Antitumor activity of cytokine-induced killer cells in nude mouse xenograft model

Malignant glioma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and the median survival for patients is less than a year. Despite aggressive treatments including surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, only modest improvement has been achieved in the survival of patients with glioma. In this study, the antitumor activity of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells against human glioma cancer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with IL-2-containing medium in anti-CD3 antibody-coated flasks for 5 days, followed by incubation in IL-2-containing medium for 9 days. The number of cells increased more than 200-fold and the viability was >90%. The resulting populations were consisted of 96% CD3⁺, 2% CD3⁻CD56⁺, 68% CD3⁺CD56⁺, 2% CD4⁺, <1% CD4⁺CD56⁺, 80% CD8⁺, and 49% CD8⁺CD56⁺. This heterogeneous cell population was called as CIK cells. At an effector-target cell ratio of 30:1, CIK cells destroyed 43% of U-87 MG human glioma cells, as measured by the ⁵¹Cr-release assay. In addition, CIK cells at doses of 0.3, 1, and 3 million cells per mouse inhibited 23%, 40%, and 50% of U-87 MG tumor growth in nude mouse xenograft assays, respectively. This study suggests that CIK cells may be used as an adoptive immunotherapy for glioma cancer patients. These authors contributed equally to this work.     

Inhibition of human ovarian tumor growth by cytokine-induced killer cells

Despite the recent improvement in the treatment of ovarian cancer, this disease is still leading cause of cancer death in women. In this study, the anti-tumor activity of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells against human ovarian cancer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Although CD3+CD56+ cells were rare in fresh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, they could expand more than 1,000-fold on day 14 in the presence of anti-CD3 antibody plus IL-2. At an effector-target cell ratio of 30:1, CIK cells destroyed 45% of SK-OV-3 human ovarian cancer cells, which was determined by the 51Cr-release assay. In addition, CIK cells at a dose of 23 million cells per mouse inhibited 73% of SK-OV-3 tumor growth in nude mouse xenograft assay. This study suggests that CIK cells may be used as an adoptive immunotherapy for patients with ovarian cancer.     

CIK细胞联合NaHCO3抑制人肝癌裸鼠移植瘤生长的研究

目的 将NaHCO3口服与CIK细胞(cytokine-induced killer,CIK)联合应用以提高CIK细胞在裸鼠体内的抗肝癌活性.方法 将HePG2-Luc细胞皮下移植入裸鼠皮下构建荷瘤小鼠模型,再分四组进行实验:(1)CIK输注+普通水喂养;(2)CIK输注+ 碱性水喂养;(3)生理盐水输注+碱性水喂养;(4)生理盐水输注+普通水喂养.随后定期用小鼠活体成像仪观察肿瘤组织生长速度及荧光强度,30d后取肿瘤组织称重,并制作病理切片,免疫组化检测肿瘤组织CD3及穿孔素的表达情况.结果 CIK输注联合碱性水喂养组的肿瘤荧光强度、肿瘤生长速度都明显低于其他各组,联合组肿瘤组织的CD3阳性及穿孔素阳性细胞数也多于其他组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而碳酸氢钠单独处理组与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 NaHCO3碱性水能有效增强CIK细胞抗肝癌的活性.     

力达霉素诱导人胃癌BGC823细胞凋亡和抑制裸鼠移植瘤生长

观察力达霉素(LDM)对人胃癌BGC823细胞的诱导凋亡作用及体内抗肿瘤活性。采用MTT法观察LDM对人胃癌BGC823细胞增殖的抑制作用。利用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染结合流式细胞仪和脱氧核糖核酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记技术检测细胞凋亡的改变。采用Western blotting法检测细胞中VEGF蛋白的表达情况。建立裸鼠胃癌皮下移植瘤模型，观察LDM的体内抗肿瘤活性。LDM能够明显抑制BGC823细胞增殖，诱导细胞凋亡，降低细胞VEGF蛋白的表达，抑制胃癌裸鼠移植瘤的生长。LDM剂量0.02和0.04 mg·kg^-1的抑瘤率分别为57%和72%(P<0.01)。LDM可诱导胃癌细胞凋亡并抑制裸鼠移植肿瘤的生长。     

