孕中期所有的膳食摄入均缺乏；孕晚期对蔬菜和鱼禽肉蛋的摄入较缺乏。孕早期各类营养素摄入不足；孕中期对Ca、Mg的摄入基本达标，孕晚期仅Ca摄入量充足。基础代谢率、总体水、细胞内水分、细胞外水分、体脂百分比、体脂、去脂体质量、肌肉量及蛋白质含量在孕早、中、晚期均有统计学差异；体成分指标与不同孕期体质量增加量存在相关性。结论 不同孕期妇女的膳食摄入及营养素摄入情况均不同，仍有相当数量的孕妇膳食营养素参考摄入量不达标；体成分与孕期体质量增加量存在相关性，可合理使用体成分分析结果进行个体化指导孕妇科学合理饮食，有效控制孕妇的孕期增重。     

孕期膳食结构的变化及对妊娠结局的影响

目的了解孕期膳食结构的变化,以及对妊娠结局的影响。方法由孕妇自己记录当天膳食的情况,并根据食物模型估算出食物的重量,然后输入计算机,计算出总能量、碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质所占的供能比,依据结果对孕妇进行膳食指导,定期随访直至分娩,共有62名不同孕期的妇女进行了膳食调查。结果62名孕妇孕期总能量摄入低于推荐量,碳水化合物的供能比较低,碳水化合物的供能比正常或以上者仅占43.55%,脂肪所占的能量比87%在正常或以上,给予膳食指导后,总能量有所增加,蛋白质的摄入量增加,但碳水化合物供能比下降,脂肪供能比增加,正常或以上者为95.45%。孕期平均增重17.7kg,新生儿平均出生体重为3372.58±333.84g,膳食调查组妊娠期糖尿病的发生率为9.67%。未进行膳食调查的对照组孕期平均增重18.6kg,新生儿平均出生体重为3481.63±329.25g,两组之间无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结沦孕期能量摄入低于孕妇推荐标准,碳水化合物供能比下降,脂肪供能比增加,DDP评分平均低于90分,孕期膳食的合理性有待改善。     

唇腭裂家庭环境及膳食营养状况调查分析

为探讨唇腭裂发生的影响因素,我们采用成组病例对照的方法,对71个有唇腭裂患者的病例家庭及35个对照家庭环境及膳食营养状况进行调查。调查显示,唇腭裂病例组家庭环境较差,户均年收入924元,父母文化程度较低,父亲文盲的占25.4%,母亲文盲的占47.9%。家庭营养较缺乏,膳食中摄入含优质蛋白质食品大豆、肉、禽蛋、鱼及食用油脂、水果、坚果的比例均低于对照组家庭,蛋白质、维生素A、维生素B2、维生素C及钙、铁、锌等多种对人体健康极为重要的营养素摄入普遍不足,低于中国营养学会制定的供给量标准。我们人为营养不良是唇腭裂发生的重要影响因素,加强孕期营养对预防出生缺陷极为重要。     

西安地区8565例孕妇全血微量元素检测结果分析

目的调查西安地区孕妇全血微量元素水平,为其合理补充微量元素提供临床参考。方法采用原子吸收光谱法测定8565例孕妇全血中铜、锌、钙、镁、铁5种微量元素水平,分析不同孕期、不同年龄组孕妇体内各元素水平和缺乏状况。结果微量元素缺乏前3位依次是铁(27.80%)、钙(22.40%)和锌元素(8.84%)。锌元素含量在中孕期明显低于早、晚孕期,铁元素含量随妊娠期发展呈下降趋势;钙、铜元素缺乏率在早孕期明显高于中、晚孕期,铁元素缺乏率随妊娠发展逐渐升高,锌元素缺乏率在中孕期明显高于早、晚孕期。高龄孕妇组钙、铁和锌元素缺乏率明显高于适龄孕妇组。结论西安地区孕妇存在不同程度的微量元素缺乏,在妊娠期,应根据自身检测结果合理补充微量元素。     

孕妇、乳母锌铜营养与优生

作者等与中国预防医学科学院营养与食品卫生研究所合作,对全国8个地区的3782名孕妇,乳母进行了膳食调查,及锌、铜营养状况评价。调查结果表明,8地区的孕妇、乳母都普遍存在锌摄入量严重不足,其60～70％人锌的日摄入量仅为RDA的1/3～2/3(6.3～13mg)。(正常孕妇日摄入锌量为20mg)。从本文的调查结果可见,孕妇血清锌呈进行性下降,而羊水锌浓度,产期比孕中期增高3倍,说明了胎儿生长发育需要大量锌。本次调查血清铜/锌比值随孕期逐渐增高(孕妇组为1.12±0.61,产妇组为2.61±0.02)。新生儿出生体重与产妇血清及新生儿脐血中铜/锌比值皆高度负相关。     

