交叉心超声心动图回顾性分析

目的 对交叉心超声心动图特征进行总结,探讨超声心动图对此疾病的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析10例确诊交叉心患者二维、彩色多普勒超声心动图特征,对其诊断要点及诊断方法进行总结.结果 10患者中9例右心室及左心室呈上下排列,1例呈并列排列.房室及动脉连接关系9例为心房正位,8例房室连接关系一致,5例患者伴有完全性大动脉转位,5例伴有右室双出口,所有患者均伴有室间隔缺损.结论 超声心动图能够清晰显示房室瓣水平呈"十字交叉"体肺静脉血流轴以及异常位置的室间隔,对明确交叉心诊断及伴发畸形具有重要诊断价值.     

十字交叉心合并先天性心脏病的超声诊断体会

目的探讨十字交叉心合并先天性心脏病的超声诊断体会。方法回顾分析3例十字交叉心合并先天性心脏病患者的二维超声和彩色多普勒检查情况,并与手术结果对比分析。结果 3例十字交叉心患者,心房均为正位,心室左袢,房室序接一致。1例成人心室大动脉连接关系一致,为动脉导管未闭和卵圆孔未闭;1例胎儿和1例儿童为大血管转位伴室间隔缺损。结论超声心动图能准确诊断十字交叉心及合并的心血管畸形,有重要的临床应用价值。     

超声心动图诊断十字交叉心

目的 评估超声心动图对十字交叉心的诊断价值.方法 对我院收治的6例十字交叉心患儿的超声图像进行回顾性分析,总结超声图像特征,并将诊断结果与手术结果(4例)进行对比.结果 6例患儿均为心房正位,心室右袢,房室序接一致,心室大动脉连接关系包括右室双出口2例,完全型大动脉转位3例,连接一致1例.十字交叉心的超声心动图主要特征表现为:①不能同时完整显示四个心腔和二侧房室瓣;②探头角度从后向前连续性扫查显示一系列心尖或剑突下四腔心观,可于前后平面分别观察到左侧的左房连接右侧的左室,右侧的右房连接左侧的右室,两侧房室序接一致,但空间上呈交叉关系.③彩色多普勒显示房室瓣口跨瓣前向血流呈"十字交叉"且互不相混;④心室短轴观显示右室位于左前上方,左室位于右后下方,室间隔呈水平位;⑤容易合并三尖瓣和右室发育不良.与手术结果对照,超声准确诊断十字交叉心,合并畸形中漏诊双侧上腔静脉1例.结论 十字交叉心的重要特征是不能获取标准的四腔心观.心尖部或剑突下对各腔室及房室瓣进行从后向前的连续扫查时分别显示两侧心室流人道且心房心室交叉连接是本病的确诊依据.超声心动图能准确诊断这一疾病及合并心血管畸形.     

超声心动图对十字交叉心脏的诊断价值

目的探讨超声心动图对十字交叉心脏（crisscross heart，CH）的诊断价值，并讨论超声心动图的表现特征。方法自2004年4月至2005年7月应用超声心动图的二维图像，多普勒及彩色多普勒对3例CH解剖及血流动力学异常进行观察，将其声像图表现与心血管造影、手术结果对比分析，总结其诊断特点。结果3例CH的超声心动图特征是：心房均为正位，1例心房与心室连接关系一致，2例不一致；3例均为房室瓣呈前上（三尖瓣）、后下（二尖瓣）垂直排列，而非左右并列；右心室位于前、上，左心室位于后、下；室间隔呈水平，伴巨大室缺；1例二尖瓣骑跨在室间隔上，1例三尖瓣发育不良；3例均合并大动脉转位，2例合并右室双出口，2例合并肺动脉狭窄，1例合并肺动脉高压。超声诊断均与心血管造影、手术结果符合。结论超声心动图诊断CH具有较高的准确性，心室呈上下结构及心房与心室交叉连接是诊断十字交叉心脏的重要依据。     

十字交叉心的彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断

目的:分析十字交叉心(CH)的彩色多普勒超声心动图图像特征,评价多普勒超声心动图诊断CH的准确性.方法:回顾性分析40例CH患者的超声检测结果,并与其外科手术结果相对照.结果:40例患者中超声心动图诊断正确23例(占57.5.6%),漏诊23例(占42.5%).40例CH患者中,25例合并右室双出口,9例合并大动脉转位,3例合并肺动脉闭锁,其他3例.结论:多普勒超声心动图可以较准确地诊断CH,但需与上下心室相鉴别.     