Anti-tumor activity of ex vivo expanded cytokine-induced killer cells against human hepatocellular carcinoma

Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are ex vivo expanded T cells with natural killer cell phenotypes and functions. In this study, the anti-tumor activity of CIK cells against hepatocellular carcinoma was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In the presence of anti-CD3 antibody and IL-2 for 14 days, human peripheral blood mononuclear cell population changed to heterogeneous CIK cell population, which comprised 96% CD3(+), 3% CD3( inverted exclamation mark(c))CD56(+), 32% CD3(+)CD56(+), 11% CD4(+), 75% CD8(+), and 30% CD8(+)CD56(+). CIK cells produced significant amounts of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha; however, produced only slight amounts of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5. At an effector-target cell ratio of 30:1, CIK cells destroyed 33% of SNU-354 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, which was determined by the (51)Cr-release assay. In addition, a dose of 1x10(6) CIK cells per mouse inhibited 60% of SNU-354 tumor growth in irradiated nude mice. This study suggests that CIK cells may be used as an adoptive immunotherapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.     

华蟾素增强细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞对肝癌细胞的杀伤活性

目的观察华蟾素对细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIKC)的表型变化及其对肝癌的细胞毒作用。方法采集健康供者的外周血单个核细胞(MNC)培养,收集非贴壁细胞并加入白细胞介素2(IL-2)诱导培养CIKC,将华蟾素加入CIKC,用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测CIKC杀伤BEL7402肝癌细胞株的活性。结果CIKC经华蟾素加入培养后,CIKC细胞群的CD3+CD8+,CD3+CD56+细胞比例和杀伤活性较单纯的CIKC更高。结论华蟾素有助于CIKC的细胞毒活性。     

重组质粒白细胞介素-24对人宫颈癌Hela细胞裸鼠移植瘤的生长及血管生成的抑制作用研究

目的探讨基因重组质粒白细胞介素(IL)-24对人宫颈癌Hela细胞裸鼠移植瘤的生长及血管生成的抑制作用。方法对4周龄裸鼠注射人宫颈癌细胞株Hela细胞建立人宫颈癌裸鼠移植瘤模型,把造模成功的裸鼠分为磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)、空载质粒、基因重组质粒IL-243组,分别向瘤内注射PBS、pDC316+Lipofec-tamine2000、pDC316-hIL-24+Lipofectamine2000,比较干预后各组移植瘤的体积及微血管生成的情况。结果 IL-24基因成功转染入实验组肿瘤细胞并在其中成功表达,移植瘤的质量组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),PBS组、空载质粒组的移植瘤质量高于基因重组IL-24组(P<0.01),PBS组、空载质粒组移植瘤质量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);PBS组、空载质粒组微血管密度显著高于重组IL-24组(P<0.01),但PBS、空载质粒组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 IL-24能够抑制宫颈癌Hela细胞裸鼠移植瘤的生长,抑制肿瘤新生血管生长是抑制肿瘤生长的机制之一。     

Antitumor activity of cytokine-induced killer cells against human lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among men and women in the world. Despite the aggressive treatment with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, the long term survival for lung cancer patients remains low. In this study, the anti-tumor activity of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells against human lung cancer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Although CD3(+)CD56(+) CIK cells were rare in fresh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, they could expand more than 1000-fold on day 14 in the presence of anti-CD3 antibody plus IL-2. At an effector-target cell ratio of 30:1, CIK cells destroyed 98% of NCI-H460 human lung cancer cells, which was determined by the (51)Cr-release assay. In addition, CIK cells at doses of 3 and 30 million cells per mouse inhibited 57% and 77% of NCI-H460 tumor growth in nude mouse xenograft assay, respectively. This study suggests that CD3(+)CD56(+) CIK cells may be used as an adoptive immunotherapy for patients with lung cancer.     

