烟碱诱发大鼠惊厥和体温下降形成耐受的时间与剂量依赖性

烟碱诱发大鼠惊厥和体温下降形成耐受的时间与剂量依赖性徐江平，刘传绩（北京军事医学科学院毒物药物研究所北京１００８５０）烟碱急性给药（２，３．５和５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ｓｃ或ｉｐ）诱发大鼠体温下降具有剂量依赖性。美加明（１和５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ｓｃ或ｉｐ）可部分拮抗...     

槟榔碱对大鼠脑肌醇含量的影响以及与烟碱的相互作用

急性实验中，经Ｍ受体激动剂槟榔碱５０，１００，２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ（ｉｐ）３０ｍｉｎ后，在１００和２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量下可显著地提高大鼠大脑皮层和海马中肌醇含量，但不影响纹状体中肌醇含量；Ｍ受体拮抗剂阿托品２ｍｇ／ｋｇ可对抗槟榔碱２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ（ｉｐ）提高大脑皮层和海马中肌醇含量的作用；反复注射Ｎ受体激动剂烟碱０．５，１，１，２，２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（ｉｐ）与槟榔碱５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ（ｉｐ）之间存在协同作用，进一步提高大脑皮层和海马中肌醇含量。慢性实验中，给槟榔碱２，５，１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ（ｓｃ）每日２次１４ｄ后，在１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量下可显著地提高大脑皮层中肌醇含量；阿托品２ｍｇ／ｋｇ对抗槟榔碱１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ的作用；烟碱２ｍｇ／ｋｇ与槟榔碱５ｍｇ／ｋｇ之间存在协同作用，进一步提高大脑皮层中肌醇含量，烟碱的这一作用可为美加明１ｍｇ／ｋｇ所对抗。提示槟榔碱激动中枢Ｍ受体提高大脑皮层和海马中肌醇含量，反复注射烟碱可提高Ｍ受体对其激动剂的敏感性     

棉酚类衍生物的抗肿瘤作用

用小鼠Ｌｅｗｉｓ肺癌、肝癌和肉瘤１８０移植瘤模型研究了牛磺酸棉酚和巴比妥棉酚的抑瘤活性，并用细胞集落形成法研究了牛磺酸棉对人胃癌ＢＧＣ８２３和人肝癌ＳＭＭＣ７７２１细胞系的细胞毒作用。结果表明，牛磺酸棉酚２０．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ（ｉｐ）对Ｌｅｗｉｓ肺癌抑瘤率为４２．５％－６９．２％，２５．０ｍｇ／ｇｋ（ｉｐ）对肝癌腹小型小鼠生命延长率为７４．３％－１２０．％，对肉瘤１８０抑瘤率为２９．５％－３４．７／５     

藏药唐古特青兰的抗缺氧及其它作用

藏药唐古特青兰（ＤｔＭ）水提液ｉｐ可极显著地降低小白鼠整体耗氧量，还可延长异丙肾上腺素所致小鼠心肌损害的存活时间，对心肌可能有一定的保护作用；另外ＤｔＭ可对抗由于ＫＣＮ和ＮａＮＯ＿２所致的小鼠组织中毒性缺氧，有效地延长小鼠存活时间；同时Ｄｔｍｉｇ还具有明显抗寒冷作用，但实验中ｉｐ和ｉｇ给药均未发现抗疲劳作用和耐高温作用，揭示ＤｔＭ不是一种好的致适应剂，但其显著的抗缺氧作用值得我们深入探讨。其ｉｐ和ｉｇ给药的ＬＤ＿（５０）分别为１８．８±０．６ｇ／ｋｇ和１４２．３±４．２ｇ／ｋｇ（Ｐ＝０．９５）     

黑米素的药理作用研究

对黑米素进行了强壮，耐缺氧及镇痛作用研究，结果表明：昆明种小鼠灌服给药０．５ｇ／ｋｇ，体重明显增加（α＜０．０１），提示有一定的强壮作用。腹腔注射４００ｍｇ／ｋｇ显著提高小鼠常压缺氧耐受性（α＜０．０１），并拮抗Ｉｓｏｐ所致的心肌缺氧。采用热板法及担体法则定［３，４］，对照及化学因素引起的疼痛有显著的抑制作用（α＜０．０１），且在提高痛阈的同时，不产生耐受性和成瘾性。     

碳酸利多卡因在硬膜外麻醉中的药动学-药效学与硬膜外输注给药方案设计

人中的药物动力学及药效学进行研究。采用荧光们振免疫分析方法测定血清利多卡因浓度;结果：根据药动学－药效学研究结果,提出维持有效麻醉血药浓度为２．５～５．０μｇ/ｍｌ;利用药动学参数清除率,计算出硬膜外持续输注给药速率为２０～４０μｇ／ｍｉｎ．ｋｇ。应用先给予初始剂量,后根据病人情况,选择合适的给药速率实施硬膜外持续给药。对５１例病人采用硬膜外持续输注给药后的１４５份血药浓度进行监测,同时对所有病人在手术全过程中的麻醉效果、血压及心牵进行连续监测。结果表明,初始给药剂量为（３．７５±０．６２）ｍｇ/ｋｇ（２．１～６．２）ｍｇ／ｋｇ（ｎ＝５１）;硬膜外持续输注速率为（３５．９９±５．３０）μｇ／ｍｉｎ．ｋｇ;平均血药浓度为（３．３２±ｌ．５２）μｇ／ｍｌ（ｎ＝１４５）。手术过程中麻醉效果满意,病人的血压及心率正常。结论：采用先给予初始剂量．后持续硬膜外输注给药的方案,即可获得满意的麻醉效果,又克服了在硬膜外麻醉中,由于重复给药所引起的血药浓度的较大波动,这种血药浓度的波动,可能引起浓度过低的麻醉效果不够,或浓度过高的药物中毒。     

