Emergent embolization of the gastroduodenal artery in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The experience from a surgeon-initiated interventional program

Background

Intractable nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Endovascular therapy is an alternative to surgery for high-risk patients.

Materials and methods

Review of prospectively collected data from patients who underwent emergent gastroduodenal artery embolization for UGIB.

Results

Eight patients (mean age 68.5 years) were identified. They all had significant comorbidities and were deemed to be at high risk for surgical intervention. Endoscopy was performed in 7 patients. Active extravasation was present at the time of embolization in 5 (62.5%) patients. The technical success and clinical response rates were each 100%. The 30-day mortality rate was 8%. There were no procedure-related complications. During mean follow-up of 9 months, 1 patient developed recurrent bleeding that was managed conservatively.

Comments

Endovascular embolization is a safe alternative to open surgical intervention after failed endoscopic treatment for UGIB. Surgeons with endovascular skills can perform this procedure with superior results.     

Efficacy of transarterial embolization as definitive treatment in lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Transarterial catheter embolization (TAE) is integral in the management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (BLGIT). The efficacy of superselective embolization has reduced the need for emergent surgical resection as a treatment modality.
Objective  To determine the outcomes of TAE in the management of BLGIT in terms of efficacy rates, recurrent bleeding rates and long term results without the need for surgical intervention.
Method  Patients who underwent TAE for BLGIT between September 2000 and May 2006 were analysed. Data were extracted from the records for analysis.
Results  Sixty-eight patients with a mean age of 76 years and equal gender distribution were analysed. Sixty-nine per cent presented with haematochezia, 40% with malena. Sixty-three patients had a prior RBC scan performed, all of which were positive. Colonoscopy was attempted in 18 patients of which four managed to localize the bleeding site. Embolization was performed in these patients using mainly polyvinyl alcohol particles and/or microcoils. The morbidity rate was 21%, comprising mainly fever and nonspecific abdominal pain with only four ischaemic complications and one report of colonic infarction. Early recurrent bleeding occurred in six patients. Three were treated with repeat embolization and two required surgery. There were no mortalities. After a mean follow-up of 12 months, 12 (17.6%) patients developed further episodes of BLGIT, necessitating further intervention.
Conclusion  Transarterial catheter embolization is effective and safe in the acute management of BLGIT and reduces the need for further definitive surgery in a majority of patients.     

消化道出血患者药物治疗体会

目的：研究消化道出血患者的病因与药物治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2010年3月～2013年3月我院收治的消化道出血患者136例的临床资料。观察及分析患者的发病原因,以及泮托拉唑钠、奥曲肽与氨甲苯酸联合治疗的临床效果。结果136例患者的病因依次为消化性溃疡、急性胃黏膜病变、肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂与胃癌。发病诱因为饮食不当、饮酒、药物、精神因素与劳累等因素。实施泮托拉唑钠、奥曲肽、氨甲苯酸联合治疗消化性溃疡的优良率为95.9%,治疗急性胃黏膜病变的优良率为93.3%,治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂的优良率为90.9%,治疗胃癌的优良率为100%。结论消化道出血疾病的病因是消化性溃疡,诱因常是口服刺激性的药物。采用泮托拉唑钠、奥曲肽、氨甲苯酸联合治疗消化道出血具有较高的应用价值,值得临床进一步推广应用。     

兰索拉唑治疗消化道溃疡上消化道出血的综合治疗效果分析

目的：探讨兰索拉唑治疗消化道溃疡上消化道出血的临床效果。方法选取2011年7月～2014年4月我院治疗的98例消化道溃疡上消化道出血患者,随机分为两组,研究组49例,采用兰索拉唑治疗;对照组49例,采用法莫替丁治疗,两组患者在上述治疗基础上均口服阿莫西林胶囊及克拉霉素胶囊配合治疗,8周后进行疗效判断。结果研究组总有效率为93.88%,对照组为79.59%,研究组总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）。研究组 HP 根除率高于对照组,止血时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）。结论兰索拉唑治疗消化道溃疡上消化道出血可以提高治疗总有效率,提高 HP 根除率,减少止血时间,可以在临床推广应用。     

Laparoscopic-assisted resection of a bleeding gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

The authors report a case of a 29-year-old male patient with a severe lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage in whom a successful laparoscopic diagnosis and resection (assisted) of an ileal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) was performed. Laparoscopy can be very useful in the diagnosis and treatment of selected cases of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.     

