以细胞动力学评估结直肠癌的切除范围

目的 评估结直肠癌的切除范围。方法 采用单克隆抗体识别的流式细胞分析技术对 30例结直肠癌标本的肿瘤组织 (T)、癌旁 2 cm(P2)、癌旁 5 cm(P5)及远癌切端正常组织 (N)进行 4点检测，分析各点间 DNA指数 (DI)、增殖期细胞百分比 (SPF)及增殖指数 (PI)的差异性。结果 T组织异倍体率显著高于 P2、 P5及 N组织， P2与 P5组织间异倍体率差异无显著性，而 P2、 P5组织异倍体率显著高于 N组织； T组织的 SPF及 PI值明显高于 P2、 P5及 N组织，而 P2、 P5及 N各点间检测结果差异无显著性。结论 癌旁 5 cm处组织细胞已出现了潜在的恶变倾向，从而对癌旁 5 cm作为切除范围的标准已属安全的观点提出了质疑。     

直肠癌患者远端直肠系膜癌胚抗原检测及临床意义

目的从肿瘤免疫学角度探讨全直肠系膜切除术 (totalmesorectalexcision ,TME)治疗直肠癌的科学性。方法应用微粒子酶联免疫荧光检测法 ,对 2 6例直肠癌患者手术切除的直肠系膜的远端部分 (距癌灶下缘 3cm以下 )进行癌胚抗原 (carcinoembryonicantigen ,CEA)含量检测 ,同时测定其癌组织和正常结肠系膜的CEA含量。结果正常结肠系膜CEA含量为 (1 6± 1 0 )ng/g,2 5例患者 (96 2 % )的癌组织CEA呈高表达 (>10 0 0ng/g) ,该组的远端直肠系膜的CEA含量为 (6 2 5± 85 2 )ng/g,与正常结肠系膜相比差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 0 5 )。结论直肠癌患者远端直肠系膜的CEA含量明显高于正常 ,提示有远端直肠系膜播散的可能。因此中、下段直肠癌患者外科治疗时常规行TME是必要的     

中低位直肠癌逆向转移的研究

目的探讨中低位直肠癌实施直肠全系膜切除术（TME）时，肿瘤平面以下系膜与肠管切除的范围。方法将60例经标准TME切除的中低位直肠癌肿瘤标本，以5mm间距由肿瘤下缘横断面连续取材至下切缘．大组织切片常规苏木精-伊红染色观察转移灶，并进行统计分析。结果有15例（25．0％）患者出现肠系膜逆向转移，转移距离0．5～4．0（2．47±1．06）cm；肠系膜逆向转移与Dukes分期（P〈0．01）、肠旁淋巴结转移（P〈0．01）和组织分化程度（P〈0．05）相关。11例（18．3％）患者为肠壁内逆向浸润，转移距离0．5～4．0（1．64±1．16）cm。肠壁内逆向浸润与组织分化程度相关（P〈0．05）。结论中低位直肠癌实施保肛手术时，宜切除4．0cm远端系膜和2．5cm肠管；肿瘤病理分期晚、有肠旁淋巴结转移和分化程度不良时，最好切除5cm远端系膜和肠管。     

60例直肠癌标本细胞DNA含量变化分析

目的研究细胞DNA倍体定量分析在直肠癌诊断中的作用和意义。方法用全自动细胞DNA倍体分析仪对结直肠肿瘤细胞、癌旁组织、正常组织进行DNA倍体分析,比较肿瘤组织DNA细胞倍体与临床病理特征的相关性,以及与常规细胞学、病理组织学、分析相互诊断的吻合率。结果肿瘤组织的异倍体率显著大于癌旁组织,癌旁组织的异倍体率显著高于正常组织。直肠肿瘤细胞、癌旁组织、正常组织异倍体率有明显的差异。结论结直肠癌肿瘤组织的恶性度与染色体异倍体之间有显著的相关性,病理组织学、DNA细胞倍体分析诊断相互吻合,细胞DNA倍体定量分析在直肠癌诊断中具有一定的作用。     