超声诊断复杂心脏畸形心室襻及心室手型

目的 分析不同类型复杂先天性心脏病(先心病)心室襻的图像特征,探讨应用超声心动图判定心室襻或心室手型的方法学及价值。方法 回顾性分析45例复杂先心病患者的超声图像,包括右心室双出口7例,完全型大动脉转位5例,矫正型大动脉转位11例,解剖矫正型大动脉异位2例,单心室15例,十字交叉心4例和楼上楼下心室1例。全部病例均由外科手术或CT检查证实。结果 7例右心室双出口中,心室右襻4例,心室左襻3例。5例完全型大动脉转位均为心室右襻。11例矫正型大动脉转位患者中,心室右襻1例,心室左襻10例。2例解剖矫正型大动脉异位患者均为心室右襻。15例单心室患者中,心室右襻8例,心室左襻4例,心室不定襻3例。4例十字交叉心和1例楼上楼下心室中,右手型心室3例,左手型心室2例。结论 超声心动图对复杂先心病的心室襻或手型定位具有重要价值,超声判定心室手型可以帮助分析复杂的心室构型。     

两腔心及合并畸形的彩色多普勒超声心动图特征研究

目的 探寻两腔心(BH)及合并畸形的彩色多普勒超声心动图图像特征.方法 超声检查20例BH,寻找BH及合并畸形的声像图特征表现.所有患者均有心血管造影对照,14例经手术证实.结果 根据声像图特征表现对19例作出正确诊断,1例误诊为二尖瓣闭锁.BH及合并畸形的声像图特征明显:①二维超声心动图(2DE)心尖四腔观显示房间隔与室间隔回声全部失落,心内十字交叉消失,收缩期显示一组共同房室瓣关闭,呈"8字形"改变,称2DE"8"字征;舒张期一组共同房室瓣开向一个共同心室腔.②彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)舒张期均显示共同心房内血流信号通过共同房室瓣进入共同心室内;收缩期显示过共同房室瓣五彩镶嵌反流束血流信号15例.③在20例BH中,心房正位16例,心房反位4例.共同心室A型10例,B型2例,C型8例.大动脉位置关系Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型7例,Ⅲ型9例.肺动脉狭窄18例,肺动脉高压2例.④合并肺动脉狭窄患者CDFI于收缩期显示过肺动脉五彩镶嵌射流束血流信号.结论 BH及合并畸形的声像图特征明显,其对BH及合并畸形有特异性诊断价值.     

室间隔膜部膨出瘤超声心动图特征及规律性研究

目的探讨室间隔膜部膨出瘤（AMVS）超声心动图特征及规律性.方法应用超声检查77例AMVS患者,所有病例在超声心动图检查之后均经心血管造影证实,并实施室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵术.结果根据超声心动图图像特征对75例作出正确诊断,诊断准确率97.4%.AMVS的超声心动图特征及规律性明显：①二维超声心动图于胸骨旁大动脉短轴观可显示室间隔膜部局限性向右心室膨出,酷似＂乳头状＂改变,称为二维超声＂乳头征＂,根据形状差别将AMVS分为三型;②二维超声心动图显示AMVS顶端回声中断的大小与左室造影AMVS顶部VSD直径呈正相关（r=0.77,P＜0.05）;③绝大多数AMVS均伴有VSD,合并VSD的AMVS有临床意义,否则没有临床意义;④超声心动图诊断AMVS应观察AMVS位置、基底部宽度、高度和顶部回声中断大小以满足临床需要;⑤超声心动图诊断AMVS需与主动脉窦瘤破裂鉴别.结论AMVS的超声心动图特征及规律性明显,超声心动图和彩色多普勒血流显像结合对AMVS具有特异性诊断价值.     

