2010年河南省信阳市艾滋病流行现状

目的分析既往有偿供血途径感染为主的信阳市艾滋病流行现况。方法对信阳市1995-2010年艾滋病常规、专题监测数据进行疫情描述性分析。结果信阳市从1995年4月发现首例艾滋病感染者以来,截止2010年已确证艾滋病感染者1 961例。发现感染者的传播途径构成在逐渐发生变化,1995年艾滋病感染32人,全部为采血（浆）传染;以后,随着年份增加,经血液传播的构成减少,由性传播的构成增加,2010年经采供血途径感染占28.86%,经性途径感染占59.46%。结论在进一步加强对既往有偿供血途径感染患者的防治管理的同时,也应加强艾滋病高危行为干预力度,防止HIV经性传播。     

1995年-2006年新乡市艾滋病疫情现状及流行形势分析

目的分析新乡市艾滋病疫情现状及流行趋势。方法对新乡市1995年-2006年艾滋病血清学监测、哨点监测资料和艾滋病专报数据库资料进行分析。结果到2006年底新乡市累计确证艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者371例,其中艾滋病病人245人,死亡112例。感染途径以上世纪90年代参与既往有偿供血及受血者为主。结论新乡市艾滋病呈低流行状态。经采供血传播HIV已被阻断。传播途径逐步多样化,呈现由高危人群向一般人群扩散趋势。     

河南省艾滋病流行特征分析

目的分析河南省艾滋病（acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS）流行特征。方法下载历年全省各种途径发现并报告的艾滋病病毒感染者和患者（people living with HIV／AIDS,）个案资料及随访信息,建立数据库并进行统计分析。结果截至2008年底全省累计报告PLWHA 42879人,其中69．05％是经既往有偿供血感染,病例分布呈明显的聚集性。2008年报告病例中异性性传播占26．64％,通过检测咨询发现病例1802例,占49．59％。结论河南省艾滋病病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染主要集中在既往有偿供血人群,但经采供血传播已被阻断。性传播的比例增加,提示应加强高危人群的行为干预。检测咨询成为发现PLWHA的主要途径。     

某地既往有偿供血人群HIV感染流行病学调查分析

目的摸清豫东南某地既往有偿供血人群(FPD)艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况,为制定艾滋病预防控制策略和措施提供科学依据。方法对所有既往有偿供血员进行普查,同时采血进行HIV抗体检测。对HIV确认阳性者进行CD4 T淋巴细胞计数检测。结果共调查既往有偿供血员4351人,其中死亡271人,实际检测人数为3985人,检出HIV感染者693例,感染率为17.39%。男女性别比为0.871,20~49岁年龄组占85.28%。CD4 <200/μl者175例,占全部检测者的26.48%。结论通过普查,基本弄清了既往有偿供血员的HIV感染状况。经血传播途径已被阻断,性传播和母婴传播将可能成为既往有偿供血地区HIV感染的主要传播途径,应采取综合措施遏制其进一步扩散蔓延。     

信阳市浉河区农村有偿供血史艾滋病感染者传播艾滋病的危险性评估

目的分析信阳市浉河区农村有既往有偿供血史的艾滋病感染者在人群中传播艾滋病的蜲招浴7椒ā±?2005年全球基金艾滋病项目基线调查和每年艾滋病专题调查的数据库,调取浉河区所有农村既住有偿供血艾滋患者的资料,进行与艾滋病传播有关数据的整理分析。结果共调取调查对象222例,其HIV感染确诊时间在1995年10月20日-2009年3月20日。传播HIV的途径,以夫妻之间性传播的有24例,占10.80%;其次为母婴传播,有7例,占3.20%。结论应加强农村既往有偿供血史的HIV感染者的管理,以减少HIV在人群中的传播。     

河北省某市艾滋病流行特征分析

目的分析某市艾滋病病毒／艾滋病（HIV/AIDS）流行现状、特征及趋势。方法依据该市1989—2006年AIDS常规监测、高危人群哨点监测，流行病学调查及实验室资料，建立数据库并进行综合分析。结果自1989年发现首例HIV感染者至2006年底，累计发现HIV抗体阳性者240例，其中AIDS病人60例，死亡82例。HIV感染者／AIDS病例主要分布在沙河市。从市外既往有偿供血者传人为主转向境内蔓延扩散，经可疑受血感染是该市HIV传播的主要途径，青壮年女性感染率较高。HIV～1型B’亚型、CRF—BC重组株是该市主要流行株。结论该市艾滋病呈低流行状态，局部地区呈聚集性升高，经可疑受血传播HIV已被阻断。     

