肱骨近端骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨肱骨近端二、三部份骨折的治疗方法。方法手术治疗肱骨外科颈骨折38例,按Neer分类标准分型：二部分骨折27例,三部分骨折11例。分3组：A组lO例行普通T形钢板内固定;B组22例行三叶草钢板内固定;C组6例行克氏针或钢丝内固定。结果27例获随访3～12个月。除1例陈旧性骨折延迟愈合外,其余均愈合,愈合时间3～12个月,无感染、内固定断裂等发生。根据Neer肩关节功能评分标准,T形钢板组平均81．2分,三叶草钢板固定组平均86．3分,克氏针固定组平均78．1分。结论明显移位的肱骨近端二、三部分骨折的治疗以钢板螺钉尤其是三叶草型钢板螺钉内固定,能提供更为坚强的固定,术后功能较好。     

三叶草钢板治疗肱骨近端移位骨折

目的探讨肱骨近端移位骨折采用三叶草钢板治疗的临床价值。方法用三叶草钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折38例,按N eer分类,二部分骨折20例,三部分骨折13例,四部分骨折5例,其中骨折伴脱位3例。结果36例获得平均13个月(3~28个月)随访,2例失访。36例均骨性愈合,无畸形愈合,无肱骨头坏死。按N eer评分标准评分,优27例,良6例,可2例,差1例,总优良率91.6%。结论采用三叶草钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端移位骨折,固定牢靠,可早期功能训练,术后功能恢复满意,值得提倡。     

锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折

目的评估肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年患者肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法2002年1月～2007年8月采用骨折切开复位肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折患者48例,其中男26例,女22例。年龄60～78岁,平均68岁。按Neer分类法,一部分骨折13例,二部分骨折32例,三部分骨折3例。结果48例均获随访,随访时间12—36个月,平均18个月。所有患者骨折均骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间12—20周,平均16周。随访期间,无螺钉脱出、折断、内固定失效发生,无一例出现肩峰撞击、畸形愈合及肱骨头缺血坏死。肩关节功能按Neer功能评分标准进行评定,优27例,良14例,可7例,优良率为85．4％。结论针对老年性肱骨近端骨折,采用切开复位肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定手术,能获得良好复位,且固定可靠、并发症少．术后功能恢复满意,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

肱骨近端解剖锁定钢板内固定治疗青壮年Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨肱骨近端解剖锁定钢板内固定治疗青壮年Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2008-06—2018-06采用肱骨近端解剖锁定钢板内固定治疗的14例青壮年Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折。结果14例均获得完整随访,随访时间平均14(12~25)个月。术后即刻X线片显示骨折对位线良好,切口均一期愈合。无感染、骨折不愈合、钢板松动失效、撞击综合征、肱骨头坏死等并发症发生。末次随访时Neer肩关节功能评分:优4例,良6例,可4例。结论肱骨近端解剖锁定钢板内固定治疗青壮年Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折疗效满意,大部分患者可以早期进行功能锻炼。     

解剖型锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折

目的探讨解剖型锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折的临床疗效。方法应用解剖型锁定加压钢板治疗32例肱骨近端Neer分型三、四部分骨折患者。结果患者均获得随访,时间15~36个月。患者骨折均达临床愈合。按肩关节功能Neer评分评价:优26例,良4例,可2例,优良率93.75%。结论解剖型锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折操作简便,固定牢固,术后骨折愈合快、肩关节功能恢复良好,是一种有效的方法。     

肩前外侧小纵切口肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折

[目的]探讨应用肩前外侧小纵切口肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折.[方法]应用肩前外侧小纵切口肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折36例回顾性分析,按Neer分型:二部分骨折14例、三部分骨折18例、四部分骨折4例,均获得有效随访,随访时间为12～36个月,平均18.6个月.[结果]患肢功能按Neer功能评定标准评定,本组优25例,良8例,可2例,差1例;优良率91.7％.[结论]应用肩前外侧小纵切口肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折创伤小、固定可靠、术后早期功能锻炼、关节功能恢复好,是治疗肱骨近端骨折的一种较好方法.     

解剖钢板固定治疗肱骨近端骨折71例

目的总结肱骨近端解剖钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法 2004年10月至2010年12月采用国产肱骨近端解剖钢板内固定治疗71例肱骨近端粉碎性骨折,男43例,女28例;年龄38～79岁,平均55.4岁。均为闭合性骨折。按Neer分类法,二部分骨折19例,三部分骨折29例,四部分骨折23例。结果全部病例均获随访,平均随访4.5个月（2～14个月）。骨折全部愈合,X线观察骨折平均愈合时间7.4周（6～12周）。按Neer功能评分标准,功能优43例,良22例,可6例,优良率91.5%。无感染、内固定松动断裂、肩峰撞击症、肱骨头坏死、骨化性肌炎、畸形愈合等。结论肱骨近端解剖钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折,其手术操作简单、显露微创、固定可靠、并发症少、病程短、愈合率高,是治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折简单有效的方法之一,值得在基层医院推广。     

肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨外科颈骨折的体会

目的观察肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨外科颈骨折的临床效果。方法对38例老年肱骨外科颈骨折患者实施肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗并观察治疗效果。结果 38例患者均获骨性愈合,愈合时间2.90~5.25个月,平均3.92个月。随访7~24个月,未发生骨折畸形愈合、切口感染、缺血性肱骨头坏死、内固定松动断裂、肩关节撞击症、骨化性肌炎等并发症。根据Neer肩关节功能评分标准,优良率89.47%(34/38)。结论应用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨外科颈骨折,创伤小、固定坚强、并发症少、可早期功能锻炼,功能恢复优良率高。     

肱骨近端锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的疗效

[目的]观察、评价肱骨近端锁定加压钢板(locking proximal humeral plate,LPHP)治疗复杂性老年肱骨近端骨折的疗效.[方法]回顾性分析2009年12月～2011年12月41例老年肱骨近端二部分以上骨折采用骨折切开复位结合锁定钢板内固定治疗的疗效,其中男13例,女28例,年龄49 ～ 82岁(平均67.5岁).按Neer分类法:2部分骨折12例,3部分骨折22例,4部分骨折7例.[结果]41例均获随访,随访时间8～ 28个月(平均14个月),骨折均得到了愈合,随访肩关节功能按Neer功能评分标准,优13例,良21例,可4例,差3例,优良率达82.9％.有1例发生肱骨头缺血坏死,2例发生肩峰撞击综合征.[结论]锁定钢板针治疗老年性肱骨近端骨折固定可靠,并发症少,骨折愈合良好,便于早期功能锻炼,是一种有效的治疗方法.     

锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨肱骨近端锁定钢板（LPHP）内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效：方法采用切开复位、LPHP内固定治疗31例肱骨近端Neer二、三、四部分骨折患者，术后早期进行功能锻炼。结果31例骨折全部愈合，愈合时间3—6（3．5±1）个月。术后随访6～18（10±3）个月，无骨折不愈合、钢板松动、感染等并发症，1例四部分骨折出现肱骨头缺血坏死.按Neer评分标准评分：优20例，良7例，可3例，差1例，优良率87．1％。结论LPHP内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折，固定牢固，允许早期功能锻炼，疗效满意.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.