Angiolipoma of the stomach as a cause of chronic upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Summary Angiolipomas are benign vascular fatty neoplasms, usually found in the subcutis of the trunk. Gastric angiolipomas have not been described. We report a gastric angiolipoma causing chronic gastrointestinal bleeding that did not respond to electrocoagulation and required surgical resection. Its classic endoscopic appearance is described. It may be managed endoscopically, utilizing either heater probe or laser photocoagulation and, therefore, should be recognized endoscopically prior to treatment.     

胃肠道血管畸形致消化道出血诊治体会

目的 总结血管畸形所致消化道出血的诊断及治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析我院1989-1999年间26例胃肠道血管畸形所致消化道出血的临床资料。结果 内镜血管畸形的检出率为42%，ECT消化道出血的检出率为55%，选择性动脉造影血管畸形的检出率为83%，剖腹探查血管畸形的检出率为100%，保守治疗1例，病变肠段手术切除14例，介入治疗4例，其余行扩张血管缝扎，胃十二指肠结扎术或硬化剂局部注射，效果良好，结论 怀疑血管畸形致胃肠道出血时，首选内镜检查，进一步检查可行ECT，选择性动脉造影是诊断血管畸形最有效的方法，必要时剖腹探查并可结合术中肠镜确诊，治疗以手术切除病灶最有效，辅以血管缝扎及介入治疗。     

Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Summary To date several agents have been used to achieve haemostasis in patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding using endoscopic sclerotherapy techniques. Polidocanol has been widely used but local complications have been reported after treatment. We have compared the efficacy and safety of thrombin and polidocanol in 82 consecutive patients with ongoing or recent bleeding from duodenal, gastric, or anastomotic ulcers. Primary control of haemostasis from spurting vessels was achieved in 90% of cases using polidocanol and in 86.6% using thrombin. Definitive haemostasis was obtained in 80% of patients in both groups. When a non-bleeding vessel was visible, injection of polidocanol or thrombin effectively prevented rebleeding in 90.9% and 85.7% of cases, respectively. When a non-bleeding sentinel clot was present, injection of polidocanol or thrombin provided definitive haemostasis in 100% and 92.8% of cases, respectively. No statistically significant difference was evident between the two agents. In the polidocanol group, one local haemorrhagic complication was noted. No general or local complications were recorded in the thrombin group.     

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a review

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) continues to be a problem for physicians. Acute LGIB is defined as bleeding that emanates from a source distal to the ligament of Treitz. Although 80% of all LGIB will stop spontaneously, the identification of the bleeding source remains challenging and rebleeding can occur in 25% of cases. Some patients with severe hematochezia require urgent attention to minimize further bleeding and complications. This article reviews the causes, diagnostic methods, and endoscopic treatment of LGIB.     

恶性骨肿瘤的介入治疗（附38例报告）

笔者对３８例恶性骨肿瘤做了介入治疗。全部病例经动脉内灌注化疗，并对其中发生于骨盆区域的１６例肿瘤加做了动脉内栓塞治疗，５例肢体肿瘤采用带囊导管阻断血流后再灌注化疗。手术及病理证实：肿瘤均有不同程度的坏死、液化和囊变。笔者认为，在介入治疗中，动脉内栓塞较灌注更为重要。并提出了一种改进单纯化疗的方法和对栓塞材料的选择，最后对介入治疗的评价进行了探讨。     

An uncommon cause of life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding: 2 synchronous Dieulafoy lesions

Dieulafoy lesions are a rather uncommon cause of gastrointestinal bleeding that can be torrential and life-threatening. Extragastric location and pediatric cases are very rare. We report the first case of synchronous Dieulafoy lesions in the stomach and jejunum. This case is discussed in the light of the reported literature on this condition.     

Embolization treatment of bleeding complications in pancreatitis

Pseudoaneurysm following chronic pancreatitis is a severe complication that can lead to massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Surgical treatment means high risk for the patient. We report on two patients in whom the bleeding was managed by percutaneous transvascular embolization, a relatively non-invasive and successful method with low risk. The goal was either the definitive arrest of bleeding or stabilization of the patient to enable a surgical procedure. Embolization coils are the material most utilized for vessel occlusion. In patients with bleeding complication following pancreatitis, if sonography or computed tomography demonstrates a pseudoaneurysm, we recommend angiographic visualization and immediate subsequent embolization. Received for publication on Jan. 26, 1998; accepted on Feb. 23, 1998     

Gastric protection and gastrointestinal bleeding with aspirin thromboprophylaxis in hip and knee joint replacements

INTRODUCTION

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in patients who undergo hip and knee arthroplasty tends to be associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, steroid intake, pre-existing peptic ulcers and smoking. The use of aspirin for thromboprophylaxis is an added risk for the occurrence of GI bleed. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of upper GI bleeding and whether the use of peri-operative oral ranitidine reduces the incidence of upper GI bleeding when aspirin thromboprophylaxis is used for hip and knee arthroplasty.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data from 1491 and 886 patients who underwent hip and knee replacements at the James Cook University Hospital (group 1) and at Friarage Hospital, Northallerton (group 2), respectively, were analysed in retrospect. All patients received 150 mg of aspirin per day for a period of 6 weeks from the day of surgery. Additionally, patients operated at the Friarage Hospital received 300 mg of oral ranitidine per day, for three postoperative days.