中下段直肠癌直肠系膜转移的研究

目的探讨中下段直肠癌系膜转移与临床病理特征的关系。方法对56例行直肠系膜全切除的中下段直肠癌采用病理大切片法检测直肠系膜转移情况,并分析其与临床病理特征的关系。结果中下段直肠癌直肠系膜转移率为64．3％（36／56）。直肠系膜淋巴结转移率为51．8％（29／56）;直肠系膜癌巢阳性率44．6％（25／56）。直肠系膜转移病灶距肿瘤远端最远有5cm。肿瘤直径35cm中下段直肠癌系膜转移率为83．3％（15／18）,而肿瘤直径＜5cm仅为55．3％（21／38）（P=0．041）。T1、T2和T3期直肠癌直肠系膜转移率分别为1／6、56．6％（13／23）和81．5％（22／27）（P=0．007）。高分化、中分化和低分化直肠癌直肠系膜转移率分别为1／5、63．2％（23／37）和85．7％（12／14）（P=0．028）。I期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期直肠癌直肠系膜转移率分别为1／5、27．3％（6／22）和100％（29／29）（P=0．000）。直肠系膜转移率与性别、年龄、肿瘤侵袭肠壁周径、Ming分型无关（P＞0．05）。结论中下段直肠癌直肠系膜转移与肿瘤直径、浸润深度、分化程度和分期密切相关。中下段直肠癌应行直肠系膜全切除或远端直肠系膜切除至少5cm。     

联合检测大肠癌组织中PTEN与CyclinD1的表达及DNA含量的临床意义

目的:探讨大肠癌组织中PTEN和CyclinD1的表达及与DNA含量联合检测的关系及意义.方法:应用免疫组织化学SP法检测58例大肠癌及14例癌旁正常大肠黏膜组织中PTEN和CyclinD1蛋白表达;应用流式细胞术检测以上组织中PTEN和CyclinD1的DNA含量;分析它们之间及与肿瘤分期、分级的关系.结果:PTEN蛋白在大肠癌组织中的表达(65.52%)显著低于癌旁正常组织(100%),CyclinD1蛋白在大肠癌组织中的表达(60.34%)显著高于癌旁正常组织(1.72%),两种蛋白在大肠癌组织中的表达呈负相关(r =-0.71);大肠癌组织的异倍体率(68.97%)显著高于癌旁正常组织(0);PTEN阳性组的DNA指数(DNA index,DI)、S期细胞比率(S-phase fraction ,SPF)均低于阴性组(P<0.05),CyclinD1阳性组的DI及SPF均高于阴性组(P<0.05);两者的表达与肿瘤病理分级、Dukes分期及淋巴结转移相关;淋巴结转移患者的异倍体率及SPF均高于无淋巴转移患者(P<0.05).结论:PTEN和CyclinD1基因的异常改变可能参与大肠黏膜细胞的恶性转化过程,两者的变化存在相关性;DNA含量的变化可能与淋巴结转移有关.联合检测PTEN、CyclinD1蛋白及DNA含量可作为评估大肠癌病理生物学行为和预后的重要指标.     

直肠癌远侧直肠系膜微转移的临床病理学研究

目的研究直肠癌向直肠系膜远端微转移与临床病理间的关系,为直肠癌手术方式提供依据。方法收集直肠癌术后标本42例,沿肿瘤下缘纵向切取宽约2cm的远端直肠系膜组织,用脂溶法处理后,计数其中淋巴结,随后按每1cm距离切成组织块,行HE染色,取HE检查阴性的切片,再用细胞角蛋白(cytokeratin,CK)20为标记的免疫组织化学方法检查,观察肿瘤远端直肠系膜中微转移的情况。结果直肠远端系膜中共检出8例有淋巴结微转移(其中2例合并有癌结节播散),1例仅有癌结节播散,远端系膜总转移率为21.43%(9/42);转移最远距离为4cm。直肠癌系膜远端微转移在肿瘤大体类型、分化程度、浸润深度等因素间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而在年龄、性别、肿瘤部位和大小等因素间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论直肠系膜远端的微转移主要表现为淋巴结的微转移和癌结节的形成;微转移发生与肿瘤大体类型、分化程度、浸润深度等因素显著相关。     

未行术前放化疗的直肠癌和乙状结肠癌最佳远切缘范围的研究

日本有关结直肠癌临床病理研究的一个通用规则是：对于乙状结肠癌和肿瘤下缘在腹膜反折线以上的直肠癌．肿瘤远端至少应切除3cm的肠管和肠系膜；对于肿瘤下缘在腹膜反折线以下的直肠癌，则肿瘤远端至少应切除2cm的肠管和肠系膜。但是，这个通用规则是否合理还未得到证实。本研究回顾性分析行手术切除的381例直乙交界癌或直肠癌患者（术前均未行放疗或化疗）的临床病理资料，以探讨该规则的合理性。     