天津某高校大学生膳食营养现况调查

目的 调查天津某高校大学生每日膳食营养素的摄入情况，并提出健康饮食建议。方法 选取2017年12月~2018年3月在天津某高校就读的143名大学生，采用3d 24h膳食回顾法分析大学生冬春两季营养状况和膳食摄入情况，比较冬春季不同性别每日营养素达标率、膳食来源摄入量及三大产能营养素摄入量供能比例。结果 冬季男生脂肪和碳水化合物摄入达标率高于女生，Fe的摄入达标率低于女生，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；春季女生Fe的摄入达标率高于男生，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,其中不同性别在冬春两季中能量、蛋白质、VA、VB1、VB2、VC、Ca、Mg摄入量均未达到标准供给量。冬季膳食来源实际摄入量达标膳食有畜禽肉类、大豆及坚果；春季膳食来源实际摄入量达标膳食仅有谷类薯类及杂豆，其中冬春两季鱼虾类摄入量达标率最低，分别为5.22%和13.91%。男生冬季蛋白质供能比稍低于推荐值，不同性别其他产能营养素供能比均在推荐范围内。结论 天津某高校大学生存在多种营养素摄入不足，膳食结构不合理的问题，仅供热比符合推荐标准。建议学校食堂改善膳食结构，提供符合膳食标准的多样化食谱，对大学生开展健康饮食的教育宣传。     

新沂市高中住校生膳食营养与健康状况调查

目的：为了解新沂市高中住校学生膳食营养与健康情况,让社会、家长、学校能认识存在的问题,进而采取有效措施。方法运用1个月计帐法膳食调查、身体质量指数和生化检测等研究方法,对新沂市区4所高中2846名住校学生膳食营养与健康状况进行调查,并针对调查结果进行分析讨论。结果①奶类、鱼虾类、水果供给量不足,谷类、蔬菜类、蛋类、畜禽肉类供应量均略高于参考量的上限值。油、盐供给量超高。②能量、蛋白质、铁、Vit B1、Vit C的摄入量均达到RNI标准;视黄醇当量、Vit B2的摄入量不足,钙摄入量严重不足。生热营养素供能比例比较适宜。③身体质量指数结果：偏瘦占0.6%;过重占13.3%;肥胖占7.1%;血红蛋白测定结果：贫血总患病率8.66%,其中女生占11.65%,男生占7.06%,男女生之间患贫血情况存在显著性差异。结论调查学生生长发育状况良好,但仍然存在营养素摄入不合理所致的营养缺乏性疾病以及超重、肥胖问题,应进一步加强学校食堂膳食营养的监督指导和青少年合理饮食的健康教育。     

青岛市孕妇营养状况分析

为了解我市孕妇营养状况，本文参照中国营养学会推荐的每日膳食中营养素供给量（简称ROA），对青岛市不同孕期孕妇232例（其中早孚6例，有妊娠反应者14例。中孕105例，其中妊娠反应者16例，晚孕01例）的膳食进行详细分析。结果表明：被调查孕妇摄入的某些营养素高于ROS值，有些则偏低，三餐结构亦不太合理，在有妊娠反应的孕妇表现得更为明显。因此，合理的孕妇营养指导对孕妇尤为重要。     

邯郸及周边地区孕妇妊娠各期五种微量元素分布特征

目的探讨本地区孕妇妊娠各期全血铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、铁（Fe）5种微量元素的含量水平及其变化规律,为妊娠期微量元素的摄入与补充提供依据。方法按孕周将557例孕妇分为早、中、晚孕3个组,138例健康未孕育龄妇女为对照组;采用火焰原子吸收光谱法分别测定孕妇组和对照组妇女全血5种微量元素浓度水平,对数据统计处理并进行对照研究。结果早、中、晚孕三组cu元素和Ca元素浓度水平显著高于对照组,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,Cu元素和Ca元素浓度水平在早、中、晚孕三组间比较差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;早孕组Zn、Mg、Fe三种元素浓度水平高于对照组,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;中孕组zn和Mg元素浓度水平低于对照组,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,中孕组Fe元素浓度水平与对照组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;晚孕组Zn、Mg、Fe三种元素浓度水平低于对照组。差别有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;Zn、Mg、Fe三种元素在早、中、晚孕三组间比较,浓度水平随孕周的增加而降低,差别有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论孕妇是微量元素缺乏的高危人群,要加强孕期及围产期微量元素的均衡摄入。通过其微量元素测定结果给予必要的补充,以保证母体和胎儿双方的需求。     

Dietary patterns in Brazilian patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE:

Recent evidence suggests that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with diet. Our aim was to investigate the dietary patterns of a Brazilian population with this condition and compare them with the recommended diet.