超声心动图对先天性右位心的诊断价值

目的　探讨超声心动图对先天性右位心的形态学特征以及合并畸形的诊断价值。方法　用超声心动图按 Van Praagh节段分析法对右位心心脏结构进行观察 ,结合 X-线进行诊断。结果　 93例右位心患者中镜像心 4 3例 ,右旋心 4 2例 ,右房异构 3例 ,左房异构 5例。镜像心大多各节段连接一致 ,心血管畸形中肺血多的主要为房间隔缺损 (ASD)和室间隔缺损 (VSD) ;肺血少的主要为法洛四联症 (TOF)、右室双出口 (DORV) 肺动脉狭窄 (PS)、单心室 (SV) PS。右旋心中大多各节段连接的不一致 ,且多合并肺血减少的复杂畸形 ,主要畸形为 DORV PS、矫正型大动脉转位 (C- TGA) PS、 SV PS、 TOF、肺动脉闭锁 (PAA)、大动脉转位 (TGA) PS。异构右位心大多各节段连接一致 ,大多合并肺血减少的复杂畸形。结论　先天性右位心各节段均可出现异常 ,多合并复杂心血管畸形 ,超声心动图能准确进行解剖学及血流动力学的诊断及评价 ,可作为首选或筛选方法。     

右室双出口的超声诊断

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对右室双出口患者的诊断价值.方法 观察32例右室双出口的经胸超声心动图特征,并与手术结果对照.结果 32例右室双出口患者中,房室连接一致27例,其中十字交叉心1例,右室双出口伴房室连接不一致5例.23例行心外科手术治疗,手术证实误诊1例,超声诊断符合率95.6%.结论 彩色多普勒超声诊断右室双出口准确、快捷、无创,对其病理解剖和血流动力学可作出明确诊断.     

Echocardiographic diagnosis of muscular ventricular septal defect in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).

There have been only a few case reports of heart disease in monkeys. In the case we present, a cardiac murmur was auscultated in a 26-month-old male cynomolgus monkey during a routine physical examination. Echocardiography of this monkey revealed features indicating blood flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle through the ventricular septum. These findings clarified that the animal had a muscular interventricular septal defect.     

Visceroatrial situs solitus with atrioventricular alignment discordance double outlet right ventricle and superoinferior ventricles: Fetal and neonatal echocardiographic findings

Visceroatrial situs, ventricular morphology, and atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial alignments can reliably be assessed with fetal echocardiography. We herein describe, to our knowledge, the first reported fetal echocardiographic diagnosis of a fetus with visceroatrial situs solitus, atrioventricular alignment discordance, double outlet right ventricle, and superoinferior ventricles of a 22-year-old gravida III para II woman with a previous history of intrauterine fetal death. She had been evaluated at another center and was referred to our unit because of the suspicion about her diagnosis and underwent fetal ultrasonographic evaluation at 39 weeks gestation. Neonatal echocardiographic evaluation and autopsy findings confirmed the diagnosis. Accordingly there was (solitus, L-loop ventricle, and anterior aorta) double outlet right ventricle, superoinferior ventricles with diminutive right ventricle, noncommitted trabecular ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary hypertension. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:749-52.)     

Rupture of the interventricular septum associated with myocardial infarction of the left and right ventricles

Based on observation over 7 patients with interventricular septum rupture associated with myocardial infarction of the left and right ventricles the authors assume a pathogenetic relationship between interventricular septum rupture and right ventricle involvement into the process. The dependence between the disease prognosis and right ventricle function is discussed.     

Chest pain showing precordial ST-segment elevation in a 96-year-old woman with right coronary artery occlusion: A case report

