经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性呼吸衰竭患者拔管时间探讨

目的探讨经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性呼吸衰竭患者拔管的适宜时机。方法26例慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性呼吸衰竭患者经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗72h后,随机分成A、B两组,每组13例,A组拔管后改面罩吸氧机械通气。B组继续经鼻气管插管机械通气。观察两组呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)例数腹泻例数、死亡例数、机械通气时间及住院时间。结果A、B两组发生VAP的例数分别为1、8例(P=0.0281),死亡例数为0、3例(P=0.0219),腹泻例数分别为2、8例(P=0.0292),经鼻插管通气72h后尚需机械通气时间为(7±6)d和(16±11)d(P<0.05),住院时间为(15±7)d和(26±13)d(P<0.05)。结论经鼻气管插管机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肿疾病急性呼吸衰竭患者72h后拔管改面罩机械通气能降低VAP,及腹泻发生率、缩短机械通气时间和住院时间。     

机械通气联合血液灌流治疗重度有机磷中毒的疗效分析

目的 探讨分析机械通气联合血液灌流治疗重度有机磷中毒的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析重度有机磷中毒患者资料,共36例,其中16例予常规治疗,作为对照组；另20例在常规治疗基础上予机械通气联合血液灌流治疗,作为观察组.比较治疗结束后两组患者的临床疗效.结果 观察组阿托品药物使用量(218.42±40.03) mg,明显少于对照组的(411.61±34.17)mg(P ＜0.05).观察组机械通气时间、住院时间分别为(3.17±2.37)d、(7.85±1.35)d,明显短于对照组(9.45±3.20)d、(13.05±2.68) d(P ＜0.05).观察组多器官功能障碍综合征、中间综合征发病率分别为0.00％、5.00％,明显低于对照组16.67％、22.22％(P＜0.05).观察组治愈率90.00％,明显高于对照组72.22％ (P ＜0.05).结论 机械通气联合血液灌流治疗重度有机磷中毒治愈率高、并发症少,安全可靠,值得临床推广.     

老年患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的综合护理干预效果观察

目的 探讨综合护理干预ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎老年患者的效果.方法 选取100例ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎老年患者随机分为AB两组,给予A组常规护理,给予B组综合护理干预,对比两组患者的VAP发生率及临床疗效.结果 A组患者的发病率(46.0％ vs.14.0％)以及病死率(22.0％vs.4.0％)明显大于B组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);A组患者的机械通气时间[(17.13±0.87)dvs.(8.23±0.67)d]、住院时间[(21.25±8.52)d vs.(11.22±8.12)d]以及住院费用[(3.67±0.67)万元vs.(2.32±0.37)万元]均明显高于B组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 对ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎老年患者进行综合护理干预,效果明显,能够有效降低VAP发生率以及病死率,减少机械通气时间以及住院时间,缓解患者的经济负担,值得各大医院推广使用.     

机械通气在重度有机磷农药中毒所致呼吸衰竭中的应用

目的观察机械通气在急性有机磷农药中毒所致呼吸衰竭中的作用。方法对本院收治的重度有机磷农药中毒并发呼吸衰竭实施机械通气11例患者进行临床分析。结果呼吸衰竭抢救成功9例(81.82%),机械通气前后血气分析相差具有显著性。结论机械通气是治疗急性有机磷农药中毒所致呼吸衰竭的关键环节。     

机械通气抢救重度有机磷农药中毒呼吸衰竭80例分析

呼吸衰竭是重度有机磷农药中毒(AOPP)的主要死亡原因,机械通气是抢救重度有机磷农药中毒呼吸衰竭的重要措施.1999年1月至2006年12月,本院采用机械通气抢救重度有机磷农药中毒呼吸衰竭80例,并与1995年1月至1998年12月收治的重度有机磷农药中毒呼吸衰竭52例(条件限制无呼吸机)的诊治经过作回顾性分析并进行比较.     