METHODS:

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 96 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients before any dietetic counseling. All patients underwent abdominal ultrasound, biochemical tests, dietary evaluations, and anthropometric evaluations. Their food intake was assessed by a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire and 24-hour food recall.

RESULTS:

The median patient age was 53 years, and 77% of the individuals were women. Most (67.7%) participants were obese, and a large waist circumference was observed in 80.2% subjects. Almost 70% of the participants had metabolic syndrome, and 62.3% presented evidence of either insulin resistance or overt diabetes. Most patients (51.5, 58.5, and 61.7%, respectively) exceeded the recommendations for energy intake, as well as total and saturated fat. All patients consumed less than the amount of recommended monounsaturated fatty acids, and 52.1 and 76.6% of them consumed less polyunsaturated fatty acids and fiber, respectively, than recommended. In most patients, the calcium, sodium, potassium, pyridoxine, and vitamin C intake did not meet the recommendations, and in 10.5-15.5% of individuals, the tolerable upper limit intake for sodium was exceeded. The patients presented a significantly high intake of meats, fats, sugars, legumes (beans), and vegetables and a low consumption of cereals, fruits, and dairy products compared with the recommendations.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease exhibited high energy and lipid consumption, most of them had inadequate intake of some micronutrients. The possible role of nutrient-deficient intake in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease warrants investigation.     

Food and macronutrient intake of economically disadvantaged pregnant women in Colombia

The objective of this article is to assess changes in diet composition, defined in terms of macronutrient intake and types of foods consumed, in pregnancy in poor urban women in Colombia. The subjects were 20 pregnant and 20 matched nonpregnant, nonlactating (NPNL) women 19 to 35 years of age. The pregnant women were studied in three measurement rounds at 14.0 ± 3.6, 27 ± 2.2, and 35 ± 1.7 weeks gestation, and the NPNL women in three measurement rounds approximately 3 months apart. Dietary intake was obtained from estimated food records and macronutrient composition from published sources. Types of foods consumed were aggregated into 16 groups: alcohol; breads; candy; coffee, chocolate; juices; fruit; legumes; meat, fish, offal; dairy; vegetable dishes; other; rice, pasta; tubers, plantains; salads; soft drinks; and soups. Macronutrient intakes showed nonsignificant increases in pregnancy. There were no significant differences between pregnant and NPNL women, except for carbohydrate intake in late pregnancy (P = 0.03). Carbohydrate, fat, and protein provided 74%, 17%, and 12% of dietary energy, respectively, in pregnant women at baseline, and did not change significantly. Except for a decrease in fruits, the types of foods consumed did not change significantly in pregnancy. There were no between-group differences in types of foods consumed except for the greater number of fruits consumed by pregnant women at baseline (P = 0.004). We conclude that in this population there were no changes in diet composition in pregnancy, except for an increase in fruit consumption in Round 1. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:753–762, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A prospective study of dairy foods intake and anovulatory infertility

BACKGROUND: Dairy foods and lactose may impair fertility by affecting ovulatory function. Yet, few studies have been conducted in humans and their results are inconsistent. We evaluated whether intake of dairy foods was associated with anovulatory infertility and whether this association differed according to fat content. METHODS: We prospectively followed 18,555 married, premenopausal women without a history of infertility who attempted a pregnancy or became pregnant during an 8-year period. Diet was assessed twice during the study using food-frequency questionnaires. RESULTS: During follow-up, 438 women reported infertility due to an ovulatory disorder. The multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RR) [95% confidence interval (CI); P, trend] of anovulatory infertility comparing women consuming > or = 2 servings per day to women consuming < or = 1 serving per week was 1.85 (1.24-2.77; 0.002) for low-fat dairy foods. The RR (95% CI; P, trend) comparing women consuming > or = 1 serving per day of high-fat dairy foods to those consuming < or = 1 serving per week was 0.73 (0.52-1.01; 0.01). There was an inverse association between dairy fat intake and anovulatory infertility (P, trend = 0.05). Intakes of lactose, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D were unrelated to anovulatory infertility. CONCLUSIONS: High intake of low-fat dairy foods may increase the risk of anovulatory infertility whereas intake of high-fat dairy foods may decrease this risk. Further, lactose (the main carbohydrate in milk and dairy products) may not affect fertility within the usual range of intake levels in humans.     