血管内皮生长因子受体-3抗体对人喉鳞癌裸鼠移植瘤生长的影响

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子受体-3(VEGFR-3)抗体对人喉鳞癌裸鼠移植瘤是否具有生长抑制作用。方法利用人喉鳞癌细胞株Hep-2细胞建立裸鼠喉癌模型,分成2组,每组12只,瘤周注射用药。观察肿瘤体积,生长曲线以及抑瘤率。结果 VEGFR-3抗体可以引起荷瘤体积和质量的减少,较0.9%氯化钠注射液对照组差异有统计学意义(t=11.64,P<0.05)。VEGFR-3抗体组抑瘤率为48.21%。结论阻断VEGFR-3受体有望成为喉癌淋巴结转移预防和治疗的潜在靶点。     

A new dimethyl ester bisphosphonate inhibits angiogenesis and growth of human epidermoid carcinoma xenograft in nude mice

Bisphosphonates are extensively used in the treatment of patients with metastasis-induced osteolysis. The major drawback in the efficacy of all bisphosphonates lies in their high hydrophilic nature, which results in poor membrane permeability and low availability for soft tissues. A reasonable approach to overcome these problems consists in masking one or more ionizable groups of bisphosphonates, notably by esterification of the hydroxyl functions. We have previously shown that the novel non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate BP7033 inhibited angiogenesis and growth of primary tumors in nude mice. The present study focuses on the dimethyl-esterified analog of this compound (Me-BP7033). In-vitro, Me-BP7033 inhibited proliferation of human carcinoma A431 cells as well as their invasive activity based on a transwell invasion assay. in-vivo, administration of Me-BP7033 (0.3 mg/kg) twice a week for 5 weeks inhibited the tumor growth of A431 cells xenografted in nude mice by 65%. Immunostaining of endothelial cells (ECs) in tumor sections revealed that Me-BP7033 inhibited the intratumor ECs density by 60%. The in-vivo anti-angiogenic properties of Me-BP7033 were also demonstrated in an in-vivo angiogenesis assay showing that Me-BP7033 reduced the vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated infiltration of ECs in a Matrigel plug by 70%. In summary, we demonstrated for the first time that a diesterified bisphosphonate exhibited in vivo both anti-tumoral and anti-angiogenic activities with no apparent sign of toxic effects. These new diesterified compounds, which could display enhanced bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, thus represent interesting candidates for therapeutic applications such as cancer treatment.     

Fas基因对裸鼠腹腔移植结肠癌的抑制作用

目的:探讨Fas基因对裸鼠腹腔移植人结肠癌的抑制作用.方法:构建pcDNA3-Fas质粒,用脂质体法分别将Fas基因转染体外培养的人结肠癌细胞系LOVO,用Westem blot法检测目的基因的表达,用MTT法检测转染Fas基因对体外培养的人结肠癌细胞生长的影响.建立裸鼠腹腔移植人结肠癌模型,将高、中、低三种不同剂量的pcDNA3-Fas质粒注射人荷瘤小鼠腹腔.观察对荷瘤小鼠生存的影响.结果:基因转染后36 h,Fas组对人结肠癌LOVO细胞的抑制作用明显强于对照组(P＜0.01).与对照组相比,高、中、低3个剂量组小鼠的生存率明显提高(P＜0.01);与低剂量组相比,高、中剂量组小鼠的生存率明显提高(P＜0.01).而高、中剂量组小鼠的生存率无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:Fas基因对腹腔内结肠转移癌有抑制作用,并存在剂量依赖性.     

醋酸丙氨瑞林对人子宫内膜癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长的影响

目的探讨不同剂量醋酸丙氨瑞林(alarelin acetate)对人子宫内膜癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长的影响及作用机制。方法建立裸鼠移植瘤模型,将荷瘤裸鼠随机分为4组:实验对照组,醋酸丙氨瑞林低、中、高剂量组(0、20、40、80μg/kg)。治疗期间定期测量肿瘤大小,观察裸鼠全身状况。治疗4周后,将移植瘤完整取出,称取瘤质量,计算抑瘤率。利用免疫组织化学法检测移植瘤组织中livin蛋白的表达。结果醋酸丙氨瑞林低、中、高剂量组的抑瘤率分别为17.8%、26.5%和43.6%,与对照组比较,醋酸丙氨瑞林各治疗组肿瘤生长缓慢,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。免疫组织化学结果:与对照组相比,醋酸丙氨瑞林各治疗组livin蛋白的表达水平明显降低,且各治疗组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不同剂量的醋酸丙氨瑞林均能抑制人子宫内膜癌裸鼠移植瘤的生长,且呈剂量依赖关系,其作用机制可能与下调livin蛋白表达有关。     

