肱骨近端骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨肱骨近端二、三部份骨折的治疗方法。方法手术治疗肱骨外科颈骨折38例,按Neer分类标准分型：二部分骨折27例,三部分骨折11例。分3组：A组lO例行普通T形钢板内固定;B组22例行三叶草钢板内固定;C组6例行克氏针或钢丝内固定。结果27例获随访3～12个月。除1例陈旧性骨折延迟愈合外,其余均愈合,愈合时间3～12个月,无感染、内固定断裂等发生。根据Neer肩关节功能评分标准,T形钢板组平均81．2分,三叶草钢板固定组平均86．3分,克氏针固定组平均78．1分。结论明显移位的肱骨近端二、三部分骨折的治疗以钢板螺钉尤其是三叶草型钢板螺钉内固定,能提供更为坚强的固定,术后功能较好。     

三叶草钢板治疗肱骨近端移位骨折

目的探讨肱骨近端移位骨折采用三叶草钢板治疗的临床价值。方法用三叶草钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折38例,按N eer分类,二部分骨折20例,三部分骨折13例,四部分骨折5例,其中骨折伴脱位3例。结果36例获得平均13个月(3~28个月)随访,2例失访。36例均骨性愈合,无畸形愈合,无肱骨头坏死。按N eer评分标准评分,优27例,良6例,可2例,差1例,总优良率91.6%。结论采用三叶草钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端移位骨折,固定牢靠,可早期功能训练,术后功能恢复满意,值得提倡。     

锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端骨折

目的评估肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年患者肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法2002年1月～2007年8月采用骨折切开复位肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗老年肱骨近端骨折患者48例,其中男26例,女22例。年龄60～78岁,平均68岁。按Neer分类法,一部分骨折13例,二部分骨折32例,三部分骨折3例。结果48例均获随访,随访时间12—36个月,平均18个月。所有患者骨折均骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间12—20周,平均16周。随访期间,无螺钉脱出、折断、内固定失效发生,无一例出现肩峰撞击、畸形愈合及肱骨头缺血坏死。肩关节功能按Neer功能评分标准进行评定,优27例,良14例,可7例,优良率为85．4％。结论针对老年性肱骨近端骨折,采用切开复位肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定手术,能获得良好复位,且固定可靠、并发症少．术后功能恢复满意,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

肱骨近端解剖锁定钢板内固定治疗青壮年Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨肱骨近端解剖锁定钢板内固定治疗青壮年Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2008-06—2018-06采用肱骨近端解剖锁定钢板内固定治疗的14例青壮年Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折。结果14例均获得完整随访,随访时间平均14(12~25)个月。术后即刻X线片显示骨折对位线良好,切口均一期愈合。无感染、骨折不愈合、钢板松动失效、撞击综合征、肱骨头坏死等并发症发生。末次随访时Neer肩关节功能评分:优4例,良6例,可4例。结论肱骨近端解剖锁定钢板内固定治疗青壮年Neer三、四部分肱骨近端骨折疗效满意,大部分患者可以早期进行功能锻炼。     

解剖型锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折

目的探讨解剖型锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折的临床疗效。方法应用解剖型锁定加压钢板治疗32例肱骨近端Neer分型三、四部分骨折患者。结果患者均获得随访,时间15~36个月。患者骨折均达临床愈合。按肩关节功能Neer评分评价:优26例,良4例,可2例,优良率93.75%。结论解剖型锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折操作简便,固定牢固,术后骨折愈合快、肩关节功能恢复良好,是一种有效的方法。     

肩前外侧小纵切口肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折

[目的]探讨应用肩前外侧小纵切口肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折.[方法]应用肩前外侧小纵切口肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折36例回顾性分析,按Neer分型:二部分骨折14例、三部分骨折18例、四部分骨折4例,均获得有效随访,随访时间为12～36个月,平均18.6个月.[结果]患肢功能按Neer功能评定标准评定,本组优25例,良8例,可2例,差1例;优良率91.7％.[结论]应用肩前外侧小纵切口肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折创伤小、固定可靠、术后早期功能锻炼、关节功能恢复好,是治疗肱骨近端骨折的一种较好方法.     

解剖钢板固定治疗肱骨近端骨折71例

目的总结肱骨近端解剖钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法 2004年10月至2010年12月采用国产肱骨近端解剖钢板内固定治疗71例肱骨近端粉碎性骨折,男43例,女28例;年龄38～79岁,平均55.4岁。均为闭合性骨折。按Neer分类法,二部分骨折19例,三部分骨折29例,四部分骨折23例。结果全部病例均获随访,平均随访4.5个月（2～14个月）。骨折全部愈合,X线观察骨折平均愈合时间7.4周（6～12周）。按Neer功能评分标准,功能优43例,良22例,可6例,优良率91.5%。无感染、内固定松动断裂、肩峰撞击症、肱骨头坏死、骨化性肌炎、畸形愈合等。结论肱骨近端解剖钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折,其手术操作简单、显露微创、固定可靠、并发症少、病程短、愈合率高,是治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折简单有效的方法之一,值得在基层医院推广。     

肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨外科颈骨折的体会

目的观察肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨外科颈骨折的临床效果。方法对38例老年肱骨外科颈骨折患者实施肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗并观察治疗效果。结果 38例患者均获骨性愈合,愈合时间2.90~5.25个月,平均3.92个月。随访7~24个月,未发生骨折畸形愈合、切口感染、缺血性肱骨头坏死、内固定松动断裂、肩关节撞击症、骨化性肌炎等并发症。根据Neer肩关节功能评分标准,优良率89.47%(34/38)。结论应用肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨外科颈骨折,创伤小、固定坚强、并发症少、可早期功能锻炼,功能恢复优良率高。     

肱骨近端锁定加压钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的疗效

[目的]观察、评价肱骨近端锁定加压钢板(locking proximal humeral plate,LPHP)治疗复杂性老年肱骨近端骨折的疗效.[方法]回顾性分析2009年12月～2011年12月41例老年肱骨近端二部分以上骨折采用骨折切开复位结合锁定钢板内固定治疗的疗效,其中男13例,女28例,年龄49 ～ 82岁(平均67.5岁).按Neer分类法:2部分骨折12例,3部分骨折22例,4部分骨折7例.[结果]41例均获随访,随访时间8～ 28个月(平均14个月),骨折均得到了愈合,随访肩关节功能按Neer功能评分标准,优13例,良21例,可4例,差3例,优良率达82.9％.有1例发生肱骨头缺血坏死,2例发生肩峰撞击综合征.[结论]锁定钢板针治疗老年性肱骨近端骨折固定可靠,并发症少,骨折愈合良好,便于早期功能锻炼,是一种有效的治疗方法.     

锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的探讨肱骨近端锁定钢板（LPHP）内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效：方法采用切开复位、LPHP内固定治疗31例肱骨近端Neer二、三、四部分骨折患者，术后早期进行功能锻炼。结果31例骨折全部愈合，愈合时间3—6（3．5±1）个月。术后随访6～18（10±3）个月，无骨折不愈合、钢板松动、感染等并发症，1例四部分骨折出现肱骨头缺血坏死.按Neer评分标准评分：优20例，良7例，可3例，差1例，优良率87．1％。结论LPHP内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折，固定牢固，允许早期功能锻炼，疗效满意.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.