Dietary iron intake during early pregnancy and birth outcomes in a cohort of British women

BACKGROUND Iron deficiency during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes, particularly, if present during early gestation. Iron supplements are widely recommended during pregnancy, but evidence of their benefit in relation to infant outcomes is not established. This study was performed in the UK, where iron supplements are not routinely recommended during pregnancy, to investigate the association between iron intake in pregnancy and size at birth. METHODS From a prospective cohort of 1274 pregnant women aged 18-45 years, dietary intake was reported in a 24-h recall administered by a research midwife at 12-week gestation. Dietary supplement intake was ascertained using dietary recall and three questionnaires in the first, second and third trimesters. RESULTS Of the cohort of pregnant women, 80% reported dietary iron intake below the UK Reference Nutrient Intake of 14.8 mg/day. Those reported taking iron-containing supplements in the first, second and third trimesters were 24, 15 and 8%, respectively. Women with dietary iron intake >14.8 mg/day were more likely to be older, have a higher socioeconomic profile and take supplements during the first trimester. Vegetarians were less likely to have low dietary iron intake [odds ratio = 0.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4, 0.8] and more likely to take supplements during the first and second trimesters. Total iron intake, but not iron intake from food only, was associated with birthweight centile (adjusted change = 2.5 centiles/10 mg increase in iron, 95% CI: 0.4, 4.6). This association was stronger in the high vitamin C intake group, but effect modification was not significant. CONCLUSION There was a positive relationship between total iron intake, from food and supplements, in early pregnancy and birthweight. Iron intake, both from diet and supplements, during the first trimester of pregnancy was higher in vegetarians and women with a better socioeconomic profile.     

Are women in early pregnancy following the national pyramid recommendations?

Appropriate nutrition in pregnancy is fundamental for maternal and fetal health, and the long-term physiological wellbeing of the offspring. We aimed to determine whether a sample of pregnant women met the national guidelines for healthy eating during pregnancy, and to examine if compliance differs when analysed by Body Mass Index (BMI) category. Subjects completed a 24-hr dietary recall, and had their BMI calculated. The mean age was 27.8 years. The mean BMI was 25.1 kg/m2, with 32 (31.7%) subjects overweight and 14 (13.9%) obese based on BMI category. Although the majority of subjects thought that they had a healthy diet, less than half met the recommended guidelines for each individual food group with achievement of the dairy group being particularly low. Achievement of food group recommendations was not influenced by BMI category. Public health messages on healthy eating guidelines need to be clearly communicated to pregnant women.     

Pilot study of dietary influences on mammographic density in pre- and postmenopausal Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women

OBJECTIVE: The extent to which modifiable dietary factors may account for some of the variability demonstrated in mammographic density across ethnic groups is unknown. The purpose of this study was to provide pilot data describing the relationship between dietary variables and mammographic density in pre- and postmenopausal Hispanic and non-Hispanic white (NHW) women (N=238) ranging in age from 41 to 50 years (premenopausal only) or 56 to 70 years (postmenopausal only). DESIGN: Using a cross-sectional design, computer-assisted density assessments were performed on mammograms of both breasts and averaged for analysis. The Arizona Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to estimate dietary intake. RESULTS: Study participants were well educated and overweight, with mean mammographic densities ranging from 20.25% for postmenopausal Hispanic women to 46.94% for premenopausal NHW women. Hispanic women reported higher energy intake than NHW women, but energy-adjusted intake of other nutrients was generally comparable. There was preliminary evidence of ethnic variability in diet-mammographic density associations. Among premenopausal Hispanic women, density was inversely associated with dairy, calcium, and vitamin D intakes (P相似文献   

Lactose Intolerance and Health Disparities Among African Americans and Hispanic Americans: An Updated Consensus Statement

Dairy foods contribute nine essential nutrients to the diet including calcium. potassium and vitamin D; nutrients identified by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans as being "of public health concern" within the U.S. population. Milk and milk product intake is associated with better diet quality and has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases or conditions including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes and osteoporosis. Some research also indicates dairy food intake may be linked to reduced body fat. when accompanied by energy-restriction. On average, both African Americans and Hispanic Americans consume less than the recommended levels of dairy foods, and perceived or actual lactose intolerance can be a primary reason for limiting or avoiding dairy intake. True lactose intolerance prevalence is not known because healthcare providers do not routinely measure for it, and no standardized assessment method exists. Avoiding dairy may lead to shortfalls of essential nutrients and increased susceptibility to chronic disease. This updated Consensus Statement aims to provide the most current information about lactose intolerance and health, with specific relevance to the African American and Hispanic American communities. Topics covered include diagnostic considerations, actual and recommended dairy food intake and levels of consumption of key dairy nutrients among African Americans and Hispanic Americans; prevalence of self-reported lactose intolerance among various racial/ethnic groups; the association between dairy food intake, lactose intolerance and chronic disease; and research-based management recommendations for those with lactose intolerance.Publication IndicesPubmed.