稀土钇-和钐-氟尿嘧啶配合物对荷人胃癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长的影响及其毒性

目的研究稀土钇-氟尿嘧啶配合物(Y-FU)和钐-氟尿嘧啶配合物(Sm-FU)对荷人胃癌裸小鼠皮下移植瘤生长的影响及其毒性。方法建立人胃癌裸鼠移植瘤模型,分别ip给予Y-FU和Sm-FU,每周3次,连续4周。通过测定瘤体积和重量观察移植瘤生长,电镜观察和脱氧尿苷三磷酸(dUTP)缺口末端标记技术(TUNEL)检测肿瘤组织中的细胞凋亡。脏器系数和组织病理学检查观察其对主要脏器的影响。结果Y-FU28和56mg·kg-1使瘤重减轻66%和72%,Sm-FU31和62mg·kg-1使瘤重减轻64%和81%,与FU30mg·kg-1组相比瘤重无显著性差异。电镜观察和TUNEL法检测肿瘤组织发现,Y-FU和Sm-FU组移植瘤中有凋亡细胞,TUNEL阳性细胞较5-FU组明显增加。结论Y-FU和Sm-FU对裸鼠人胃癌移植瘤生长有较强的抑制作用,其机制可能与其具有较强的诱导细胞凋亡作用有关。在所观察剂量范围内对主要脏器无明显影响。     

Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase and growth of human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells and mouse leukemia L1210 cells by N-hydroxy-N'-aminoguanidine derivatives

A series of N-hydroxy-N'-aminoguanidine (HAG) derivatives were studied and compared for their effects on ribonucleotide reductase activity in cell-free extracts; on nucleic acid synthesis and the growth of human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells; and on mouse leukemia L1210 cells in culture. The HAG derivatives [RCH=NNHC(=NH)NHOH-tosylate] studied could be grouped as: (1) hydroxybenzylidines; (2) methoxybenzylidines; and (3) nitrobenzylidines substituted at the R position. 2'-Hydroxybenzylidine-HAG, the lead compound, was relatively active in both HT-29 cells and L1210 cells (20 +/- 5 and 13 +/- 4 microM for 50% inhibition of HT-29 and L1210 cell growth respectively). The monohydroxybenzylidene compounds were generally more active than the dihydroxy- and trihydroxybenzylidene-HAG derivatives. The methoxybenzylidene-HAGs were as active as the monohydroxybenzylidene-HAGs. 2'-Hydroxy-4'-methoxybenzylidene-HAG was much more active than 2',4'-dihydroxybenzylidene-HAG. The mononitrobenzylidene-HAGs were more active than the dinitrobenzylidene-HAG compound. In general, L1210 cells were more sensitive to the effects of the HAG compounds than were HT-29 cells. There was good agreement between the concentration of drug required to inhibit the growth of HT-29 cells and that required to inhibit the growth of L1210 cells. There was also good correlation between the ability of HAG derivatives to inhibit ribonucleotide reductase activity and to inhibit tumor cell growth. Some derivatives, such as 2',3',4'- and 3',4',5'-trihydroxybenzylidene-HAG inhibited L1210 cell growth by 50% at lower concentrations (7.8 and 11.9 microM respectively) than the concentrations needed for 50% inhibition of HT-29 cell growth (196 and 234 microM respectively) and ribonucleotide reductase activity (122 and 188 microM respectively). The studies of nucleic acid synthesis in L1210 cells using [3H]cytidine as a precursor showed that 2',3',4'-trihydroxybenzylidine-HAG inhibited DNA synthesis at a lower concentration (29 microM for 50% inhibition) than was needed for the inhibition of RNA synthesis and formation of [3H]deoxycytidine nucleotides in the acid-soluble fraction (320 and 820 microM for 50% inhibition respectively). These results indicate that 2',3',4'-trihydroxybenzylidine-HAG inhibits DNA synthesis in L1210 cells through other mechanisms rather than exclusively through the inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity.     