RESULTS

We observed that patients in group 1 had a higher incidence of overt upper GI haemorrhage, which was statistically significant (P <0.014) compared to patients in group 2.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on this experience, we recommend the use of peri-operative gastric protection with ranitidine when aspirin is used for thromboprophylaxis in hip and knee arthroplasty.     

肝移植术后消化道出血的原因及处理

目的 探讨肝移植术后消化道出血的原因和处理方法.方法 对中山大学附属第一医院2000年1月至2006年12月施行的776例同种原位肝移植（OLT）患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结原位肝移植术后消化道出血的诊治经验.结果 776例肝移植患者中共发生术后消化道出血18例（2.3%）.其中消化性溃疡出血8例（44.5%）,胃底食管静脉曲张急性出血3例（16.7%）,胃十二指肠炎出血3例（16.7%）,胆道出血3例（16.7%）,空肠憩室出血伴穿孔1例（5.6%）.分别采取积极的非手术治疗和经内镜直视下局部止血治疗、血管栓塞治疗和手术探查等措施,除死亡5例（27.8%）外,13例患者临床治愈,术后平均随访3.5年,除1例于术后2年死于移植肝癌复发外,其余均健康存活.结论 OLT术后可能出现不同部位的消化道出血,病死率较高：一旦发生,应尽快寻找出血部位并及时做出正确的治疗选择.     

Effects of postoperative use of proton pump inhibitors on gastrointestinal bleeding after endoscopic variceal treatment during hospitalization

BACKGROUND Endoscopic variceal treatment(EVT) is recommended as the mainstay choice for the management of high-risk gastroesophageal varices and acute variceal bleeding in liver cirrhosis. Proton pump inhibitors(PPIs) are widely used for various gastric acid-related diseases. However, the effects of PPIs on the development of post-EVT complications, especially gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB), remain controversial.AIM To evaluate the effects of postoperative use of PPIs on post-EVT complications i...     

The use of a gamma probe and radioactive technetium to identify obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is a common cause of hospital admission. This bleeding is most often secondary to diverticuli, malignancy, or colitis. Rarely, the location of lower gastrointestinal bleeding cannot be identified after exhaustive efforts with endoscopy, angiography, and other modalities. To address this unique clinical situation, we present a modification of the technique for sentinel lymph node biopsy in which a gamma probe is used to identify the source of hemorrhage. This is completed intraoperatively after preoperative radioactive technetium sulfur colloid is injected at the time of angiography. This approach involves minimal risk and provides the surgeon with an improved ability to localize bleeding, as well as potentially minimize the extent of bowel resection.     

Recurrent gastrointestinal tract bleeding secondary to jejunal gastric heterotopia

A 4-year-old Latino boy with a history of malrotation, nonobstructing annular pancreas, and a Ladd procedure during infancy presented with recurrent severe gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Investigations revealed a large mass in the proximal small bowel. At laparotomy, the proximal jejunal segment containing the mass was resected. Pathological examinations revealed a large intraluminal polyp composed of ectopic gastric mucosa. The patient presented 10 months later with recurrent bleeding, and subsequent laparotomy demonstrated a newly acquired segment of jejunal polyposis not present at the first operation. The case is presented, along with a plan of patient surveillance and a review of the pertinent literature.     

Cytomegalovirus colitis presenting as massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding in an immunocompetent patient

Cytomegalovirus infection is ubiquitous but often remains asymptomatic in affected patients. Symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection usually occurs in immunocompromised patients— patients who are infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, have received organ transplantations, or are on immunosuppressive therapies. Cytomegalovirus colitis can present with abdominal pain, diarrhea and significant per rectal blood loss. It is a rare entity in immunocompetent patients and can often be missed unless one has a high index of suspicion. We describe a case of CMV colitis in a 78-year-old patient with no known risk factors for immunosuppression who was admitted for respiratory diseases and then subsequently developed transfusion dependent lower gastrointestinal bleeding. She ultimately required surgical resection of her colon. A literature review on CMV colitis, its myriad manifestations and therapeutic outcomes was conducted, with particular emphasis on its occurrence in immunocompetent patients.