无创与有创机械通气救治急性有机磷农药中毒并呼吸衰竭的比较研究

目的 观察无创通气和有创机械通气治疗急性有机磷农药中毒并呼吸衰竭的疗效.方法 将65例急性有机磷农药中毒并呼吸衰竭患者完全随机分为无创通气组(32例)和有创通气组(33例),比较2组患者机械通气治疗后效果.结果 2组患者经机械通气后呼吸困难均明显改善,心率、呼吸频率、氧分压、二氧化碳分压及氧合指数等监护指标较治疗前明显改善[无创通气组:(96±9)次/min比(126±13)次/min,(20±10)次/min比(26±13)次/min,(10.4 ±0.8)kPa比(6.3±0.7) kPa,(4.1±0.3)kPa比(7.3±0.4) kPa,(219 ±39)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)比(184±34)mm Hg,均P＜0.05;有创通气组:(94±8)次/min比( 120±11)次/min,(21±10)次/min比(26±11)次/min,(11.2 ±0.5)kPa比(6.4±0.6)kPa,(4.3±0.5) kPa比(7.2±0.8)kPa,(224±36)mm Hg比(173±38) mm Hg,均P＜0.05].无创通气组与有创通气组患者治疗后各项指标比较,差异均无统计学意义[(96±9)次/min比(94±8)次/min,(20±10)次/min比(21±10)次/min,(10.4±0.8) kPa比(11.2±0.5) kPa,(4.1±0.3)kPa比(4.3±0.5)kPa,(219±39)mm Hg比(224±36)mm Hg,均P＞0.05].无创通气组和有创通气组的有效率分别为81.2％ (26/32)和84.8％(28/33),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 无创与有创机械通气治疗急性有机磷农药中毒并呼吸衰竭的疗效相似.根据病情选择合适的机械通气方式,是救治急性有机磷农药中毒并呼吸衰竭有效的方法.     

洗胃与气管插管时机对急性重度有机磷农药中毒患者预后的影响研究

目的：观察洗胃与气管插管时机对急性重度有机磷农药中毒患者预后的影响。方法：选择2014年7月-2016年6月期间在我院接受治疗的有机磷农药中毒患者38例作为研究对象,随机划入观察组和对照组,其中观察组19例,对照组19例,分别接受早期洗胃气管插管和呼吸即将停止时插管,比较两组患者的机械通气时间、ICU 住院时间、住院时间以及抢救无效死亡例数。结果：观察组患者平均机械通气时间143.3±46.7h,ICU住院时间6.1±1.1d,住院时间10.3±3.9d,死亡2例;对照组患者平均机械通气时间253.3±69.6h,ICU住院时间13.7±2.3d,住院时间18.3±4.8d,死亡8例;组间差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05。结论：早期洗胃、气管插管能够有效预防患者呼吸衰竭,从而显著提高了抢救成功率,值得临床应用和推广。     

有创与无创机械通气治疗重度Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的疗效对比

目的:探析有创与无创机械通气治疗重度Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的临床效果及辅助治疗价值。方法:选取2013年12月~2016年12月某院收治的重度Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者100例做为研究对象,随机均分为有创组和无创组。有创组患者行有创机械通气,无创组患者行无创机械通气,观测两组患者的动脉血气、气道峰压、气道平台压、平均压的变化等,记录对比机械通气时间、住院时间、治疗成功率等指标,以评估两种通气方式的临床疗效。结果:两组患者机械通气2h、4h、24h后,PaCO_2较上机前显著降低(P0.05),PaO_2较上机前显著升高(P0.05);有创组机械通气时间[(8±4),d]显著少于无创组[(10±3),d](P0.05),治疗成功率显著高于无创组;无创组死亡率显著高于有创组(P0.05)。结论:有创机械通气相较于无创机械通气有效性更高,致死率显著低于无创机械通气。建议结合患者的临床实际,选择适宜的治疗方式。     

机械通气抢救急性有机磷农药中毒呼吸衰竭47例

目的探讨机械通气治疗重度有机磷农药中毒呼吸衰竭的临床意义。方法重度有机磷农药中毒呼吸衰竭患者患者83例,按是否机械通气分为治疗组47例和对照组36例。两组均常规给予洗胃、应用阿托品、氯磷定及对症支持治疗等综合措施,治疗组给予机械通气。结果治疗组抢救成功率（89％）明显高于对照组（69％）（P〈0．05）。结论早期建立人工气道机械通气是有机磷农药中毒并呼吸衰竭抢救成功的关键。     

有创-无创序贯机械通气在重症肺炎治疗中的应用

目的比较以肺部感染控制窗和呼吸泵衰竭改善为切换时机进行有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗重症肺炎患者的应用价值。方法重症肺炎并需进行机械通气患者60例均分为两组,A组实施常规气管插管有创机械通气,B组以肺部感染控制窗、呼吸泵衰竭改善为切换时机行序贯有创-无创机械通气。比较两组临床效果。结果 B组有创机械通气时间[(5.20±1.16)d vs.(7.13±1.83)d]和总住院时间[(12.90±2.89)d vs.(13.61±3.10)d]均短于A组、VAP发生率(19.10%vs.28.20%)低于A组(P<0.05);两组总机械通气时间、住ICU时间、再插管率和住院病死率相仿(P>0.05)。结论对重症肺炎并呼吸衰竭需机械通气患者,比较以肺部感染控制窗及以呼吸泵衰竭改善为切换时机行有创-无创序贯性机械通气治疗,呼吸泵衰竭改善为切换时机为更好的评价指标。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.