2001年商洛市重点人群艾滋病病毒与丙型肝炎病毒感染调查

[目的]了解商洛市艾滋病病毒（HIV）与丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染状况，为制定防治措施提供依据。[方法]2001年1～3月，在商洛市全市范围内调查有偿供血人群和相关人群，进行血清抗-HIV与抗HCV检测。[结果]检测5739人，抗-HIV阳性27例，感染率为0．47％。HIV感染率，有有偿供血史者为0．97％，其配偶为1．04％，其子女和其他相关人群未发现感染者。5739人中，抗-HCV阳性率为14．17％，其中有有偿供血史者为31．71％，无有偿供血史者为1．90％；2362名有有偿供血史者中，16例为HIV、HCV双重感染，双重感染率为0．68％。[结论]商洛市外出有偿供血人员HIV感染率与HCV感染率均较高。他们的配偶有的也受到HIV感染，必须采取措施控制传播。     

邹城市2005-2008年艾滋病高危人群HIV和梅毒感染状况的调查

目的：摸清邹城市高危人群HIV、梅毒的感染状况,了解艾滋病传播的危险程度,为制定艾滋病的防控措施提供依据。方法：对外省迁入当地的常住农村妇女,对辖区内的羁押和劳教人员,既往有偿供血（浆）史者,娱乐场所中从事商业性性服务的人员,男男同性恋者（MSM）及性病门诊就诊的性病病人进行艾滋病、梅毒抗体检测。结果：共检测7526份血标本,HIV抗体阳性率为0．27％（20／7133）。其中外来妇女检出率为0．36％,羁押劳教人员检出率为0．22％,既往有偿供血（浆）史者阳性率0．33％,性服务人员、MSM人群及性病病人未检出HIV抗体。梅毒抗体阳性率1．70％（128／7526）,其中外来妇女、羁押劳教人员、既往有偿供血（浆）史者、娱乐场所从业人员、男男同性恋者及性病病人阳性率分别为1．42％、1．23％、0．33％、6．46％、4．76％、8．22％。结论：邹城市外来妇女、羁押劳教人员、既往有偿供血（浆）史者存在一定的HIV感染。高危人群中均存在梅毒流行,其中性服务人员、MSM人群、性病病人梅毒感染率较高。HIV阳性外来妇女是造成当地人群感染的主要因素,HIV阳性流窜人员是艾滋病经性服务人员向一般人员传播的最危险因素。     

湖北当阳市HIV感染者流行病学分析

目的分析当阳市艾滋病病毒感染者（HIV）/艾滋病病人（AIDS）的流行特征和变化趋势。方法对当阳市1995-2012年上报的HIV/AIDS的流行病学调查资料进行分析。结果该市累计报告HIV/AIDS 67例,其中既往有偿供血人员11例,性接触感染51例,母婴传播2例,静脉吸毒传播3例,死亡16例。结论当阳市近几年经性传播比例逐年上升,已成为主要传播途径,存在HIV向一般人群蔓延的危险。     

中国中部某农村地区艾滋病疫情发现和监测系统研究

目的探讨提高农村地区艾滋病病毒／艾滋病（HIV／AIDs）疫情发现和检测的有效方法与策略。方法选取中国中部某农村地区历年来所有报告发现的HIV／AIDs病例进行专项流行病学分析，包括对初次送检的原因、送检或报告机构及传播途径等进行分析。结果在全部报告发现的626例HIV感染者中，通过有偿供血或临床输血而感染的病例占86.1％（539例）；52．2％（327例）的病例是由医院送检或报告的；通过县级、地区级和省级机构报告或发现的HIV／AIDs病例分别为207例（33．1％）、303例（484％）、116例（185％）；近年来，通过专题流行病学调查和自愿检测而发现的感染者有所增加。经医院途径报告的HIV／AIDS病例中，门诊就诊时即被发现有HIV感染的比例在逐年升高。结论在我国中部农村有偿供血和临床输血为主要传播途径的艾滋病高发区，医院在艾滋病疫情发现和监测中发挥着并仍将继续发挥重要作用，地市级医疗、疾病预防控制中心和血液供应机构在艾滋病疫情发现和监测中的作用不容忽视。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.