Inhibition of human gingival carcinoma cell growth by prostaglandins

The inhibitory effects of various prostaglandins (PGA2, PGD2 and PGE2) on the growth of human gingival carcinoma cell line Ca 9-22 and human cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa were studied in vitro. 1. PGA2 and PGD2 significantly depressed Ca 9-22 cell proliferation in dose and time related fashion. 2. The inhibitory rate by PGs for Ca 9-22 cells exceeded than HeLa-cells. 3. IC50 value of PGD2 on growth of Ca 9-22 was calculated to be 4 micrograms/ml.     

Role of natural killer cells against tumor growth in nude mice--a brief review

To determine the in vivo function of natural killer (NK) cells against tumor development, we used nude mice deprived of NK activity by injection of anti-asialo GM1. We present here the enhancement of transplanted tumor growth in such mice and discuss the role of NK cells in the tumor-host system based on our recent studies.     

Selective M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist inhibits small-cell lung carcinoma growth in a mouse orthotopic xenograft model

In small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized and secreted, and it acts as an autocrine growth factor through activation of its receptors, muscarinic receptor (mAChR) and nicotinic receptor (nAChR). Alteration of tumor growth by blockade of M(3) mAChR in a human SCLC cell line, NCI-H82, was investigated in the present study. We used a highly selective M(3) muscarinic antagonist, N-(2-[3-([3R]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-3-piperidinyl]methylamino)-3-oxopropyl]amino-2-oxoethyl)-3,3,3-triphenyl-propioamide (J-115311). Our results show that J-115311 inhibited the increased intracellular calcium elicited by carbachol, a muscarinic agonist, in SCLC cells. J-115311 also inhibited SCLC cell growth in vitro. In a mouse orthotopic xenograft model, J-115311 dose-dependently reduced tumor growth when NCI-H82 cells were inoculated into the upper left lobe of the lung. These findings indicate that blockade of M(3) mAChR can suppress tumor growth in SCLC, suggesting the potential therapeutic utility of M(3) muscarinic antagonists as anti-cancer agents.     

TACE combined with dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a fatal cancer, have benefited significantly from TACE (transcatheter arterial chemoembolization) and immunotherapy treatments. Immunotherapy that includes dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells (DC-CIK) in combination with TACE has been extensively applied in cases of HCC. Few decisive conclusions about these combined effects on the outcomes of HCC patients have been reached. Therefore, the present meta-analysis was performed to compare the efficacy of the combined usage of DC-CIK with TACE with a TACE therapy alone on the outcomes of HCC patients. Participants were enrolled in eight eligible trials. The efficiency and safety of TACE followed by DC-CIK immunotherapy (experimental group) and of TACE alone (control group) were compared. The meta-analysis results demonstrated that TACE plus DC-CIK immunotherapy is possibly superior to TACE alone in promoting a better overall response, for half-year, 1-year, and 2-year overall survival (OS), median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival rates (PFS) in HCC patients. Further studies should be performed to confirm the effect of the combined therapy.     

复尔康注射液对人肝癌细胞株及裸鼠移植瘤的抑制作用

目的:研究复尔康注射液对人肝癌细胞株增殖及裸鼠移植瘤生长的影响。方法:采用CCK8试剂盒检测复尔康注射液对人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721和BeL-7402增殖的抑制作用;建立SMMC-7721细胞裸鼠移植瘤模型,通过比较肿瘤体积(tumor volume,TV)、相对肿瘤体积(relative tumor volume,RTV)和相对肿瘤增殖率(T/C)考察复尔康注射液对肿瘤生长的影响。结果:复尔康注射液对SMMC-7721和BeL-7402的IC50分别为(61.51±1.58),(68.39±7.16)mg·L-1;不同剂量复尔康注射液能够不同程度地抑制裸鼠移植瘤的生长,与阴性对照组比较,P<0.05。低、中、高剂量复尔康注射液组(0.065,0.130,0.260 g·kg-1)T/C分别为57.75%,39.9%和44.08%。结论:复尔康注射液体外能抑制人肝癌细胞株的增殖,体内能明显抑制SMMC-7721细胞裸鼠移植瘤的生长。