进展期直肠癌淋巴结转移状况与根治术的关系

研究进展期直肠癌淋巴结转移状况,指导手术根治范围。方法：76例直肠癌患者行D3式根治术,按肿瘤旁、肠管纵轴和中枢方向行淋巴结分组,检测侧方和腹膜返折下直肠周围系膜转移淋巴结数,并计算淋巴结转移率。结果：肿瘤旁和肠管纵轴方向边缘动脉旁淋巴结转移率分别为39.5%和9.2%,肛侧端距肿瘤2cm未见转移;沿肠系膜下血管中枢方向淋巴结转移率为18.4%,而肠系膜下动脉(IMA)根部淋巴结转移率为10.5%;侧方淋巴结转移率为11.8%,腹膜返折下直肠周围系膜淋巴结转移率为12.5%。结论：进展期直肠癌可向肠管纵轴和中枢方向淋巴结转移。腹膜返折下直肠癌有侧方淋巴结转移并侵及直肠周围系膜,肿瘤浸润深度超过pT2期和低分化癌者淋巴结转移相应增多。宜行IMA根部结扎整块切除的D3式廓清术,腹膜返折下直肠癌力争行侧方淋巴结清扫和全直肠系膜切除术。     

直肠癌系膜区域转移与微转移的病理学研究

目的探讨直肠癌系膜内癌灶、微转移灶的分布规律。方法联合运用大组织切片与组织芯片技术，研究四川大学华西医院普外科2002年3月至2002年5月间的31例全直肠系膜切除（TME）手术标本.结果直肠系膜内癌灶349处，33％位于外带，肿瘤同侧多于对侧（P〈0．05）。肿瘤远端系膜内播散4例，距离1．0～3．5cm，环周切缘癌浸润12例，与肿瘤位置无关。检获淋巴结计972枚，其中癌转移淋巴结128枚，微转移发生率与肿瘤分期无关.结论按照原则手术，保持盆脏筋膜完整性是减少肿瘤局部残留的有效措施。进展期直肠癌术后辅助放化疗是必要的。     

Distal dissection in total mesorectal excision,and preoperative chemoradiotherapy and lateral lymph node dissection for rectal cancer

The local recurrence rate after total mesorectal excision (TME) appears to be markedly lower than that after conventional operations. We reviewed all relevant articles identified from the MEDLINE databases and clarified the rationale for TME. It is clear that distal intramural spread is rare. Even when present, such spread is not likely to extend beyond 2 cm. Data with attention to mesorectal cancer deposits suggest that mesorectal clearance of at least 4–5 cm distal to the tumor should be sufficient. TME should be performed for most tumors of the mid- and lower rectum. This does not mean that the gut tube needs to be divided at the same level in every case. Dissection of the distal mesorectum off the gut tube can be performed, so the distal line of division of the bowel wall can be made at a minimum of 2 cm below the tumor if such a maneuver would ensure that the sphincters are preserved. In cases with cancer in the upper third of the rectum, the mesorectum and gut tube can safely be divided 5 cm below the tumor without jeopardizing the recurrence rates. Our findings indicate that TME is an essential treatment approach for rectal cancer, and lateral lymph node dissection and preoperative chemoradiotherapy are additional therapies that should be considered for advanced rectal cancer.     

敞开式缝吊荷包法在低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用

观察敞开式缝吊荷包法在低位直肠癌保肛术中的临床应用效果,为低位直肠癌保肛手术提供一种方便有效的远端直肠荷包缝合法。对32例低位直肠癌患者采用敞开式缝吊荷包法行低位直肠癌保肛术治疗。按TME原则应用电刀锐性游离直肠至肛提肌水平,于直肠肿瘤下缘左右侧壁用4号丝线各缝扎一道作指示线。于指示线水平的直肠前壁开始边切边缝吊向左右侧切开直肠壁,至直肠后壁时将直肠壁与直肠系膜分离,将直肠系膜继续向远端游离5cm。完整去除直肠肿瘤和直肠系膜。提起远端直肠缝吊线,用荷包线于直肠断端作一锁边荷包。自肛门将32mm环状吻合器器身置入直肠,中心杆自直肠断端荷包中央突出,收紧荷包线后结扎。再次检查以保证吻合口内肠壁无多余脂肪组织后与放置于乙状结肠的抵钉座结合。此后按环状吻合器吻合操作常规行乙状结肠直肠端端吻合。结果32例手术均成功。除2例低分化腺癌外,在远切缘处未发现残留癌组织。术后无吻合口漏发生。所有患者术后3个月经结肠镜复查吻合口无肿瘤复发。结果表明,该法是一种可靠的低位直肠癌保肛术中远端直肠荷包缝合法,其优点：（1）既保证切缘无癌残留又可提高保肛成功率;（2）可保证完整去除肿瘤远端5cm的直肠系膜,达到TME标准;（3）减少吻合口漏的发生;（4）操作方便,出血少。     