BACKGROUNDTypically, right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion causes ST-segment elevation in inferior leads. However, it is rarely observed that RCA occlusion causes ST-segment elevation only in precordial leads. In general, an electrocardiogram is considered to be the most important method for determining the infarct-related artery, and recognizing this is helpful for timely discrimination of the culprit artery for reperfusion therapy. In this case, an elderly woman presented with chest pain showing dynamic changes in precordial ST-segment elevation with RCA occlusion.CASE SUMMARYA 96-year-old woman presented with acute chest pain showing precordial ST-segment elevation with dynamic changes. Myocardial injury markers became positive. Coronary angiography indicated acute total occlusion of the proximal nondominant RCA, mild atherosclerosis of left anterior descending artery and 75% stenosis in the left circumflex coronary artery. Percutaneous coronary intervention was conducted for the RCA. Repeated manual thrombus aspiration was performed, and fresh thrombus was aspirated. A 2 mm × 15 mm balloon was used to dilate the RCA with an acceptable angiographic result. The patient’s chest pain was relieved immediately. A postprocedural electrocardiogram showed alleviation of precordial ST-segment elevation. The diagnosis of acute isolated right ventricular infarction caused by proximal nondominant RCA occlusion was confirmed. Echocardiography indicated normal motion of the left ventricular anterior wall and interventricular septum (ejection fraction of 54%), and the right ventricle was slightly dilated. The patient was asymptomatic during the 9-mo follow-up period.CONCLUSIONCardiologists should be conscious that precordial ST-segment elevation may be caused by occlusion of the nondominant RCA.     

室间隔内强回声带的超声观察及心肌结构分析

目的通过对室间隔内强回声带的超声观察,探讨室间隔心肌结构及其成像基础,为室间隔研究提供结构基础及显像方法。方法51例健康志愿者为研究对象,用二维超声观察左室长轴切面、左室短轴切面及心尖四腔切面的室间隔,以室间隔内强回声带的中线为室间隔左、右室侧的分界线,测量各切面室间隔左室侧厚度（TLV）及右室侧厚度（TRV）并计算二者比值。结果超声明确显示室间隔内带状强回声并将室间隔分为左、右室侧,前室间隔处TLV较TRV明显增厚,中后室间隔TLV及TRV基本相等。离体加温后猪心脏的室间隔可轻易徒手将其分为两层,两层厚度特点与超声检测结果一致。结论室间隔在结构上可分为两层即室间隔的左室侧及右室侧;超声可显示室间隔两层间的界面即强回声带并准确测量室间隔左、右室侧厚度。     

Tissue doppler imaging of left and right ventricles in normal children

Tissue Doppler imaging is a new ultrasound technology that derives measurements of contraction and relaxation velocities directly from the myocardium. However, data on myocardial velocities by using tissue Doppler imaging have not been established in normal children. In 48 normal children, myocardial velocities were measured using tissue Doppler imaging at three different sites (base, middle, and apex) in the left and right ventricles and the interventricular septum. In the left ventricular wall, the peak myocardial velocities during early diastole (peak E), during atrial contraction (peak A), and during systole (peak S) waves decreased gradually between the base and apical sites, whereas the ratio of E to A waves (peak E/A wave ratio) did not change among the 3 segments. Similar findings were obtained from the myocardial velocities in the right ventricle and the interventricular septum. A systolic and diastolic velocity gradient was also observed between the different ventricular walls. Significant correlations of the tissue Doppler parameters with age or heart rate were observed. In the left ventricle, the peak E wave demonstrated a stronger relation with age (r=0.77) than with heart rate (r=-0.65). The peak A wave did not change with age but correlated with heart rate. The peak E/A wave ratio showed a weaker relation with age (r=0.54) than with heart rate (r=0.62). The peak S wave was related to age (r=0.65) and to a lesser extent to heart rate (r= -0.51). Similar relationships of tissue Doppler parameters with age or heart rate were observed for the right ventricle and interventricular septum. The heterogeneous pattern and age- and heart-rate-related changes in normal myocardium demonstrated in this study must be taken into account when attempting to identify altered regional myocardial function with tissue Doppler echocardiography.     

多普勒超声Tei指数估测单心室患者心功能的研究

目的评价多普勒超声Tei指数估测单心室患者心功能的价值.方法 46例单心室患者及80例正常儿童为研究对象,应用多普勒超声测量房室瓣及半月瓣的血流频谱,计算单心室患者的Tei指数,并与正常儿童心室Tei指数对比.结果正常儿童左心室Tei指数为0.30±0.08,右心室Tei指数为0.26±0.08.与正常人对比,单心室患者的射血时间缩短、等容收缩时间间期和等容舒张时间间期延长(P<0.05),Tei指数明显增高(0.55±0.13,P<0.001).结论 Tei指数不依赖心室的几何形态,可以用来估测单心室患者的心功能变化.