G-CSF减轻大鼠下肢缺血再灌注致肺功能损伤的实验研究

目的：研究重组粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）对大鼠下肢缺血再灌注所致肺功能损伤的治疗作用。方法：雄性ＳＤ大鼠随机分３组,手术组及给药组麻醉后开腹解剖口主动脉．在肾动脉水平远端阻断１２０ｍｉｎ,开放、再灌注 １２０ ｍｉｎ;假手术组不阻断腹主动脉,余同手术组。３组均于术前经舌静脉注入伊文氏蓝（Ｅｖａｎ’ｓ ｂｌｕｅ ｄｇｅ） ３０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ;给药组术前经尾赢脉注入Ｇ－ＣＳＦ ２０μｇ／ｋｇ．余二组给予生理盐水１ｍｌ。术后取肺组织测定丙二醛（ｍａｌｏｎｒｌｄｉａｄｅｈｙｄｅ,ＭＤＡ）及伊文氏蓝含量。结果：给药组ＭＤＡ含量为（１．７１±０．３４）ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｇ,假手术组为（ｌ．７３±０．６５）ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｇ,均显著低于手术组〔（２．５４±０．３９）ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｇ］。 给药组伊文氏蓝含量为（１．５０±０．２９）μｇ／ｍｇ．假手术组为（０．１３±０．０７）μｇ／ｍｇ,均显著低于手术组［（（３．０７±１．１８）μｇ／ｍｇ］．结论：Ｇ－ＣＳＦ有减轻大鼠下肢缺血再灌注所致肺功能损伤的作用。     

头低位(-20°)限制活动7d对兔庆大霉素药代动力学的影响

目的 探讨模拟失重条件下以血流量改变为生理基础的药代动力学变化。方法 选择庆大霉素作为模型药物,采用头低位（ － ２０°） 兔限制活动为模拟失重动物模型,观察模拟失重对兔庆大霉素药代动力学参数的影响。７ 只家兔在头低位７ ｄ 前后,分别静脉滴注了３ ｍｇ／ｋｇ 的庆大霉素,用 Ｔ Ｄｘ Ｆ Ｌｘ 测定了给药后４ ｈ 内的血药浓度。结果 庆大霉素的分布变慢,这表现在α值由头低位前的（０ ．１８３８ ±０ ．１０７６）ｍｉｎ － １ 降至头低位后的（０ ．０５９１ ±０ ．０３３４） ｍｉｎ － １ ,ｔ１／２α由（５ ．３０ ±３ ．５５） ｍｉｎ 延长为（１５ ．０４ ±７ ．４９）ｍｉｎ , Ｋ１２ 由（０ ．１０２５ ±０ ．０７２１） ｍｉｎ － １ 降至（０ ．０１８１ ±０ ．０１６１） ｍｉｎ１ ,都有显著性差异; Ｖ（ Ｃ） 、 Ｖ（ Ｄ） 也有升高的趋势。庆大霉素清除率在模拟失重后也有所增加, Ｃ Ｌ（ Ｓ） 从（２ ．２ ±０ ．５）ｍｌ·ｍｉｎ１·ｋｇ１ 升至（２ ．７ ±０ ．３）ｍｌ·ｍｉｎ１·ｋｇ１ 。结论 模拟失重可改变药代动力学过程。     

地面硫Zhuo与格列脲相互作用对高血糖大鼠血糖水平的影响

目的：观察地面硫Ｚｈｕｏ与格列本脲相互作用对高血糖大鼠血糖水平的影响。方法：采用葡萄糖氧化测定血糖含量。结果：肾上腺素０．２ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１显升高大鼠血糖水平,格列本脲０．９ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１降低其诱发的大鼠高血糖水平,地面硫Ｚｈｕｏ１０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１,ｉｇ,１、２、３ｈ后对格列本脲的降血糖作用无明显影响（Ｐ〉０．０５）而地面硫Ｚｈｕｏ１００ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１则完全对抗邮格了格列本脲的降血糖作用,且使血糖浓度进一步上升（Ｐ〈０．０５）,给药后３ｈ血糖水平升高至３１１．８９±７．９５ｍｇ．ｄｌ＾－１（Ｐ〈０．０１）,与对照组（１３５．３５±１６．８７ｍｇ．ｄｌ＾－１）相比上升了１３０％,结论：地面硫Ｚｈｕｏ１００ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１可拮抗格列脲的降血糖作用。     

单次硬膜外阻滞并气管内插管在小儿腹部手术的应用

１９９６年６月～１９９７年２月我院行小儿腹部手术３２例,均采用单次硬膜外麻醉并气管内插管,取得了良好的效果。现报道如下。１　临床资料本组３２例：男２３例,女９例,年龄２～６岁,体重１０－５～１９－５公斤。病例包括先天性幽门梗阻１５例,先天性巨结肠８例,机械性肠梗阻５例,肠套叠４例。术前心、肺、肝脏及肾脏功能均正常。２　麻醉过程术前３０ｍｉｎ肌注鲁米那３ｍｇ／ｋｇ,阿托品０．０２ｍｇ／ｋｇ。入手术室后常规测血压、脉搏、呼吸,静注γ羟丁酸钠（１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）加安定（０－３ｍｇ／ｋｇ）加芬太尼（２…     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.