直肠腺癌远端播散的临床意义及癌组织细胞角蛋白的表达

目的探讨直肠腺癌远端肠壁内和壁外的播散转移差异及远端播散的临床意义。方法收集54例全直肠系膜切除术（TME）后标本,制作直肠全层带系膜大组织切片,行HE染色。显微镜观察病理变化;免疫组织化学染色检测肿瘤组织细胞角蛋白一20。结果远端播散不仅发生在直肠管壁内,还可播散至直肠壁外系膜内脂肪组织,最常见的播散方式为淋巴道弥散;在距肿瘤远端0．5～1．5cm壁外远端播散与壁内播散有显著性差异;肠壁内远端播散均发生在距肿瘤远端2．0cm之内,肠壁外远端播散未超过3cm。远端播散与TNM分期相关,而与肿瘤位置、分化程度无关。54例患者肿瘤组织中细胞角蛋白一20均为阳性表达。结论TME减少了肿瘤残留及通过远端播散造成复发的可能性。在根治性手术的基础上增加了保留肛门的机率,使部分患者能获得较为满意的排便功能。远端直肠可切除不小于2cm,系膜不小于5cm或系膜全切除可以作为保肛手术标准之一。     

大切片CK20染色对中下段直肠癌远端转移的研究

目的 探讨中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的频率、类型,确定合适的病灶远端切除长度.方法 收集中山大学肿瘤医院2004年8月至2005年12月中下段直肠癌标本34例,山东省立医院2006年10月至2007年10月中下段直肠癌标本28例,分别用HE和CK20(cytokeratin,CK)染色,观察中下段直肠癌远端癌灶存在形式及分布规律.Logistic回归分析筛选与中下段直肠癌发生远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的临床病理因素.结果 直肠癌远端肠壁浸润形式为:黏膜下或肌肉间浸润发生率为16%(10/62),扩散距离0.5～1.0 cm.直肠癌远端系膜转移形式为:淋巴结转移、脉管转移、周围神经转移、孤立癌灶,发生率为24%(15/62),扩散距离0.5～4.0 cm.CK20染色观察3例患者存在远端系膜癌灶.Logistic单因素分析显示,血CEA水平、淋巴结转移、环周切缘癌浸润(circumferential margin involvement,CMI)和TNM分期与中下段直肠癌远端肠壁浸润和系膜转移有关.多因素分析显示,TNM分期是中下段直肠癌远端转移的独立影响因素(Wald=9.567,P=0.002).结论 TNM分期是影响中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的独立因素.直肠癌手术切除远端肠管长度达1.5 cm即可,但必须保证切除远端系膜长度不少于5 cm.     

中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的研究

目的 探讨中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的频率、类型,确定合适的远端切除长度.方法 对中山大学肿瘤医院2004年8月至2005年12月中下段直肠癌标本34例和山东省立医院2006年10月至2007年10月中下段直肠癌标本28例做病理学检查.用Logistic回归分析筛选与中下段直肠癌发生远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的临床病理因素.结果 直肠癌远端肠壁浸润形式为:黏膜下或肌肉间浸润,发生率为16%(10/62),浸润距离为0.5～1.0 cm.直肠癌远端系膜转移形式为:淋巴结转移、脉管转移、围神经转移、孤立癌灶,转移率为19%(12/62),浸润距离为0.5-4.0cm.Logistic单因素分析:血癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)水平、淋巴结转移、环周切缘癌浸润和Dukes分期与中下段直肠癌远端肠壁浸润和系膜转移有关.多因素分析:Dukes分期是独立影响因素.结论 Dukes分期是影响中下段直肠癌远端壁内浸润和系膜转移的独立因素(Wald=8.386,P=0.004).直肠癌手术切除远端肠管的长度最少为1.5 cm,但必须保证切除远端系膜的长度＞5.0 cm.     

Rectal carcinoma. Optimizing therapy by partial or total mesorectum removal]

The role of total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer treatment is one of the most exciting findings in surgical oncology of the recent years. The patient's prognosis largely depends on the surgical quality of rectal resection. The excision of the cancer bearing rectum has to follow very precisely along the mesorectal fascia by sharp dissection without damaging the mesorectum itself. This technique reduces the local recurrence rate to below 10% and allows long-term survival in two thirds of all patients. Rectal cancers of the middle and lower third of the rectum need to be treated by total mesorectal excision down to the muscular pelvic floor, the ones of the upper third and the sigmoideo-rectal junction are appropriately treated by partial mesorectal excision down to 5 cm below the tumor. No additional survival benefit may be expected when pelvic lymphadenectomy has been performed. The direct tumor spread along the bowel wall and the lymphatic tumor spread in a caudal direction are uncommon and late findings in rectal cancer disease. Low and ultralow rectal carcinomas may therefore be treated by a sphincter preserving procedure respecting a safety margin of at least 1 to 2 cm. Thus, continence preserving surgery may be performed in over 80% of patients suffering from rectal cancer without compromising long-term outcome.     

机器人直肠癌根治术

术中自肠系膜下动脉下方切开乙状结肠系膜,游离Toldts间隙,暴露并保护左侧输尿管及生殖血管。切断肠系膜下动脉根部,清扫253组淋巴结。切开乙状结肠侧腹膜,游离乙状结肠下段。提起肠系膜下动脉血管蒂(已切断),沿Toldts层面分离直肠系膜与骶前间隙,环形完整游离直肠系膜,于肿瘤标记处远端约5cm处以直线切割闭合期切断直肠肠管。肠管断端提出体外,距离肿瘤近端约10cm,切断乙状结肠肠管,并包埋吻合器钉座。行乙状结肠-直肠端端吻合(Dixon手术)     

Prognostic significance of flow cytometric DNA analysis in colorectal cancer

Significance of flow cytometric DNA analysis for assessing malignant potential and survival of colorectal cancer was investigated using paraffin-embedded materials from 144 patients with primary colorectal cancer who had been treated from 1971 to 1985. Forty-four percent of colorectal cancer were composed of diploid and 56 percent were aneuploid. DNA indices (DI) of aneuploid tumors showed a bimodal distribution. There was no significant correlation between ploidy pattern and clinicopathological factors. While, DI level showed significantly higher in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and in clinicopathological stage III and V tumors. Overall survival in the patients with aneuploid tumor was significantly worse than that in those with diploid tumor (p less than 0.001). Survival rate was poorer in the patients with aneuploid tumor than in those with diploid tumor, who were stratified according to categories of curable resection, stage, histological type, negative peritoneal or hepatic involvement and negative node metastases. However, there was no significant relation between DI and survival among the patients with aneuploid tumor. From these results, it was concluded that the nuclear DNA content of colorectal cancer may represent biological malignant potential of the disease, and that the DNA ploidy pattern may be an important prognostic indicator, being independent of clinicopathological factors.     

Total mesorectal excision and low rectal anastomosis for the treatment of rectal cancer and prevention of pelvic recurrences

HYPOTHESIS: Total mesorectal excision lowers the rate of pelvic recurrence and positively affects the survival after surgical treatment of rectal cancer. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-three consecutive patients were admitted with curative intent to surgery at the First Department of Surgery of the University of Rome "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy, with diagnoses of rectal carcinoma. The mean follow-up was 68.9 months; follow-up was complete for all patients who entered the trial. INTERVENTIONS: Low anterior resection and total mesorectal excision were performed in all cases, regardless of the location of the rectal cancer. A straight mechanical colorectal anastomosis was performed on a rectal stump, never exceeding 5 cm. No kind of adjuvant therapy was given. Mesorectum and open rectum were studied by serial transverse section at 5-mm intervals. A search for depth of penetration and distal intramural extension of the tumor was made. Lymph nodes were detected by clearing method, and nodal metastases (NM) and nonnodal metastases (NNM) were recorded as situated proximally, distally, or at the level of the tumor. RESULTS: There was no postoperative mortality. Clinical and radiologic leaks occurred in 2 and 4 patients, respectively. Mean disease-free survival was 65.9 months. Pelvic recurrence occurred in 5 patients (9%). Overall 5-year survival rate was 75%. Involvement of mesorectum by NM and NNM was detected in 27 and 24 cases, respectively. Both NM and NNM were found to be distal in 33% and 40% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Microscopic spread to the distal mesorectum may exceed the intramural spread of rectal cancer. Failure to perform total mesorectal excision leaves a potentially residual disease in the distal mesorectum, thus predisposing the patient to pelvic recurrence.